:Julia Brainerd Hall

Julia was born on November 11, 1859, to Reverend Heman Bassett Hall (1823–1911) and his wife Sophronia Brooks Hall (1827–1885), missionaries in Jamaica.{{cite book|last1=Haverstock|first1=Mary Sayre|title=Artists in Ohio, 1787–1900 : a biographical dictionary|date=2000|publisher=Kent State University Press|location=Kent, Ohio|isbn=978-0873386166|page=367|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdICm_W8xKwC&pg=PA367|access-date=18 April 2016}} In 1860, the family returned to the United States. Julia's younger brother, Charles Martin Hall, was born in 1863 in Thompson, Geauga County, Ohio.{{cite web|last1=Beck|first1=Theodore R.|title=Hall and Héroult and the Discovery of Aluminum Electrolysis|url=https://www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/sum/sum14/sum14_p036_037.pdf|website=ECS Classics|access-date=18 April 2016}} In 1873, the family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, where Heman Hall and Sophronia Brooks had attended Oberlin College.{{cite book|title=Minutes of the Congregational Conference of Ohio for the year 1911|date=1911|pages=57–58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3E0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA124-IA23|access-date=18 April 2016|last1=Ohio|first1=Congregational Conference of}}{{cite web|title=Sophronia Brooks Hall (1827–1885)|url=https://archive.org/details/5493799627_c8c9278e90_o|website=Smithsonian Archives|access-date=26 April 2016|quote="Sophronia Brooks Hall (1827–1885), an 1850 graduate of Oberlin College"|date=2011-03-22}}

Julia was one of eight children. With the exception of a brother (Lewis Albert) who died young,{{cite web|title=Lewis A. [Albert] Hall|url=http://www.oberlinwestwood.org/omeka/items/show/22151|website=Oberlin Westwood Cemetery Transcription Project|publisher=Oberlin Heritage Center|access-date=26 April 2016}} all obtained degrees from Oberlin College.{{cite web|title=RG 30/182 – Charles Martin Hall (1863–1914)|url=http://www.oberlin.edu/archive/holdings/finding/RG30/SG182/adminhist.html|website=Oberlin College Archives|access-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420211709/http://www.oberlin.edu/archive/holdings/finding/RG30/SG182/adminhist.html|archive-date=20 April 2016|url-status=dead}}{{cite book|title=General Catalogue of Oberlin College, 1833–1908|date=1909|publisher=Oberlin College|location=OH|pages=[https://archive.org/details/generalcatalogue00ober/page/n596 407]–409|url=https://archive.org/details/generalcatalogue00ober|access-date=18 April 2016}} Her eldest brother, George Edward Hall (1851, Jamaica – 1921, Pasadena, CA) became a minister.{{cite book|last1=Yale University|title=Obituary Record of Graduates Deceased During the Year ending July 1, 1921|date=1921|publisher=Yale University|location=New Haven|pages=575–576|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A55GAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA575|access-date=18 April 2016}} Her older sister Ellen Julia Hall-Kinsey (Mrs. George M. Kinsey, 1852–1882) studied medicine at the University of Wooster,{{cite book|title=University of Wooster Medical Department, Eighteenth Annual Catalogue, 1881–82|date=1881|publisher=University of Wooster|location=Cleveland, Ohio|page=14|url=https://www.aamc.org/download/172490/data/18th_annual_catalogue_university_of_wooster.pdf|access-date=3 May 2016}} and in Vienna, Austria. Her sister Emily Brooks Hall and Emily's husband Martin Luther Stimson (1857–1943) became missionaries in China.{{cite web|last1=Grossi|first1=Ken|title=Oberlin in Asia: A digital collection documenting the sharing of the ideals of learning and labor|url=http://oberlin.edu/library/digital/shansi/intro.html|website=Shansi: Oberlin and Asia|publisher=Oberlin College Library|access-date=18 April 2016}}

Julia Brainerd Hall was a student in the Conservatory of Music at Oberlin College from 1876 to 1878.{{cite book|last1=Oberlin College|title=Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Oberlin College for the college year 1876–77 |date=1876 |publisher=Blade Printing |location=Toledo, OH|url=https://archive.org/stream/annualcatalogueo18721883ober#page/n331/mode/2up/search/%22Julia+Brainard+Hall%22|page=42 }}{{cite book|last1=Oberlin College|title=Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Oberlin College for the college year 1877–78 |date=1877 |publisher=Oberlin College|location=Oberlin, OH|url=https://archive.org/stream/annualcatalogueo18721883ober#page/n397/mode/2up/search/%22Julia+Brainerd+Hall%22/n393/mode/2up2|page=41 }} She is listed as a second year student in the "Literary" course at Oberlin as of 1878,{{cite book|last1=Oberlin College|title=Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Oberlin College for the college year 1878–79 |date=1878 |publisher=Oberlin College|location=Oberlin, OH|url=https://archive.org/stream/annualcatalogueo18721883ober#page/n439/mode/2up/search/%22Julia+Brainerd+Hall%22|page=17 }} and graduated in the Literary course in 1881.{{cite book|last1=Oberlin College|title=Quinquennial catalogue of officers and graduates|date=1916|publisher=Oberlin College|location=Oberlin, OH|url=https://archive.org/stream/quinquennialcata00ober_1#page/278/mode/2up/search/%22Julia+Brainerd+Hall%22|access-date=18 April 2016}}{{rp|277–278}} The "Literary" course had replaced the "Ladies" course as of July 30, 1875;{{cite book|last1=Oberlin College|title=Quinquennial catalogue of officers and graduates|date=1916|publisher=Oberlin College|location=Oberlin, OH|url=https://archive.org/stream/quinquennialcata00ober_1#page/48/mode/2up|page=48|access-date=18 April 2016}}{{rp|48}} such educational tracking was usual for women attending Oberlin at the time.{{cite web|last1=Fairchild|first1=James H.|title=Joint Education of the Sexes|url=http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/LucyStonewalk-a-thonTour/FairchildCoEducation.html|website=Oberlin College|date=1860|quote="In all [as of 1860], forty-seven ladies have completed the full College Course of study here, and two hundred and forty-nine have completed the Ladies' Course."}} One of the classes she took was chemistry, which was taught by William Kedzie in 1879–1880 for only one term prior to his unexpected death, rather than the usual two terms.{{cite journal|last1=Jewett|first1=F. F.|last2=Jewett|first2=Frances Gulick Jewett|title=The chemical department of Oberlin College from 1833 to 1912|journal=The Oberlin Alumni Magazine|date=1922|volume=18|issue=10|pages=1–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaQPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA6|access-date=18 April 2016}}{{rp|6}}

Some time before her invalid mother's death in 1885, Julia took over running the household and raising her two younger sisters, Edith May Hall (later Mrs. George H. Seymour, 1865–1937) and Louie Alice Hall (1870–1944).{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=George David|title=From monopoly to competition : the transformations of Alcoa, 1888–1986|date=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge [England]|isbn=978-0521352611|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF6jpiU1yi0C&pg=PA13|access-date=18 April 2016}}

Julia's brother Charles also attended Oberlin, matriculating in 1880 and graduating in 1885.{{cite book|last1=Oberlin College|title=Quinquennial catalogue of officers and graduates|date=1916|publisher=Oberlin College|location=Oberlin, OH|url=https://archive.org/stream/quinquennialcata00ober_1#page/288/mode/2up/search/%22Charles+Martin+Hall%22|access-date=18 April 2016}}{{rp|288}} Upon entering college, he approached the new professor of chemistry, Frank Fanning Jewett, to purchase some laboratory equipment.{{rp|10–11}} Charles Hall attended Jewett's chemistry course during his junior year, 1883–1884,{{cite web|last1=Craig|first1=Norman|title=A History of Oberlin's Chemistry Facilities|url=http://www.oberlin.edu/news-info/99jan/chemfacilhist.html|website=Oberlin Online|publisher=Oberlin College|access-date=18 April 2016}} and conducted research in Jewett's laboratory.{{rp|10–11}} Long before he graduated, Charles had set up a laboratory in a woodshed attached to the family home at 64 East College Street in Oberlin, Ohio.{{rp|10–11}}

There he researched the production of aluminium by electrolysis, ultimately obtaining a family of patents on April 2, 1889.{{cite journal|last1=Craig|first1=Norman C.|title=Charles M. Hall's Persistent quest of patents for refining aluminum metal by electrolysis|journal=Bulletin for the History of Chemistry|date=2013|volume=38|issue=1|pages=13–18|url=http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/Citations/v38-1%20p13-18.pdf|access-date=18 April 2016}} Charles was successful in a breakthrough experiment of dissolving alumina in molten cryolite at 1000 °C on February 9, 1886, demonstrating the process for his sisters and his father the next day after Julia returned from a visit to Cleveland. After further experiments and the addition of aluminium fluoride, Hall was successful in preparing aluminium by electrolysis. On February 23, 1886, breaking open a clay crucible lined with graphite,{{cite web|title=Production of Aluminum: The Hall-Héroult Process|url=http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/aluminumprocess.html|website=American Chemical Society|access-date=26 April 2016}} he found silvery aluminium pellets inside. Charles Hall took the metal to Frank Jewett for confirmation of the discovery.{{cite web|title=Charles Martin Hall Article|url=https://new.oberlin.edu/arts-and-sciences/departments/chemistry/charlesmartinhallarticle.dot|website=Oberlin College|access-date=18 April 2016}}

Whether Charles Martin Hall or French chemist Paul Héroult should be awarded U.S. patent rights was the subject of an interference proceeding, decided on October 24, 1887.Charles M. Hall v. Paul L.[T.] Héroult. Interference. Process for Reducing Aluminum by Electrolysis. U.S. Patent Office, October 24, 1887. While Héroult had filed his U.S. patent application a few months earlier than Hall, the patent examiner concluded that Hall had discovered the process before Héroult applied for the patent in April 1886. The witnesses for Hall were Charles Hall, Heman Hall, Frank Jewett, another professor, and Julia. Julia testified before the patent examiner that her brother had demonstrated the process successfully in front of her. She had also prepared an account of the History of C.M. Hall's aluminium invention{{cite book|last1=Tselos|first1=George D.|last2=Wickey|first2=Colleen|title=A guide to archives and manuscript collections in the history of chemistry and chemical technology|date=1987|publisher=Center for History of Chemistry|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780941901055|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUebg-2fwCQC&pg=PA72|access-date=26 April 2016}} "relying on my memory alone", which was not included in the official U S. record of the patent interference proceedings. Two postmarked letters from Charles Hall to his brother George that described the invention in detail were included as important evidence establishing the timing of Hall's discovery.{{cite web|title=A National Historic Chemical Landmark: Production of aluminum metal by electrochemistry, Oberlin, Ohio, September 17, 1997 – September 17, 1997|url=https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/aluminumprocess/hall-process-aluminum-by-electrochemistry-commemorative-booklet.pdf|website=American Chemical Society|access-date=26 April 2016}}

The extent to which Julia Brainerd Hall was involved day-to-day in her brother's research and the discovery of the Hall process has been disputed. Her obituary in the Oberlin News, September 30, 1926, stated that "She was a sister of Charles M. Hall and the one who gave him help and encouragement in his work on aluminium."{{cite news|title=Miss Hall Dies|work=Oberlin News|date=September 30, 1926}} Early accounts by Alcoa company employees, Charles Carr's An American Enterprise (1952) and Junius Edwards' The Immortal Woodshed (1955) portray her as involved in Hall's home laboratory. However, they have been described as "celebratory" and lacking objectivity,{{cite book|last1=Sheller|first1=Mimi|title=Aluminum dreams : the making of light modernity|date=2014|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=978-0262026826|page=270|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOjaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA270|access-date=19 April 2016}} and criticized for lacking footnotes and bibliographic information.{{cite journal

|last1=Giddens|first1=Paul H.

|title=Alcoa, An. American Enterprise. By Charles C. Carr. (Book review)

|journal=Pennsylvania History|date=1953|volume=20|issue=2|pages=209–210 |url=https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/view/22279/22048

}} Martha Trescott draws on these accounts when she makes a case for Julia's close involvement in Charles' laboratory. She argues that the written account that Julia Hall prepared for the patent examiner, and her annotations of Charles Hall's papers, are evidence of her close involvement in the scientific work.{{cite book|editor-last1=Trescott|editor-first1=Martha Moore|title=Dynamos and virgins revisited : women and technological change in history : an anthology|date=1980|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.}}{{cite journal|last=Trescott|first=Martha M.|date=January 1977|title=Julia B. Hall and aluminum|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=54|issue=1|page=24|doi=10.1021/ed054p24|bibcode=1977JChEd..54...24T}} Subsequent authors have relied on her accounts.{{cite book |last1=Kass-Simon |first1=Gabrielle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez7DCJM57esC&pg=PA173 |title=Women of Science: Righting the Record |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-253-20813-2 |editor-last=Farnes |editor-first=Patricia |pages=173–176 |editor-last2=Nash |editor-first2=Deborah}}

More recently, Norman Craig has examined the Oberlin archive's papers and draws different conclusions. He notes that Julia Hall's annotations of the family letters involve replacement of names with initials, and removal of information about the family's financial circumstances, rather than the removal of technical information. Based on the handwriting and references to Charles, he concludes that the annotations were likely made after Charles' death in December 1914. They suggest a review of the papers with a view to publication of a biography. Craig also notes that Charles wrote to various family members about his work, not just Julia, and that he demonstrated his results to his father and younger sisters as well as to Julia. Craig presents the image of a supportive, close-knit, intelligent family, interested in each other's work, rather than a brother-sister research and development team.{{cite journal|last1=Craig|first1=Norman C.|title=Julia Hall – Coinventor?|journal=Chemical Heritage Magazine|date=1997|volume=15|issue=1|pages=6–7, 36–37}}

Development of the Hall process and its scaling up for industrial use continued over several years, and eventually the Hall process brought the cost of aluminium down from $12.00 per pound to $0.30 per pound.{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of the Chemical Sciences|date=1997|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0941901123|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/35 35]–37|url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd|url-access=registration|access-date=28 January 2015}}

In 1901, Charles Hall had a house built for his sisters, Julia, Louie and Edith, at 280 Elm St. in Oberlin, known as the "Hall Sisters House".{{cite web|title=Westwood|url=http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/westwood/westwood.pdf|website=Oberlin Historical and Improvement Organization|date=1997}} The original family home on East College Street is now "Hall House", property of Oberlin College.{{cite web|title=Hall House|url=http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/HistoricPreservation/HPHallHouse.html|website=Historic Preservation in Oberlin|publisher=Oberlin College|access-date=28 January 2015}} Charles died in 1914.

Julia Brainerd Hall moved to Rochester, New York as of 1917. She died on Saturday, September 4, 1926, at the home that she shared with her sister, Louie Alice Hall, at 1422 Highland Avenue, Rochester, New York. She was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in Rochester, New York.

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• [http://www.oberlinlibstaff.com/archon/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=194 Charles Martin Hall Collection, 1882–1985], Oberlin College Archives

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Category:1859 births

Category:1926 deaths

Category:American women chemists

Category:20th-century American chemists

Category:American expatriates in the British Empire

Category:19th-century Jamaican people