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:Jainism in Pakistan

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Image:SirkapJainTemple.JPG at Sirkap, part of the Indo-Greek kingdom, near modern-day Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan ]]

{{Jainism}}

Jainism in Pakistan ({{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|پاکستان میں جین مت}}}}) has an extensive heritage and history, with several ancient Jain shrines scattered across the country.{{cite news |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |date=4 September 2016 |title=Sacred geography: Why Hindus, Buddhist, Jains, Sikhs should object to Pakistan being called hell |work=Dawn |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1282025/ |access-date=4 September 2016}} Baba Dharam Dass was a holy man whose tomb is located near the bank of a creek called (Deoka, Deokay, or Degh) near Chawinda Phatic, behind the agricultural main office in Pasrur, near the city of Sialkot in Punjab, Pakistan. Another prominent Jain monk of the region was Vijayanandsuri of Gujranwala, whose samadhi (memorial shrine) still stands in the city.

Taxshila

Taxshila was closely associated with Jainism. According to the Jaina tradition, Rishabhanatha, the first Tirthankara, entrusted the region of Ayodhya to his son Bharata and the region of Takshashila to his son Bahubali.{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-09-22 |title=Part 3: Decision to go to war |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc212496.html |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}

As per canonical Śvetāmbara Jaina texts Āvaśyaka Cūrṇi and Āvaśyaka Niryukti, Tirthankara Rishabhanatha visited Takshashila while wandering after initiation as a monk millions of years ago. Upon learning of his arrival, Bahubali, who was not in the city at that moment, rushed to the city, but the Rishabhanatha had already departed before Bahubali arrived.{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-09-20 |title=Part 7: The fast-breaking of Ṛṣabha |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc212455.html |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}} His footprints were subsequently consecrated by Bahubali who erected a throne and a dharmachakra ('wheel of the law') over them several miles in height and circumference.{{sfn|Marshall|2013|p=10}} The 14th century Vividha Tirtha Kalpa mentions this establishment, stating:{{Cite web |last=Jinaprabhasuri |first=Acharya |title=Vividha Tirtha Kalpa |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/009519/117}}

"तक्षशिलायां बाहुबलीविनिर्मितं धर्मचक्रम् ॥"

- Ācārya Jinaprabhāsūri in "Vividha Tirtha Kalpa" (p. 85)

As per the canonical Jaina text Mahanishith Sutra, the Dharmachakra Tirtha established by Bahubali is recognized as the abode of Chandraprabha, and Takshashila is also referred to as "Dharmachakra Bhumi," marking its significance as a center of Jainism.{{Cite web |last=Jaina Trust |first=Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi |title=Jaina Tirtha Sarva Sangraha |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011536/145}}

While there is limited information about the subsequent period, it is noted that during the medieval era, Takshashila faced challenges due to the proliferation of fraudulent ascetics and a lack of proper sustenance, leading to restrictions on Jaina ascetics' wandering in the region, as documented in six ancient Jaina texts known as the Chedasūtras.

Emperor Samprati built a Jaina temple known as "Kunala Stupa" in honor of his father Kunala. During Samprati's rule, the extent of the wandering of Jaina monks developed multifold times, and later also included this region.{{Cite web |last=Jaina Trust |first=Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi |title=Jaina Tirtha Sarva Sangraha |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011536/146}}

According to the Prabhavakacharita, by the second to third century CE, there were approximately 500 Jaina temples in Takshashila, and it was occupied by a significant number of Jainas. However, a devastating plague struck the city, leading to widespread death and chaos.{{Cite web |last=Prabhachandrasuri |first=Acharya |title=Prabhavaka Charitra (in Hindi) |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/033038/396}} The Jaina community sent a Sravaka named Virchand to Nadol, who conveyed their suffering to Acharya Manadevasuri. Suri gave "Laghu Shanti Stava," stating that reciting it would alleviate the plague. Following the recitation, the plague subsided within a few days. However, in the third year, the Turks devastated the city.{{Cite web |last=Prabhachandrasuri |first=Acharya |title=Prabhavaka Charitra (in Gujarati) |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/036467/77}}

According to Acharya Dhaneswarasuri's "Shatrunjaya Mahatmya," Javad Shah, a merchant from Mahuva, renovated Palitana temples in Vikrama Samvat 108. He retrieved an image of Rishabhanatha from Takshashila and established it as the principal deity at the principal shrine amongst Shatrunjaya temples.{{Cite web |last=Dhaneswarasuri |first=Acharya |title=Shatrunjaya Mahatmya |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/022723/345}}

Excavations in Takshashila support these traditions. Dr. Sir John Marshall noted that Indo-Greek kings displaced the city from its fortified position and settled it in Sirkap during the early years of the second century BCE. The city remained inhabited through the Greek, Shaka, Pahlava, and Kushan periods. Numerous small and large temples have been discovered along the main road of Sirkap. Dr. Marshall concluded that the temples in blocks 'F' and 'G' of Sirkap are Jaina temples due to their architectural similarities with Kankali Tila, a Jaina stupa, found in Mathura.{{sfn|Marshall|2013|p=10}} In block 'G,' located on the right side of the main road, numerous ruins of large buildings have been found, characterized by the presence of small temples alongside these structures, which were accessible to devotees. This evidence strongly supports claims by the Jaina tradition that Takshashila was a significant center for Jainism.{{sfn|Marshall|2013|p=10}}

Demographics

{{Main|Bhabra}}

The presence of Pakistani Jains in modern Pakistan is unclear. Prior to 1947, there were Punjabi, Marwadi and Gujarati communities of Jains in the Punjab and Sindh regions. All of them migrated to India during the partition in 1947, thus ending the thousands of years of presence of jainism in the region.

Bhabra (or Bhabhra) is an ancient merchant community from Punjab which mainly follows Jainism.Final Report of Revised Settlement, Hoshiarpur District, 1879-84 By J. A. L. Montgomery, p. 35Census of India, 1901 By India Census Commissioner, Sir Herbert Hope Risley, p. 137-140

The original home region of the Bhabras is now in Pakistan. While practically all the Bhabras have left Pakistan, many cities still have sections named after Bhabras.

  • Sialkot: All the Jains here were Bhabra and mainly lived in Sialkot and Pasrur. The Serai Bhabrian and Bhabrian Wala localities are named after them. There were several Jain temples here before partition of India.Gazetteer of the Sialkot District, 1920 - Page 51
  • Pasrur: Pasrur was developed by a Jain zamindar who was granted land by Raja Maan Singh. Baba Dharam Dass belonged to the zamindar family who was murdered on a trading visit.[http://www.pasrur.info/JainDeoka.htm Baba Dharam Dass Tomb in Pasrur]
  • Gujranwala: Two old Jain libraries managed by Lala Karam Chand Bhabra were present here which were visited by Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar.The two Jain Libraries at Gujranwala by Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar in A Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of the Deccan College, by Deccan College Library, Franz Kielhorn- 1884 -- Page 12
  • Lahore: There were Jain temples at localities still called Thari Bhabrian and Gali Bhabrian.{{cite web |url=http://abafna.googlepages.com/jainrelicsinpakistan |title=jainrelicsinpakistan - abafna |publisher=Abafna.googlepages.com |access-date=2012-04-20 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143711/https://sites.google.com/site/abafna/jainrelicsinpakistan%20 |url-status=dead }}
  • Rawalpindi: Bhabra Bazar is named after them.
  • Mianwali: A well known cast still present in majority there nowadays.

Some also lived in Sindh.A gazetteer of the province of Sindh by Albert William Hughes - 1876, - Page 224

Geographical distribution

= Colonial era =

The total population of the region that composes contemporary Pakistan was approximately 29,643,600 according to the final census prior to partition in 1941. With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, all administrative divisions in the region that composes contemporary Pakistan collected religious data, with a combined total population of 27,266,001, for an overall response rate of 92.0 percent. Similar to the contemporary era, where censuses do not collect religious data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, the total number of responses for religion is slightly smaller than the total population, as detailed in the table breakdown below.

class="wikitable sortable"

|+ Jainism in Pakistan by administrative division{{efn|name=Pakistan1941|1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab,{{rp|42}}{{efn|name=WestPunjab1941}} Sindh,{{rp|28}}{{efn|name=Sindh1941}} Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,{{rp|22}}{{efn|name=KPK1941}} Balochistan,{{rp|13–18}} Azad Jammu and Kashmir,{{rp|337–352}}{{efn|name=AJK1941}} and Gilgit–Baltistan.{{rp|337–352}}{{efn|name=GilgitBaltistan1941}}}}

! rowspan="2" |Administrative
division

! colspan="4" |1941 census

Jain Population

!Jain Percentage

!Total Responses

!Total Population

Punjab{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1941 |volume=6 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002225000/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |url-status=live |pages=42}}{{efn|name=WestPunjab1941|1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here:
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.}}

| 9,520

| {{Percentage | 9520 | 17350103 | 2 }}

| 17,350,103

| 17,350,103

Sindh{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215545 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 12, Sind |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1941 |volume=12 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129064845/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545 |url-status=live |pages=28}}{{efn|name=Sindh1941|1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Dadu, Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1941 census data here:}}

| 3,687

| {{Percentage | 3687 | 4840795 | 2 }}

| 4,840,795

| 4,840,795

Balochistan{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215993 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215993 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 14, Baluchistan |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1942 |volume=14 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129064900/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215993 |url-status=live |pages=13–18}}

| 7

| {{Percentage | 7 | 857835 | 3 }}

| 857,835

| 857,835

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215543 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215543 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 10, North-West Frontier Province |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1941 |volume=10 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129064219/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215543 |url-status=live |pages=22}}

| 1

| {{Percentage | 1 | 3038067 | 4 }}

| 3,038,067{{efn|name=KPK1941|Religious data only collected in North West Frontier Province, and not in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Total responses to religion includes North West Frontier Province (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), and total population includes both North West Frontier Province and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, both administrative divisions which later amalgamated to become Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.}}

| 5,415,666{{efn|name=KPK1941}}

AJK{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215644 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215644 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 22, Jammu & Kashmir |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1941 |volume=22 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129070759/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215644 |url-status=live |pages=337–352}}{{efn|name=AJK1941|1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1941 census data here:}}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 1073154 | 2 }}

| 1,073,154

| 1,073,154

Gilgit–Baltistan{{efn|name=GilgitBaltistan1941|1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of one district (Astore) and one agency (Gilgit) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1941 census data here:}}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 116047 | 2 }}

| 116,047

| 116,047

Pakistan

! 13,215

! {{Percentage | 13215 | 27266001 | 2 }}

! 27,266,001

! 29,643,600

== Punjab ==

{{Historical populations

| title = Jain population in West Punjab

| type = Punjab

| percentages = pagr

| align = right

|1881 | 4352

|1901 | 5562

|1911 | 5977

|1921 | 5930

|1931 | 6921

|1941 | 9520

}}

File:Portrait of an unknown Jain Bhabra merchant in Lahore, ca.1859–69.png

class="wikitable sortable"

|+ Jains in the administrative divisions that compose the contemporary Punjab, Pakistan region (1881–1941)

! rowspan="2" |District or Princely State

! colspan="2" |1881{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057658 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35264 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Gazetteers Of Gurdaspur District, 1883-84 |year=1884}}

! colspan="2" |1901{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |pages=34}}{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105602 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Punjab District Gazetteers Gurdaspur District Vol.21 Statistical Tables |year=1913 |pages=62}}

! colspan="2" |1911{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393788 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=27}}{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II |year=1911 |author=Kaul, Harikishan |pages=27}}

! colspan="2" |1921{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430165 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=29}}

! colspan="2" |1931{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=20 October 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931 |pages=277}}

! colspan="2" |1941

Population

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

Sialkot District

| 1,388

| {{Percentage | 1388 | 1012148 | 2 }}

| 2,008

| {{Percentage | 2008 | 1083909 | 2 }}

| 2,029

| {{Percentage | 2029 | 979553 | 2 }}

| 2,147

| {{Percentage | 2147 | 937823 | 2 }}

| 2,236

| {{Percentage | 2236 | 979617 | 2 }}

| 3,250

| {{Percentage | 3250 | 1190497 | 2 }}

Rawalpindi District

| 1,033

| {{Percentage | 1033 | 820512 | 2 }}

| 1,068

| {{Percentage | 1068 | 930535 | 2 }}

| 1,028

| {{Percentage | 1028 | 547827 | 2 }}

| 954

| {{Percentage | 954 | 569224 | 2 }}

| 1,077

| {{Percentage | 1077 | 634357 | 2 }}

| 1,337

| {{Percentage | 1337 | 785231 | 2 }}

Lahore District

| 970

| {{Percentage | 970 | 924106 | 2 }}

| 1,047

| {{Percentage | 1047 | 1162109 | 2 }}

| 1,139

| {{Percentage | 1139 | 1036158 | 2 }}

| 1,209

| {{Percentage | 1209 | 1131336 | 2 }}

| 1,450

| {{Percentage | 1450 | 1378570 | 2 }}

| 1,951

| {{Percentage | 1951 | 1695375 | 2 }}

Gujranwala District

| 577

| {{Percentage | 577 | 616892 | 2 }}

| 932

| {{Percentage | 932 | 756797 | 2 }}

| 950

| {{Percentage | 950 | 923419 | 2 }}

| 754

| {{Percentage | 754 | 623581 | 2 }}

| 1,071

| {{Percentage | 1071 | 736138 | 2 }}

| 1,445

| {{Percentage | 1445 | 912234 | 2 }}

Bahawalpur State

| 254

| {{Percentage | 254 | 573494 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 720877 | 2 }}

| 15

| {{Percentage | 15 | 780641 | 2 }}

| 1

| {{Percentage | 1 | 781191 | 2 }}

| 12

| {{Percentage | 12 | 984612 | 2 }}

| 351

| {{Percentage | 351 | 1341209 | 2 }}

Jhelum District

| 58

| {{Percentage | 58 | 589373 | 2 }}

| 151

| {{Percentage | 151 | 594018 | 2 }}

| 163

| {{Percentage | 163 | 511575 | 2 }}

| 195

| {{Percentage | 195 | 477068 | 2 }}

| 209

| {{Percentage | 209 | 541076 | 2 }}

| 159

| {{Percentage | 159 | 629658 | 2 }}

Multan District

| 47

| {{Percentage | 47 | 551964 | 2 }}

| 134

| {{Percentage | 134 | 710626 | 2 }}

| 394

| {{Percentage | 394 | 814871 | 2 }}

| 28

| {{Percentage | 28 | 890264 | 2 }}

| 440

| {{Percentage | 440 | 1174900 | 2 }}

| 552

| {{Percentage | 552 | 1484333 | 2 }}

Muzaffargarh District

| 11

| {{Percentage | 11 | 338605 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 405656 | 2 }}

| 1

| {{Percentage | 1 | 569461 | 2 }}

| 6

| {{Percentage | 6 | 568478 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 591375 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 712849 | 2 }}

Shahpur District

| 9

| {{Percentage | 9 | 421508 | 2 }}

| 2

| {{Percentage | 2 | 524259 | 2 }}

| 5

| {{Percentage | 5 | 687366 | 2 }}

| 3

| {{Percentage | 3 | 719918 | 2 }}

| 14

| {{Percentage | 14 | 821490 | 2 }}

| 13

| {{Percentage | 13 | 998921 | 2 }}

Jhang District

| 4

| {{Percentage | 4 | 395296 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 378695 | 2 }}

| 4

| {{Percentage | 4 | 515526 | 2 }}

| 7

| {{Percentage | 7 | 570559 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 664833 | 2 }}

| 5

| {{Percentage | 5 | 821631 | 2 }}

Montgomery District

| 1

| {{Percentage | 1 | 426529 | 2 }}

| 8

| {{Percentage | 8 | 463586 | 2 }}

| 13

| {{Percentage | 13 | 535299 | 2 }}

| 12

| {{Percentage | 12 | 713786 | 2 }}

| 38

| {{Percentage | 38 | 999772 | 2 }}

| 49

| {{Percentage | 49 | 1329103 | 2 }}

Gujrat District

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 689115 | 2 }}

| 11

| {{Percentage | 11 | 750548 | 2 }}

| 48

| {{Percentage | 48 | 745634 | 2 }}

| 4

| {{Percentage | 4 | 824046 | 2 }}

| 32

| {{Percentage | 32 | 922427 | 2 }}

| 10

| {{Percentage | 10 | 1104952 | 2 }}

Dera Ghazi Khan District

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 363346 | 2 }}

| 143

| {{Percentage | 143 | 471149 | 2 }}

| 23

| {{Percentage | 23 | 499860 | 2 }}

| 296

| {{Percentage | 296 | 469052 | 2 }}

| 125

| {{Percentage | 125 | 491044 | 2 }}

| 106

| {{Percentage | 106 | 581350 | 2 }}

Shakargarh Tehsil{{efn|name="Shakargarh1947"|Part of Gurdaspur District which was awarded to Pakistan as part of the Radcliffe Line.}}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 219511 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 234465 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 210447 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 212849 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 247363 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 291505 | 2 }}

Mianwali District

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| 35

| {{Percentage | 35 | 424588 | 2 }}

| 31

| {{Percentage | 31 | 341377 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 358205 | 2 }}

| 20

| {{Percentage | 20 | 411539 | 2 }}

| 23

| {{Percentage | 23 | 506321 | 2 }}

Lyallpur District{{efn|name="Lyallpur"|District formerly inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census, later renamed to Lyallpur District, created between Jhang District, Gujranwala District, Lahore District, Montgomery District, and Multan District to account for the large population increase in the region, primarily due to the Chenab Canal Colony.}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| 23

| {{Percentage | 23 | 791861 | 2 }}

| 125

| {{Percentage | 125 | 857711 | 2 }}

| 231

| {{Percentage | 231 | 979463 | 2 }}

| 95

| {{Percentage | 95 | 1151351 | 2 }}

| 35

| {{Percentage | 35 | 1396305 | 2 }}

Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 24087 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 28587 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 26758 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 29642 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 40246 | 2 }}

Attock District{{efn|name="Attock"|District created in 1904 by taking Talagang Tehsil from Jhelum District and Pindi Gheb, Fateh Jang and Attock Tehsils from Rawalpindi District.}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| 9

| {{Percentage | 9 | 519273 | 2 }}

| 5

| {{Percentage | 5 | 512249 | 2 }}

| 2

| {{Percentage | 2 | 583960 | 2 }}

| 13

| {{Percentage | 13 | 675875 | 2 }}

Sheikhupura District{{efn|name="Sheikhupura"|District created between Gujranwala District, Sialkot District, Amritsar District, Lahore District, Montgomery District, and Lyallpur District in 1920 to account for the large population increase in the region, primarily due to the Chenab Canal Colony.}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| 78

| {{Percentage | 78 | 523135 | 2 }}

| 100

| {{Percentage | 100 | 696732 | 2 }}

| 221

| {{Percentage | 221 | 852508 | 2 }}

Total Jains

! 4,352

! {{Percentage | 4352 | 7942399 | 2 }}

! 5,562

! {{Percentage | 5562 | 10427765 | 2 }}

! 5,977

! {{Percentage | 5977 | 11104585 | 2 }}

! 5,930

! {{Percentage | 5930 | 11888985 | 2 }}

! 6,921

! {{Percentage | 6921 | 14040798 | 2 }}

! 9,520

! {{Percentage | 9520 | 17350103 | 2 }}

Total Population

! 7,942,399

! {{Percentage | 7942399 | 7942399 | 2 }}

! 10,427,765

! {{Percentage | 10427765 | 10427765 | 2 }}

! 11,104,585

! {{Percentage | 11104585 | 11104585 | 2 }}

! 11,888,985

! {{Percentage | 11888985 | 11888985 | 2 }}

! 14,040,798

! {{Percentage | 14040798 | 14040798 | 2 }}

! 17,350,103

! {{Percentage | 17350103 | 17350103 | 2 }}

== Sindh ==

{{Historical populations

| title = Jain population in Sindh

| type = Punjab

| percentages = pagr

| align = right

|1881 | 1191

|1891 | 923

|1901 | 921

|1911 | 1349

|1921 | 1534

|1931 | 1144

|1941 | 3687

}}

File:Portret van een onbekende Babra vrouw en haar zoon Babras. Merchant class. Jains. Sind (titel op object), RP-F-2001-7-1122F-50.jpg

class="wikitable sortable"

|+ Jains in administrative divisions in Sindh (1881–1941)

! rowspan="2" |District or Princely State

! colspan="2" |1881{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057678 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057678 |access-date=16 November 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891. Operations and results in the Presidency of Bombay, including Sind |year=1881 |pages=3 |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601224518/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057678 |url-status=live }}

! colspan="2" |1891{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352815 |jstor=saoa.crl.25352815 |access-date=16 November 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891. Vol. VIII, Bombay and its feudatories. Part II, Imperial tables |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1891 |volume=8}}

! colspan="2" |1901{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25366895 |jstor=saoa.crl.25366895 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. Vols. 9-11, Bombay. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1901 |volume=9}}

! colspan="2" |1911{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393770 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393770 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 7, Bombay. Pt. 2, Imperial tables. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1911 |volume=7}}

! colspan="2" |1921{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394131 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394131 |access-date=6 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 8, Bombay Presidency. Pt. 2, Tables : imperial and provincial. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1921 |volume=8}}

! colspan="2" |1931{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797128 |jstor=saoa.crl.25797128 |access-date=5 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 8, Bombay. Pt. 2, Statistical tables. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1931 |volume=8}}

! colspan="2" |1941

Population

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

Tharparkar District

| 1,038

| {{Percentage | 1038 | 203344 | 2 }}

| 823

| {{Percentage | 823 | 298203 | 2 }}

| 657

| {{Percentage | 657 | 363894 | 2 }}

| 524

| {{Percentage | 524 | 456771 | 2 }}

| 268

| {{Percentage | 268 | 396331 | 2 }}

| 320

| {{Percentage | 320 | 468040 | 2 }}

| 212

| {{Percentage | 212 | 581004 | 2 }}

Hyderabad District

| 144

| {{Percentage | 144 | 754624 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 918646 | 2 }}

| 119

| {{Percentage | 119 | 989030 | 2 }}

| 171

| {{Percentage | 171 | 1037144 | 2 }}

| 82

| {{Percentage | 82 | 573450 | 2 }}

| 187

| {{Percentage | 187 | 662924 | 2 }}

| 217

| {{Percentage | 217 | 758748 | 2 }}

Karachi District

| 9

| {{Percentage | 9 | 478688 | 2 }}

| 99

| {{Percentage | 99 | 564880 | 2 }}

| 126

| {{Percentage | 126 | 607828 | 2 }}

| 650

| {{Percentage | 650 | 521721 | 2 }}

| 1,118

| {{Percentage | 1118 | 542065 | 2 }}

| 629

| {{Percentage | 629 | 650240 | 2 }}

| 3,215

| {{Percentage | 3215 | 713900 | 2 }}

Shikarpur District/
Sukkur District{{efn|name=Shikarpur|1901: District headquarters shifted from Shikarpur to Sukkur, while district bifurcation created Larkana District.}}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 852986 | 2 }}

| 1

| {{Percentage | 1 | 915497 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 1018113 | 2 }}

| 3

| {{Percentage | 3 | 573913 | 2 }}

| 16

| {{Percentage | 16 | 510292 | 2 }}

| 2

| {{Percentage | 2 | 623779 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 692556 | 2 }}

Upper Sind Frontier District

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 124181 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 174548 | 2 }}

| 19

| {{Percentage | 19 | 232045 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 263007 | 2 }}

| 49

| {{Percentage | 49 | 240619 | 2 }}

| 4

| {{Percentage | 4 | 291740 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 304034 | 2 }}

Khairpur State

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 129153 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 131937 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 199313 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 223788 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 193131 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 227183 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 305787 | 2 }}

Larkana District

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| 1

| {{Percentage | 1 | 660879 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 597960 | 2 }}

| 1

| {{Percentage | 1 | 693735 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 511208 | 2 }}

Nawabshah District

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| 1

| {{Percentage | 1 | 418660 | 2 }}

| 1

| {{Percentage | 1 | 496612 | 2 }}

| 0

| {{Percentage | 0 | 584178 | 2 }}

Dadu District

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| {{N/a}}

| 43

| {{Percentage | 43 | 389380 | 2 }}

class="sortbottom"

! Total Jains

! 1,191

! {{Percentage | 1191 | 2542976 | 2 }}

! 923

! {{Percentage | 923 | 3003711 | 2 }}

! 921

! {{Percentage | 921 | 3410223 | 2 }}

! 1,349

! {{Percentage | 1349 | 3737223 | 2 }}

! 1,534

! {{Percentage | 1534 | 3472508 | 2 }}

! 1,144

! {{Percentage | 1144 | 4114253 | 2 }}

! 3,687

! {{Percentage | 3687 | 4840795 | 2 }}

class="sortbottom"

! Total Population

! 2,542,976

! {{Percentage | 2542976 | 2542976 | 2 }}

! 3,003,711

! {{Percentage | 3003711 | 3003711 | 2 }}

! 3,410,223

! {{Percentage | 3410223 | 3410223 | 2 }}

! 3,737,223

! {{Percentage | 3737223 | 3737223 | 2 }}

! 3,472,508

! {{Percentage | 3472508 | 3472508 | 2 }}

! 4,114,253

! {{Percentage | 4114253 | 4114253 | 2 }}

! 4,840,795

! {{Percentage | 4840795 | 4840795 | 2 }}

Jain temples

File:Shrine of Vijayanandsuri Atmaramji Gujranwala.jpg in Gujranwala. Now used as a police station of Sabzi Mandi area.|left]]

=Punjab=

File:Jain_Temple_Nagarparkar_by_smn121-15.JPG

  • Jain temple, Thari Bhabrian Lahore City.
  • Jain Digambar Temple, Old Anarkali Jain Mandir Chawk:[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C01%5Cstory_1-6-2007_pg13_6 TEPA to remodel roads leading to Jain Mandir Chowk] This temple was destroyed in the riots of 1992.{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2546373.stm | work=BBC News | first=Aamir | last=Ghauri | title=Demolishing history in Pakistan | date=5 December 2002}} an Islamic school was run from the former temple. {{coord|31.561389|74.308056|region:PK_type:landmark_scale:2000_source:wikimapia}}.[http://wikimapia.org/#y=31561389&x=74308056&z=18&l=0&m=h&v=2 Wikimapia][http://jainsamaj.org/temples/pakistan.htm LIST OF JAIN TEMPLES IN PAKISTAN] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215541/http://jainsamaj.org/temples/pakistan.htm |date=27 September 2007 }} it was completely demolished in 2016, to make for construction of Lahore Metro and a Public Square.

=Sindh=

{{see also|Nagarparkar Jain Temples|Gori Temple, Nagarparkar}}

File:Gori Mandar.jpg ]]

File:Gori temple, ceiling.jpg

  • Nagar Bazaar temple is present in the main bazar of the Nangar Parkar town. The structure of the temple, including the shikhar and the torana gateway is completely intact. It was apparently in use until the independence of Pakistan in 1947, and perhaps for some years even after that. There is also a ruined temple outside of the town.
  • Bhodesar Jain mandir, 7.2 km from Nagar, was the region's capital during Sodha rule. Remains of three temples, are present. In 1897, two of them were being used as cattle stalls and the third had holes in the back. The oldest temple, was built in the classical style with stones without any mortar, built around 9th century. It is built on a high platform and reached by a series of steps carved into the rock. It has beautifully carved huge stone columns and other structural elements. The remaining walls are unstable and partially collapsed. Parts of the building had been dismantled by the locals who used the bricks to construct their homes. It is perhaps the most spectacular of the monuments in Sindh. The two other Jain temples are said to have been built in 1375 CE and 1449 CE built of kanjur and redstone, with fine carvings and corbelled domes.
  • Karoonjar Jain mandir is at the base of the mountain.
  • Virvah Jain mandir, are a number of ruins of Jain temples here. One of the temples had 27 devakulikas in it. The ruins of legendary Parinagar are nearby. One of the temples is in good preservation.
  • Virvah Gori mandir is 14 miles from Viravah. The legendary temple with 52 subsidiary shrines was built in AD 1375–6. It is dedicated to Jain tirthankar Gori Parshvanatha.
  • Jain Shwetamber Temple with Shikhar, Ranchore Line, Karachi[http://www.jainworld.com/jaintemples/pakistan_temples.asp List of Jain temples in Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215153537/http://www.jainworld.com/jaintemples/pakistan_temples.asp |date=15 December 2016 }}, Jain World
  • Jain Shwetamber Temple, Hyderabad, Sindh

File:Jain Temple 1.jpg|Ancient Jain temple located at the foot of Karoonjhar Mountains

File:Jain Temple 2.jpg|Jain Temple of Bhodesar

File:Virawah Jain Temple.jpg|Virawah Jain Temple

File:Jain_Stupa_-_Sirkap.JPG|A Jain Stupa.{{cite book |last1=Bronkhorst |first1=Johannes |title=How the Brahmins Won: From Alexander to the Guptas |date=2016 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004315518 |page=466 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muAzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA466 |language=en}}

Notable people

Prominent pre-partition Jains from Pakistan:

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{Portal|Religion|Pakistan}}

{{Reflist}}

Sources

  • {{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=John |title=A Guide to Taxila |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107615441 |pages=23–24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEMbH2aDO0UC&pg=23 |language=en}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20161213055931/http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=2703 List of Jain Temples in Pakistan]
  • [http://www.pasrur.info/JainDeoka.htm Baba Dharam Dass Tomb in Pasrur]

{{Jainism topics}}

{{Religion in Pakistan}}

{{Asia in topic|Jainism in}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Jain communities