Cleveland

{{main|History of Cleveland}}

{{For timeline}}

File:Moses Cleaveland statue in 2021.jpg's 1888 statue of city founder General Moses Cleaveland]]

Cleveland was established on July 22, 1796, by surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company when they laid out Connecticut's Western Reserve into townships and a capital city. They named the settlement "Cleaveland" after their leader, General Moses Cleaveland, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleaveland, Moses |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleaveland-moses |access-date=August 21, 2019 |date=January 20, 2019 }} Cleaveland oversaw the New England–style design of the plan for what would become the modern downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning to Connecticut, never again to visit Ohio. The town's name was often shortened to "Cleveland", even by Cleaveland's original surveyors. A common myth emerged that the spelling was altered by The Cleveland Advertiser in order to fit the name on the newspaper's masthead.{{cite magazine |last=Burton |first=Abby |title=CLE Myths: The "A" In Cleaveland |magazine=Cleveland Magazine |url=https://clevelandmagazine.com/in-the-cle/articles/cle-myths-the-a-in-cleaveland |date=November 25, 2019 |access-date=May 20, 2023 }}{{cite magazine |last=Bourne |first=Henry E. |year=1896 |title=The Story of Cleveland |magazine=New England Magazine |volume=14 |issue=6 |page=744 |quote=It was agreeable to the wishes of many of our oldest and most intelligent citizens, who are of the opinion that the 'a' is superfluous. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Og7AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Cleveland%20Advertiser%22%201831%20spelling&pg=PA744 }}

The first permanent European settler in Cleveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River.{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/14 14]}} The emerging community served as an important supply post for the U.S. during the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812.{{cite encyclopedia |title=War of 1812 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=January 20, 2019 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/w/war-1812 |access-date=May 29, 2020 }} Locals adopted Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry as a civic hero and erected a monument in his honor decades later.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Perry Monument |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 18, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/perry-monument |access-date=May 29, 2020 }} Largely through the efforts of the settlement's first lawyer Alfred Kelley, the village of Cleveland was incorporated on December 23, 1814.{{sfn|Rose|1990|p=74}}

Despite the nearby swampy lowlands and harsh winters, the town's waterfront location proved advantageous, giving it access to Great Lakes trade. It grew rapidly after the 1832 completion of the Ohio and Erie Canal.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ohio and Erie Canal |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/o/ohio-and-erie-canal |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=February 7, 2019 }} This key link between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes connected Cleveland to the Atlantic Ocean via the Erie Canal and Hudson River, and later via the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The town's growth continued with added railroad links.{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/51 51]}} In 1836, Cleveland, then only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga, was officially incorporated as a city, and John W. Willey was elected its first mayor.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Timeline |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=http://ech.case.edu/timeline.html |access-date=August 1, 2022 |date=April 5, 2022 }} That same year, it nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two communities.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Columbus Street Bridge |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/columbus-street-bridge |date=November 18, 2019 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }} Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854.

A center of abolitionist activity,{{sfn|Keating|2022|pp=13–15}}{{cite encyclopedia |last=Wyatt-Brown |first=Bertram |title=Abolitionism |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 31, 2019 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/abolitionism |access-date=June 7, 2020 }} Cleveland (code-named "Station Hope") was a major stop on the Underground Railroad for escaped African American slaves en route to Canada.{{cite web |title=In Search of the Underground Railroad |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/tours/show/44 |access-date=June 7, 2020 }} The city also served as an important center for the Union during the American Civil War.{{sfn|Keating|2022|p=38}}{{cite web |title=Abraham Lincoln in Cleveland: Remembering a Slain President |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/70 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }} Decades later, in July 1894, the wartime contributions of those serving the Union from Cleveland and Cuyahoga County would be honored with the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument on Public Square.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/soldiers-and-sailors-monument |access-date=August 3, 2019 |date=May 22, 2018 }}

The Civil War vaulted Cleveland into the first rank of American manufacturing cities and fueled unprecedented growth.{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/69 69]}} Its prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes played an important role in its development as an industrial and commercial center. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland,{{sfn|Rose|1990|p=937}} and in 1885, he moved its headquarters to New York City, which had become a center of finance and business.{{cite web |title=American Experience: Rockefellers Timeline |publisher=PBS |quote=1885: Standard Oil moves into new headquarters at 26 Broadway in New York. |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/rockefellers-timeline/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}

File:Cleveland 1877.jpg of Cleveland in 1877]]

Cleveland's economic growth and industrial jobs attracted large waves of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Ireland. Urban growth was accompanied by significant strikes and labor unrest, as workers demanded better wages and working conditions.{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|pp=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/87 87–89]}} Between 1881 and 1886, 70 to 80% of strikes were successful in improving labor conditions in Cleveland.{{cite encyclopedia |last=Harrison |first=Dennis I. |title=Labor |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/l/labor |access-date=January 29, 2021 |date=January 29, 2021 }} The Cleveland Streetcar Strike of 1899 was one of the more violent instances of labor strife in the city during this period.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Streetcar Strike of 1899 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/streetcar-strike-1899 |access-date=July 3, 2021 |date=May 22, 2018 }}

By 1910, Cleveland had become known as the "Sixth City" due to its status at the time as the sixth-largest U.S. city.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Nicknames and Slogans |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=February 27, 2023 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-nicknames-and-slogans |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} Its automotive companies included Peerless, Chandler, and Winton, maker of the first car driven across the U.S. Other manufacturing industries in Cleveland included steam cars produced by White and electric cars produced by Baker.{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/116 116]}} The city counted major Progressive Era politicians among its leaders, most prominently the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson, who was responsible for the development of the Cleveland Mall Plan.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Johnson, Tom L |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/j/johnson-tom-l |date=September 19, 2021 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }} The era of the City Beautiful movement in Cleveland architecture saw wealthy patrons support the establishment of the city's major cultural institutions. The most prominent among them were the Cleveland Museum of Art, which opened in 1916,{{sfn|Turner|1991|p=[https://archive.org/details/object-lessons/page/9 9]}} and the Cleveland Orchestra, established in 1918.{{sfn|Rosenberg|2000|pp=43–44}}

File:Inviting Immigrants to Cleveland Poster (6279784636).jpg, Slovene, Polish, and Yiddish, advertising English classes for immigrants in Cleveland]]

In addition to the large immigrant population, African American migrants from the rural South arrived in Cleveland (among other Northeastern and Midwestern cities) as part of the Great Migration for jobs, constitutional rights, and relief from racial discrimination.{{cite encyclopedia |title=African Americans |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/african-americans |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=July 15, 2019 }} By 1920, the year in which the Cleveland Indians won their first World Series championship, Cleveland had grown into a densely-populated metropolis of 796,841, making it the fifth-largest city in the nation, with a foreign-born population of 30%.{{cite report |last1=Salling |first1=Mark |last2=Cyran |first2=Ellen |title=Foreign-Born Population in Selected Ohio Cities, 1870 to 2000: A Brief Descriptive Report |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1357&context=urban_facpub |page=9 |date=January 1, 2006 |access-date=July 2, 2019 }}

At this time, Cleveland saw the rise of radical labor movements, most prominently the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), in response to the conditions of the largely immigrant and migrant workers. In 1919, the city attracted national attention amid the First Red Scare for the Cleveland May Day Riots, in which local socialist and IWW demonstrators clashed with anti-socialists.{{cite encyclopedia |title=May Day Riots |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/may-day-riots |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=May 19, 2019 }}{{cite web |title=May Day Riot |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/28 |access-date=July 22, 2019 }} The riots occurred during the broader strike wave that swept the U.S. that year.{{sfn|Brecher|2020|p=[https://archive.org/details/strike0000brec_t8h1/page/110 110]}}

Cleveland's population continued to grow throughout the Roaring Twenties.{{sfn|Condon|1979|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandprodigy0000cond/page/99 99]}} The decade saw the establishment of the city's Playhouse Square,{{cite encyclopedia |title=Playhouse Square |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/playhouse-square |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=May 31, 2019 }} and the rise of the risqué Short Vincent.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Short Vincent |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/short-vincent |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=May 22, 2018 }}{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Marilyn |title=Short Vincent: A Walk on Cleveland's Historic Wild Side |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/64 |access-date=June 5, 2023 }} The Bal-Masque balls of the avant-garde Kokoon Arts Club scandalized the city.{{sfn|Adams|Waldman|2011|pp=85–87}}{{cite web |title=The Kokoon Arts Klub |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/851 |access-date=August 9, 2019 }} Jazz came to prominence in Cleveland during this period.{{cite news |last=Theiss |first=Evelyn |title=In Cleveland's 'second downtown,' jazz once filled the air: Elegant Cleveland |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/arts/2012/02/in_clevelands_second_downtown.html |date=February 5, 2012 |access-date=June 19, 2023 }}{{sfn|Mosbrook|2013|p=10}} Prohibition first took effect in Ohio in May 1919 (although it was not well-enforced in Cleveland), became law with the Volstead Act in 1920, and was eventually repealed nationally by Congress in 1933.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Prohibition Amendment |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/prohibition-amendment |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=June 18, 2018 }} The ban on alcohol led to the rise of speakeasies throughout the city and organized crime gangs, such as the Mayfield Road Mob, who smuggled bootleg liquor across Lake Erie from Canada into Cleveland.{{cite news |last=Kelly |first=Ralph |title=Murder in Cleveland: The Prohibition Toll. Chapter 3—Rise of the Rum Kings; the 'Bloody Corner |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |pages=1, 5 |date=December 28, 1933 }}

File:Euclid Avenue 1918 CP06293 - DPLA - c71a7b0702bca63a585bd2365a66f7c6.jpg and East 9th Street with the Hickox Building in 1918]]

The era of the flapper marked the beginning of the golden age in Downtown Cleveland retail, centered on major department stores Higbee's, Bailey's, the May Company, Taylor's, Halle's, and Sterling Lindner Davis, which collectively represented one of the largest and most fashionable shopping districts in the country, often compared to New York's Fifth Avenue.{{cite web |title=Downtown Department Stores: Cleveland's Fifth Avenue |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=http://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/23#.Vd5BjZed6jg |access-date=June 5, 2023 }} In 1929, Cleveland hosted the first of many National Air Races, and Amelia Earhart flew to the city from Santa Monica, California in the Women's Air Derby.{{cite web |title=Cleveland National Air Races |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/151 |access-date=July 15, 2019 }}{{cite web |last=Guerrieri |first=Vince |title=The Rise and Fall of the Cleveland Air Races |publisher=Ohio Magazine |url=https://www.ohiomagazine.com/ohio-life/article/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-cleveland-air-races |date=July 2021 |access-date=January 4, 2024 }} The Van Sweringen brothers commenced construction of the Terminal Tower skyscraper in 1926 and oversaw it to completion in 1927.{{sfn|Harwood|2003|pp=134–135}} By the time the building was dedicated as part of Cleveland Union Terminal in 1930, the city had a population of over 900,000.

Cleveland was hit hard by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression.{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/146 146]|loc="Industrialist Cyrus Eaton would later say that Cleveland was hurt more by the Depression than any other city in the United States"}} A center of union activity, the city saw significant labor struggles in this period, including strikes by workers against Fisher Body in 1936 and against Republic Steel in 1937. The city was also aided by major federal works projects sponsored by President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal.{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|pp=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/136 136–139]}} In commemoration of the centennial of Cleveland's incorporation as a city, the Great Lakes Exposition debuted in June 1936 at the city's North Coast Harbor, along the Lake Erie shore north of downtown.{{sfn|Porter|1976|pp=106–107}} Conceived by Cleveland's business leaders as a way to revitalize the city during the Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Great Lakes Exposition |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/g/great-lakes-exposition |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=March 21, 2019 }}

File:Aeroplane View of Union Terminal Group and Public Square (NBY 1512).jpg and the then-new Cleveland Union Terminal in 1930]]

On December 7, 1941, Imperial Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and declared war on the U.S. Two of the victims of the attack were Cleveland natives – Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd and ensign William Halloran.{{sfn|Albrecht|Banks|2015|p=8}} The attack signaled America's entry into World War II. A major hub of the "Arsenal of Democracy", Cleveland under Mayor Frank Lausche contributed massively to the U.S. war effort as the fifth largest manufacturing center in the nation.{{sfn|Albrecht|Banks|2015|p=54}} During his tenure, Lausche also oversaw the establishment of the Cleveland Transit System, the predecessor to the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/g/greater-cleveland-regional-transit-authority |access-date=July 22, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}

After the war, Cleveland initially experienced an economic boom, and businesses declared the city to be the "best location in the nation".{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-electric-illuminating-co |access-date=July 22, 2019 |date=April 4, 2019 }} In 1949, the city was named an All-America City for the first time, and in 1950, its population reached 914,808. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey team, the Barons, became champions of the American Hockey League, and the Browns dominated professional football in the 1950s. As a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was declared the "City of Champions" in sports at this time.{{cite news |last=Schneider |first=Russell |title=Those Championship Seasons: Cleveland's Rich Sports History |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |page=206 |quote=Once upon a time, Cleveland was known as the 'City of Champions.' |date=November 3, 1991 }} Additionally, the 1950s saw the rising popularity of a new music genre that local WJW (AM) disc jockey Alan Freed dubbed "rock and roll".{{cite encyclopedia |title=Freed, Alan |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 11, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/freed-alan |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}

Image:Fountain of Eternal Life (34552871444).jpg and the Fountain of Eternal Life by Marshall Fredericks]]

However, by the 1960s, Cleveland's economy began to slow down, and residents increasingly sought new housing in the suburbs, reflecting the national trends of suburban growth following federally subsidized highways.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Suburbs |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 14, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/suburbs |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} Industrial restructuring, particularly in the steel and automotive industries, resulted in the loss of numerous jobs in Cleveland and the region, and the city suffered economically.{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/183 183]}} The burning of the Cuyahoga River in June 1969 brought national attention to the issue of industrial pollution in Cleveland and served as a catalyst for the American environmental movement.{{cite news |last=Maag |first=Christopher |title=From the Ashes of '69, Cleveland's Cuyahoga River Is Reborn |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/us/21river.html |date=June 20, 2009 |access-date=July 25, 2019 }}

Housing discrimination and redlining against African Americans led to racial unrest in Cleveland and numerous other Northern U.S. cities.{{sfn|Rothstein|2017|p=14}}{{cite news |last=Eddings |first=Amy |title=Divided by Design: Tracking Neighborhood Racial Segregation in Cleveland |publisher=Ideastream |url=https://www.ideastream.org/news/divided-by-design-tracking-neighborhood-racial-segregation-in-cleveland |date=November 14, 2017 |access-date=July 3, 2019 }} In Cleveland, the Hough riots erupted from July 18 to 24, 1966,{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hough Riots |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hough-riots |access-date=January 4, 2024 |date=November 11, 2020 }} and the Glenville Shootout took place on July 23, 1968.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Glenville Shootout |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/g/glenville-shootout |access-date=January 4, 2024 |date=July 1, 2020 }} In November 1967, Cleveland became the first major American city to elect an African American mayor, Carl B. Stokes, who served from 1968 to 1971 and played an instrumental role in restoring the Cuyahoga River.{{sfn|Stokes|1973|p=[https://archive.org/details/promisesofpowerp00stok/page/42 42]}}{{cite web |title=Carl B. Stokes and the 1969 River Fire |publisher=National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/carl-stokes-and-the-river-fire.htm |access-date=May 30, 2020 }}

During the 1970s, Cleveland became known as "Bomb City U.S.A." due to several bombings that shook the city, mostly due to organized crime rivalries.{{cite news |last1=Polansky |first1=Rachel |last2=Trexler |first2=Phil |title=Bomb City U.S.A.: The untold story of Cleveland's mobster dynasty |publisher=WKYC |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/investigations/bomb-city-usa-cleveland-mobster-dynasty/95-ff184a7c-f95e-478b-986b-c4469c69ad9a |date=May 6, 2021 |access-date=May 23, 2024 }} In December 1978, during the turbulent tenure of Dennis Kucinich as mayor, Cleveland became the first major American city since the Great Depression to enter into a financial default on federal loans.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Mayoral Administration of Dennis J. Kucinich |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/mayoral-administration-dennis-j-kucinich |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }} The national recession of the early 1980s "further eroded the city's traditional economic base."{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/183 183]}} While unemployment during the period peaked in 1983, Cleveland's rate of 13.8% was higher than the national average due to the closure of several steel production centers.{{cite news |last=Fobes |first=Jon |title=Unemployment hits nearly every area in Ohio, analysis of new claims finds |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=http://blog.cleveland.com/openers/2009/02/unemployment_hits_nearly_every.html |date=February 8, 2009 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}{{cite encyclopedia |title=Fisher Body Division of General Motors Corp |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=February 10, 2020 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/fisher-body-division-general-motors-corp |access-date=May 22, 2023 }}

The city began a gradual economic recovery under Mayor George V. Voinovich in the 1980s. Downtown saw the construction of the Key Tower and 200 Public Square skyscrapers, as well as the development of the Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex – consisting of Progressive Field and Rocket Arena – and North Coast Harbor, including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland Browns Stadium, and the Great Lakes Science Center.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Mayoral Administration of George V. Voinovich |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/mayoral-administration-george-v-voinovich |access-date=August 3, 2019 |date=February 21, 2019 }} Although the city emerged from default in 1987, it later suffered from the impact of the subprime mortgage crisis and the Great Recession.{{cite news |last=Kotlowitz |first=Alex |title=All Boarded Up: How Cleveland is Dealing With Mass Foreclosure |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/08/magazine/08Foreclosure-t.html |date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=December 1, 2023 }}

Nevertheless, by the turn of the 21st century, Cleveland succeeded in developing a more diversified economy and gained a national reputation as a center for healthcare and the arts.{{cite magazine |last=Michener |first=Charles |title=Cleveland's Signs of Renewal |magazine=Smithsonian |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/clevelands-signs-of-renewal-817906/ |date=April 2011 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} The city's downtown and several neighborhoods have experienced significant population growth since 2010, while overall population decline has slowed.{{cite web |title=Census 2020 in Cleveland |url=https://planning.clevelandohio.gov/census2020/index.html |publisher=Cleveland City Planning Commission |access-date=July 11, 2022 }} Challenges remain for the city, with improvement of city schools,{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Conor |title=Cleveland Mayor Justin Bibb announces five picks for CMSD Board of Education |publisher=Ideastream |url=https://www.ideastream.org/education/2023-06-27/cleveland-mayor-justin-bibb-announces-five-picks-for-cmsd-board-of-education |date=June 27, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }} economic development of neighborhoods, and continued efforts to tackle poverty, homelessness, and urban blight being top municipal priorities.{{cite news |last=Buckley |first=Bri |title=Cleveland homeless shelters near capacity |publisher=WKYC |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/local/cleveland/cleveland-shelters-near-capacity-as-homeless-encampments-remain-in-bitter-cold-snow/95-4340bb8a-bf18-49ce-a3ef-94892bbf83ae |date=November 28, 2023 |access-date=December 20, 2023 }}{{cite news |last=Daprile |first=Lucas |title=Cleveland poised to move forward with plans to demolish blighted buildings, but will $15 million be enough? |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2022/06/cleveland-poised-to-move-forward-with-plans-to-demolish-blighted-buildings-but-will-15-million-be-enough-stimulus-watch.html |date=June 4, 2022 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}

File:ISS-34 Night view of Cleveland, Ohio.jpg satellite photograph of Cleveland at night]]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|82.47|sqmi|km2|2}}, of which {{convert|77.70|sqmi|km2|2}} is land and {{convert|4.77|sqmi|km2|2}} is water.{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2010_place_list_39.txt |access-date=June 6, 2016 }} The shore of Lake Erie is {{convert|569|ft|m}} above sea level; however, the city lies on a series of irregular bluffs lying roughly parallel to the lake. In Cleveland these bluffs are cut principally by the Cuyahoga River, Big Creek, and Euclid Creek.

The land rises quickly from the lake shore elevation of 569 feet. Public Square, less than {{Convert|1|mi|km|spell=in}} inland, sits at an elevation of {{convert|650|ft|m|0}}, and Hopkins Airport, {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} inland from the lake, is at an elevation of {{convert|791|ft|m|0}}.{{cite web |title=Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport |publisher=AirNav |url=http://www.airnav.com/airport/KCLE |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}

Cleveland borders several inner-ring and streetcar suburbs. To the west, it borders Lakewood, Rocky River, and Fairview Park, and to the east, it borders Shaker Heights, Cleveland Heights, South Euclid, and East Cleveland. To the southwest, it borders Linndale, Brooklyn, Parma, and Brook Park. To the south, the city borders Newburgh Heights, Cuyahoga Heights, and Brooklyn Heights and to the southeast, it borders Warrensville Heights, Maple Heights, and Garfield Heights. To the northeast, along the shore of Lake Erie, Cleveland borders Bratenahl and Euclid.

{{Wide image|Cleveland Skyline 2015.png|1000px|align-cap=center|Skyline of Cleveland from University Circle at daylight (2015).|alt=Skyline of Cleveland from University Circle at daylight (2015).}}

{{Wide image|Cle Skyline December 2020.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Skyline of Cleveland at night, with Key Tower, 200 Public Square, and the Terminal Tower at the center}}

{{Wide image|Clewinter.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Downtown Cleveland from Lake Erie, January 2022}}

{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Cleveland|National Register of Historic Places listings in Cleveland}}

File:Euclid facades.jpg

Cleveland's downtown architecture is diverse. Many of the city's government and civic buildings, including City Hall, the Cuyahoga County Courthouse, the Cleveland Public Library, and Public Auditorium, are clustered around the open Cleveland Mall and share a common neoclassical architecture. They were built in the early 20th century as the result of the 1903 Group Plan. They constitute one of the most complete examples of City Beautiful design in the U.S.{{sfn|Lawrence|1980|pp=20–25}}{{cite encyclopedia |title=Mall |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/mall |access-date=August 21, 2019 |date=May 22, 2018 }}

Completed in 1927 and dedicated in 1930 as part of the Cleveland Union Terminal complex, the Terminal Tower was the tallest building in North America outside New York City until 1964 and the tallest in the city until 1991.{{sfn|Toman|Cook|2005|p=76}} It is a prototypical Beaux-Arts skyscraper. The two other major skyscrapers on Public Square, Key Tower (the tallest building in Ohio) and 200 Public Square, combine elements of Art Deco architecture with postmodern designs.{{cite web |last=Raponi |first=Richard |title=Key Tower: Cesar Pelli's Nod to Art Deco-Era Manhattan |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/961 |access-date=February 1, 2024 }}{{cite web |last=Raponi |first=Richard |title=200 Public Square |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/306 |access-date=February 1, 2024 }}

Running east from Public Square through University Circle is Euclid Avenue, which was known as "Millionaires' Row" for its prestige and elegance as a residential street.{{sfn|Cigliano|1991|pp=1–2}}{{cite web |last=Rose |first=Danielle |title=Millionaires' Row: Cleveland's Famous Euclid Avenue |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/10 |access-date=June 5, 2023 }} In the late 1880s, writer Bayard Taylor described it as "the most beautiful street in the world".{{sfn|Upton|1910|p=507}}

Nicknamed Cleveland's "Crystal Palace", the five-story Cleveland Arcade (also known as the Old Arcade) was built in 1890 and renovated in 2001 as a Hyatt Regency Hotel.{{cite web |last=Florence |first=Cheyenne |title=The Arcade: Cleveland's Crystal Palace |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/24 |access-date=June 5, 2023 }} Another major architectural landmark, the Cleveland Trust Company Building, was completed in 1907 and renovated in 2015 as a downtown Heinen's supermarket.{{cite web |last1=Toledo |first1=Charlotte Nicole |last2=Roy |first2=Chris |title=Cleveland Trust Company Building |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/761 |access-date=August 21, 2019 }} Cleveland's historic ecclesiastical architecture includes the Presbyterian Old Stone Church,{{cite web |last=Raponi |first=Richard |title=Old Stone Church |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/165 |access-date=August 8, 2019 }} the onion domed St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral,{{cite web |last1=Rotman |first1=Michael |last2=Dubelko |first2=Jim |title=St. Theodosius Cathedral |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/92 |access-date=August 8, 2019 }} and the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist along with several other ethnically inspired Catholic churches.{{cite web |title=Cleveland Sacred Landmarks |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=http://www.clevelandmemory.org/sacredlandmarks/index-old.shtml |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}

File:Arcade (48249762776).jpg|Cleveland Arcade, 1890

File:Cleveland Trust Company Building, Euclid Avenue and East 9th Street, Cleveland, OH.jpg|Cleveland Trust Company Building, 1907

File:Palace lobby.jpg|Connor Palace Theatre, 1922

File:Cleveland Skyline (26381354620).jpg|Terminal Tower from Euclid Avenue

File:Grand Foyer, Severance Hall, University Circle, Cleveland, OH - 52992001701.jpg|Grand foyer of Severance Hall, 1931

{{main|Neighborhoods in Cleveland}}

File:Illuminated West Side Market.jpg neighborhood at night]]

The Cleveland City Planning Commission has officially designated 34 neighborhoods in Cleveland.{{cite web |title=Urban Tree Canopy Assessment Update: Cleveland Neighborhoods |publisher=Cuyahoga County Planning Commission |url=https://www.countyplanning.us/projects/urban-tree-canopy-assessment-update/urban-tree-canopy-assessment-update-cleveland-neighborhoods/ |access-date=July 20, 2021 }} Centered on Public Square, Downtown Cleveland is the city's central business district, encompassing a wide range of subdistricts, such as the Nine-Twelve District, the Campus District, the Civic Center, East 4th Street, and Playhouse Square. It also historically included the lively Short Vincent entertainment district.{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Chris |title=The Theatrical Grill |work=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/906 |access-date=June 22, 2022 }}{{sfn|Dutka|2012|p=37}} Mixed-use areas, such as the Warehouse District and the Superior Arts District, are occupied by industrial and office buildings as well as restaurants, cafes, and bars. The number of condominiums, lofts, and apartments has been on the increase since 2000 and especially 2010, reflecting downtown's growing population.{{cite news |last=Exner |first=Rich |title=How downtown Cleveland is changing: by the numbers |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/2016/05/how_downtown_cleveland_is_chan.html |date=May 13, 2016 |access-date=July 10, 2019 }}

File:Cleveland City Neighborhoods with Names.png

Clevelanders geographically define themselves in terms of whether they live on the east or west side of the Cuyahoga River.{{sfn|Condon|1967|p=[https://archive.org/details/cleveland0000geor/page/9/mode/2up 9]|loc="For all practical purposes, though – and hang the technicalities – everything east of the [Cuyahoga] river constitutes the East Side. Everything west of the river can be considered the West Side. That is the realistic view taken by Clevelanders. When two Clevelanders meet for the first time, they fence conversationally until the vital question of East or West is answered. Knowing which side of town a new acquaintance comes from makes a subtle difference"}} The East Side includes the neighborhoods of Buckeye–Shaker, Buckeye–Woodhill, Central, Collinwood (including Nottingham), Euclid–Green, Fairfax, Glenville, Goodrich–Kirtland Park (including Asiatown), Hough, Kinsman, Lee–Miles (including Lee–Harvard and Lee–Seville), Mount Pleasant, St. Clair–Superior, Union–Miles Park, and University Circle (including Little Italy).{{cite news |last=Exner |first=Rich |title=Get to know Cleveland's East Side |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/11/get-to-know-clevelands-east-side-12-neighborhood-profiles.html |date=November 7, 2023 |access-date=November 15, 2023 }} The West Side includes the neighborhoods of Brooklyn Centre, Clark–Fulton, Cudell, Detroit–Shoreway, Edgewater, Ohio City, Old Brooklyn, Stockyards, Tremont (including Duck Island), West Boulevard, and the four neighborhoods colloquially known as West Park: Kamm's Corners, Jefferson, Bellaire–Puritas, and Hopkins.{{cite news |last=Exner |first=Rich |title=Get to know Cleveland's West Side |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/11/get-to-know-clevelands-west-side-8-neighborhood-profiles.html |date=November 1, 2023 |access-date=November 15, 2023 }} The Cuyahoga Valley neighborhood (including Whiskey Island and the Flats) is situated between the East and West Sides, while Broadway–Slavic Village is sometimes referred to as the South Side.{{cite magazine |last=Nalewicki |first=Jennifer |title=Vibrant Art Installations Infuse New Life into Abandoned Houses in This Cleveland Neighborhood |magazine=Smithsonian |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/one-weekend-art-infuses-new-life-cleveland-neighborhood-180969771/ |date=July 27, 2018 |access-date=June 5, 2023 |quote=A symphony of hammers, saws and chisels pierce the early-morning silence that had blanketed Slavic Village, a neighborhood tucked away on Cleveland's south side. }}

Several neighborhoods have begun to attract the return of the middle class that left the city for the suburbs in the 1960s and 1970s. These neighborhoods are on both the West Side (Ohio City, Tremont, Detroit–Shoreway, and Edgewater) and the East Side (Collinwood, Hough, Fairfax, and Little Italy). Much of the growth has been spurred on by attracting creative class members, which has facilitated new residential development and the transformation of old industrial buildings into loft spaces for artists.{{cite news |last=Glusac |first=Elaine |title=A Cleveland Arts District Hustles and Rebounds |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/15/travel/cleveland-gordon-square-arts-district.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/15/travel/cleveland-gordon-square-arts-district.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=November 15, 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2019}}{{cbignore }}

{{climate chart

| Cleveland

| 22.3|35.8|2.99

| 23.5|38.5|2.49

| 30.7|47.1|3.06

| 40.8|60.1|3.75

| 51.4|71.1|3.79

| 61.1|79.8|3.83

| 65.8|83.7|3.67

| 63.9|82.0|3.56

| 57.1|75.6|3.93

| 46.5|63.7|3.60

| 36.7|51.3|3.37

| 28.2|40.4|2.99

| units = imperial

| float = right

| clear = both

}}

Typical of the Great Lakes region, Cleveland exhibits a continental climate with four distinct seasons, which lies in the humid continental (Köppen Dfa){{cite journal |last1=Kottek |first1=Marcus |last2=Greiser |first2=Jürgen |last3=Beck |first3=Christoph |last4=Rudolf |first4=Bruno |last5=Rubel |first5=Franz |display-authors=2 |title=World Map of Köppen – Geiger Climate Classification |url=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/40083/metz_Vol_15_No_3_p259-263_World_Map_of_the_Koppen_Geiger_climate_classification_updated_55034.pdf |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=261 |date=June 2006 |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 |bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K |issn=0941-2948 }} zone. The climate is transitional with the Cfa humid subtropical climate. Summers are hot and humid, while winters are cold and snowy. East of the mouth of the Cuyahoga, the land elevation rises rapidly in the south. Together with the prevailing winds off Lake Erie, this feature is the principal contributor to the lake-effect snow that is typical in Cleveland (especially on the city's East Side) from mid-November until the surface of the lake freezes, usually in late January or early February. The lake effect causes a relative differential in geographical snowfall totals across the city. On the city's far West Side, the Hopkins neighborhood only reached {{convert|100|in|cm|0}} of snowfall in a season three times since record-keeping for snow began in 1893.{{cite web |title=Cleveland Snowfall Statistics |publisher=National Weather Service |url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/cle/climate/cle/records/cletop10snow.html |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} By contrast, seasonal totals approaching or exceeding {{convert|100|in|cm|0}} are not uncommon as the city ascends into the Heights on the east, where the region known as the "Snow Belt" begins. Extending from the city's East Side and its suburbs, the Snow Belt reaches up the Lake Erie shore as far as Buffalo.{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Mark |title=Where is Northern Ohio's Snow Belt? |website=WEWS-TV |url=http://www.newsnet5.com/dpp/weather/weather_news/where-is-northern-ohio's-snow-belt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922040750/http://www.newsnet5.com/dpp/weather/weather_news/where-is-northern-ohio%27s-snow-belt |access-date=January 20, 2013 |archive-date=September 22, 2013 }}

The all-time record high in Cleveland of {{convert|104|°F|0}} was established on June 25, 1988,{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Susan |title=Akron, State Blanketed in 3-Digit Heat |newspaper=Akron Beacon Journal |quote=The high of 104 degrees at Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport was the highest recorded in Cleveland since official weather record -keeping began in 1871, weather service officials said. |page=A1 |date=June 26, 1988 }} and the all-time record low of {{convert|-20|°F|0}} was set on January 19, 1994.{{cite news |last=Mio |first=Lou |title=Stopped Cold: All-Time Lows Shiver Ohio, But Forecast's for 'Warming' |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |quote=It was 20 below Tuesday night, breaking Cleveland's all-time record of 19 below set Jan. 24, 1963, a few weeks after Browns owner Art Modell fired head coach Paul Brown during a newspaper strike. |page=1A |date=January 20, 1994 }} On average, July is the warmest month with a mean temperature of {{convert|74.5|°F|1}}, and January, with a mean temperature of {{convert|29.1|°F|1}}, is the coldest. Normal yearly precipitation based on the 30-year average from 1991 to 2020 is {{convert|41.03|in}}.{{cite web |title=NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=National Weather Service |url=http://www.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=cle |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} The least precipitation occurs on the western side and directly along the lake, and the most occurs in the eastern suburbs. Parts of Geauga County to the east receive over {{convert|44|in}} of liquid precipitation annually.{{cite web |title=Precipitation: Annual Climatology (1971–2000) |publisher=PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University |url=http://www.prism.oregonstate.edu/products/viewer.phtml?file=/pub/prism/us_30s/graphics/ppt/Normals/us_ppt_1971_2000.14.png&year=1971_2000&vartype=ppt&month=14&status=final |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922033447/http://www.prism.oregonstate.edu/products/viewer.phtml?file=/pub/prism/us_30s/graphics/ppt/Normals/us_ppt_1971_2000.14.png&year=1971_2000&vartype=ppt&month=14&status=final |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 22, 2013 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}

{{Weather box

| location = Cleveland (Hopkins Airport), 1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1871–present{{efn|Official records for Cleveland kept at downtown from January 1871 to May 1941, and at Hopkins Airport since June 1941. For more information, see [http://threadex.rcc-acis.org ThreadEx].}}

| single line = Y

| Jan record high F = 73

| Feb record high F = 77

| Mar record high F = 83

| Apr record high F = 88

| May record high F = 93

| Jun record high F = 104

| Jul record high F = 103

| Aug record high F = 102

| Sep record high F = 101

| Oct record high F = 93

| Nov record high F = 82

| Dec record high F = 77

| year record high F = 104

| Jan avg record high F = 58.9

| Feb avg record high F = 60.8

| Mar avg record high F = 70.8

| Apr avg record high F = 80.3

| May avg record high F = 86.7

| Jun avg record high F = 91.8

| Jul avg record high F = 92.7

| Aug avg record high F = 91.3

| Sep avg record high F = 88.8

| Oct avg record high F = 80.5

| Nov avg record high F = 68.9

| Dec avg record high F = 60.0

| year avg record high F = 93.9

| Jan high F = 35.8

| Feb high F = 38.5

| Mar high F = 47.1

| Apr high F = 60.1

| May high F = 71.1

| Jun high F = 79.8

| Jul high F = 83.7

| Aug high F = 82.0

| Sep high F = 75.6

| Oct high F = 63.7

| Nov high F = 51.3

| Dec high F = 40.4

| year high F = 60.8

| Jan mean F = 29.1

| Feb mean F = 31.1

| Mar mean F = 38.9

| Apr mean F = 50.4

| May mean F = 61.2

| Jun mean F = 70.4

| Jul mean F = 74.5

| Aug mean F = 73.0

| Sep mean F = 66.4

| Oct mean F = 55.1

| Nov mean F = 44.0

| Dec mean F = 34.3

| year mean F = 52.4

| Jan low F = 22.3

| Feb low F = 23.7

| Mar low F = 30.7

| Apr low F = 40.8

| May low F = 51.4

| Jun low F = 61.1

| Jul low F = 65.3

| Aug low F = 63.9

| Sep low F = 57.1

| Oct low F = 46.5

| Nov low F = 36.7

| Dec low F = 28.2

| year low F = 44.0

| Jan avg record low F = 1.3

| Feb avg record low F = 4.0

| Mar avg record low F = 12.2

| Apr avg record low F = 25.9

| May avg record low F = 36.2

| Jun avg record low F = 45.9

| Jul avg record low F = 53.3

| Aug avg record low F = 51.6

| Sep avg record low F = 43.0

| Oct avg record low F = 32.1

| Nov avg record low F = 20.8

| Dec avg record low F = 9.8

| year avg record low F = −2.2

| Jan record low F = −20

| Feb record low F = −17

| Mar record low F = −5

| Apr record low F = 10

| May record low F = 25

| Jun record low F = 31

| Jul record low F = 41

| Aug record low F = 38

| Sep record low F = 32

| Oct record low F = 19

| Nov record low F = 0

| Dec record low F = −15

| year record low F = -20

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation inch = 2.99

| Feb precipitation inch = 2.49

| Mar precipitation inch = 3.06

| Apr precipitation inch = 3.75

| May precipitation inch = 3.79

| Jun precipitation inch = 3.83

| Jul precipitation inch = 3.67

| Aug precipitation inch = 3.56

| Sep precipitation inch = 3.93

| Oct precipitation inch = 3.60

| Nov precipitation inch = 3.37

| Dec precipitation inch = 2.99

| year precipitation inch = 41.03

| Jan snow inch = 18.4

| Feb snow inch = 15.1

| Mar snow inch = 10.8

| Apr snow inch = 2.7

| May snow inch = 0.0

| Jun snow inch = 0.0

| Jul snow inch = 0.0

| Aug snow inch = 0.0

| Sep snow inch = 0.0

| Oct snow inch = 0.1

| Nov snow inch = 4.5

| Dec snow inch = 12.2

| year snow inch = 63.8

| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in

| Jan precipitation days = 17.7

| Feb precipitation days = 14.6

| Mar precipitation days = 14.6

| Apr precipitation days = 14.8

| May precipitation days = 13.4

| Jun precipitation days = 11.5

| Jul precipitation days = 10.7

| Aug precipitation days = 10.3

| Sep precipitation days = 10.1

| Oct precipitation days = 12.1

| Nov precipitation days = 13.1

| Dec precipitation days = 15.6

| year precipitation days = 158.5

| unit snow days = 0.1 in

| Jan snow days = 13.5

| Feb snow days = 10.5

| Mar snow days = 7.2

| Apr snow days = 2.1

| May snow days = 0.1

| Jun snow days = 0.0

| Jul snow days = 0.0

| Aug snow days = 0.0

| Sep snow days = 0.0

| Oct snow days = 0.2

| Nov snow days = 3.8

| Dec snow days = 8.4

| year snow days = 45.8

| Jan snow depth inch = 7.5

| Feb snow depth inch = 7.5

| Mar snow depth inch = 5.3

| Apr snow depth inch = 1.1

| May snow depth inch = 0.0

| Jun snow depth inch = 0.0

| Jul snow depth inch = 0.0

| Aug snow depth inch = 0.0

| Sep snow depth inch = 0.0

| Oct snow depth inch = 0.0

| Nov snow depth inch = 1.5

| Dec snow depth inch = 4.5

| year snow depth inch = 10.8

| Jan humidity = 73.3

| Feb humidity = 73.0

| Mar humidity = 70.4

| Apr humidity = 66.1

| May humidity = 67.3

| Jun humidity = 69.0

| Jul humidity = 69.8

| Aug humidity = 73.1

| Sep humidity = 73.7

| Oct humidity = 70.8

| Nov humidity = 71.9

| Dec humidity = 74.1

| year humidity = 71.0

| Jan sun = 101.0

| Feb sun = 122.3

| Mar sun = 167.0

| Apr sun = 216.0

| May sun = 263.6

| Jun sun = 294.6

| Jul sun = 307.2

| Aug sun = 262.2

| Sep sun = 219.0

| Oct sun = 169.5

| Nov sun = 89.8

| Dec sun = 67.8

| year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 34

| Feb percentsun = 41

| Mar percentsun = 45

| Apr percentsun = 54

| May percentsun = 59

| Jun percentsun = 65

| Jul percentsun = 67

| Aug percentsun = 61

| Sep percentsun = 59

| Oct percentsun = 49

| Nov percentsun = 30

| Dec percentsun = 24

| year percentsun = 51

| Jan uv = 2

| Feb uv = 2

| Mar uv = 4

| Apr uv = 6

| May uv = 7

| Jun uv = 9

| Jul uv = 9

| Aug uv = 8

| Sep uv = 6

| Oct uv = 4

| Nov uv = 2

| Dec uv = 1

| source 1 = NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990){{cite web |title=NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=cle |access-date=May 10, 2021 }}{{cite web |title=Station: Cleveland, OH |work=U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00014820&format=pdf |access-date=May 9, 2021 }}{{cite web |title=WMO Climate Normals for CLEVELAND/HOPKINS INTL AP, OH 1961–1990 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72524.TXT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726031644/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72524.TXT |archive-date=2021-07-26 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 10, 2014 }}

| source 2 = Weather Atlas{{cite web |title=Cleveland, Ohio, USA – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/ohio-usa/cleveland-climate |access-date=July 4, 2019 }} (sunshine data)

}}

{{See also|Sustainable Cleveland}}

File:Bridge in Cleveland, Ohio.jpg and the Cuyahoga River in Downtown Cleveland, with Jacobs Pavilion, Cleveland's amphitheater]]

With its extensive cleanup of its Lake Erie shore and the Cuyahoga River, Cleveland has been recognized by national media as an environmental success story and a national leader in environmental protection. Since the city's industrialization, the Cuyahoga River had become so affected by industrial pollution that it "caught fire" a total of 13 times beginning in 1868.{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Julie |date=April 21, 2017 |title=How a Burning River Helped Create the Clean Water Act |url=https://www.alleghenyfront.org/how-a-burning-river-helped-create-the-clean-water-act/ |access-date=February 22, 2020 |website=The Allegheny Front }} It was the river fire of June 1969 that spurred the city to action under Mayor Carl B. Stokes, and played a key role in the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972 and the National Environmental Policy Act later that year. Since that time, the Cuyahoga has been extensively cleaned up through the efforts of the city and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA).{{cite web |last=Piepenburg |first=Erik |date=June 7, 2019 |title=A Cleveland River Once Oozed and Burned. It's Now a Hot Spot. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/07/travel/cleveland-cuyahoga-river-pollution.html |access-date=August 8, 2023 |work=The New York Times }}

In addition to continued efforts to improve freshwater and air quality, Cleveland is now exploring renewable energy. The city's two main electrical utilities are FirstEnergy and Cleveland Public Power. Its climate action plan, updated in December 2018, has a 2050 target of 100% renewable power, along with reduction of greenhouse gases to 80% below the 2010 level.{{Cite news |last=Gearino |first=Dan |date=September 22, 2018 |title=100% Renewable Energy: Cleveland Sets a Big Goal as It Sheds Its Fossil Fuel Past |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21092018/cleveland-100-percent-renewable-energy-cities-map-climate-change-plan-industrial-history |access-date=January 26, 2019 |website=InsideClimate News }} In recent decades, Cleveland has been working to address the issue of harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie, fed primarily by agricultural runoff, which have presented new environmental challenges for the city and for northern Ohio.{{cite news |last=Vandenberge |first=Jordan |date=August 10, 2020 |title=Local company developing antidote to Lake Erie algal blooms |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/local-company-developing-antidote-to-lake-erie-algal-blooms |access-date=December 30, 2020 |publisher=WEWS-TV }}

{{main|Demographics of Cleveland}}

{{US Census population

|1820= 606

|1830= 1075

|1840= 6071

|1850= 17034

|1860= 43417

|1870= 92829

|1880= 160146

|1890= 261353

|1900= 381768

|1910= 560663

|1920= 796841

|1930= 900429

|1940= 878336

|1950= 914808

|1960= 876050

|1970= 750903

|1980= 573822

|1990= 505616

|2000= 478403

|2010= 396815

|2020= 372624

|estyear=2024

|estimate=365379

|estref=

|align-fn=center

|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web |title=Cleveland |work=QuickFacts (2010) |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3916000.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218233419/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3916000.html |archive-date=February 18, 2014 }}

}}

At the 2020 census, there were 372,624 people and 170,549 households in Cleveland. The population density was {{convert|4901.51|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. The median household income was $30,907 and the per capita income was $21,223. 32.7% of the population was living below the poverty line. Of the city's population over the age of 25, 17.5% held a bachelor's degree or higher, and 80.8% had a high school diploma or equivalent. The median age was 36.6 years.{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Zachary |title=Every Ohio city ranked for median age, youth, seniors – new census estimates |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/data/2022/03/every-ohio-city-ranked-for-median-age-youth-seniors-new-census-estimates.html |date=March 31, 2022 |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}

{{As of|2020}}, the racial and ethnic composition of the city was 47.5% African American, 32.1% non-Hispanic white, 13.1% Hispanic or Latino, 2.8% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander, 0.2% Native American, and 3.8% from two or more races. 85.3% of Clevelanders age five and older spoke only English at home, while 14.7% spoke a language other than English, including Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, Hungarian, Albanian, and various Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, Serbian, Croatian, and Slovene). The city's spoken accent is an advanced form of Inland Northern American English, similar to other Great Lakes cities, but distinctive from the rest of Ohio.{{cite news |last=Polk |first=Mike Jr. |author-link=Mike Polk |title=Mike Polk Jr. investigates the 'Cleveland Accent' |publisher=WKYC |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/entertainment/television/programs/whats-new/mike-polk-jr-investigates-the-cleveland-accent/95-56345205-fe40-490b-8f7c-8bc05c95edf7 |date=October 22, 2020 |access-date=August 8, 2023 |quote=Cleveland is very distinctive from the rest of Ohio in its accent [with] that backwards 'A' and that that long drawn out 'O.' }}{{cite news |last=McIntyre |first=Michael K. |title=Clevelanders probably think they don't have an accent, but we do, and so do others in the Midwest |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/tipoff/2017/01/clevelanders_probably_think_th.html |date=January 13, 2017 |access-date=August 8, 2023 |quote=[The accent is] nasal and marked by a raised 'a' that makes 'cat' sound like 'cayat,' a fronted 'o' that makes 'box' sound like 'bahx.' }}

{{multiple image

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|image1 = Shiloh Baptist Church Cleveland Ohio.jpg

|caption1 = Originally built in 1905 as the Jewish Temple B'nai Jeshurun, this building on Cleveland's East Side, today known as the Shiloh Baptist Church, now serves an African American congregation.

|image2 = Saint Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral (Cleveland, Ohio) - exterior photographed from A Christmas Story House property.jpg

|caption2 = St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Tremont

}}

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Cleveland saw a massive influx of immigrants from Ireland, Italy, and the Austro-Hungarian, German, Russian, and Ottoman empires, most of whom were attracted by manufacturing jobs. As a result, Cleveland and Cuyahoga County today have substantial communities of Irish (especially in West Park), Italians (especially in Little Italy), Germans, and several Central-Eastern European ethnicities, including Czechs, Hungarians, Lithuanians, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Rusyns, Slovaks, Ukrainians, and ex-Yugoslav groups, such as Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The presence of Hungarians within Cleveland proper was, at one time, so great that the city boasted the highest concentration of Hungarians in the world outside of Budapest.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hungarians |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hungarians |access-date=July 8, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }} Cleveland has a long-established Jewish community, historically centered on the East Side neighborhoods of Glenville and Kinsman, but now mostly concentrated in East Side suburbs such as Cleveland Heights and Beachwood, location of the Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Jews & Judaism |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews-judaism |access-date=July 2, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }}

The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the South. Between 1910 and 1970, the black population of Cleveland, largely concentrated on the city's East Side, increased significantly as a result of the First and Second Great Migrations. Cleveland's Latino community consists primarily of Puerto Ricans, as well as smaller numbers of immigrants from Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, South and Central America, and Spain.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hispanic Community |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hispanic-community |access-date=July 2, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }} The city's Asian community, centered on historical Asiatown, consists of Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese, and other groups.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Asiatown |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/asiatown |access-date=July 2, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }} Additionally, the city and the county have significant communities of Albanians,{{cite encyclopedia |title=Albanians |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/albanians |access-date=July 2, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }} Arabs (especially Lebanese, Syrians, and Palestinians),{{cite encyclopedia |title=Arab Americans |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/arab-americans |access-date=August 9, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }} Armenians,{{cite encyclopedia |title=Armenians |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/armenians |date=January 10, 2021 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }} French,{{cite encyclopedia |title=French |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/french |access-date=August 9, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }} Greeks,{{cite encyclopedia |title=Greeks |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/g/greeks |access-date=August 9, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }} Iranians,{{cite news |last=Vandenberge |first=Jordan |title=Iranian-Americans in Cleveland keeping close eye on rising tensions between US, Iran |publisher=WEWS-TV |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/iranian-americans-in-cleveland-keeping-close-eye-on-rising-tensions-between-us-iran |date=January 3, 2020 |access-date=June 21, 2020 }} Scots, Turks,{{cite encyclopedia |title=Turks in Cleveland |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/t/turks-cleveland |date=October 2, 2019 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }} and West Indians. A 2020 analysis found Cleveland to be the most ethnically and racially diverse major city in Ohio.{{cite news |last=Mosby |first=Chris |title=3 Ohio Cities Among Nation's Most Diverse: U.S. News |website=Patch |url=https://patch.com/ohio/cleveland/3-ohio-cities-among-nation-s-most-diverse-u-s-news |date=January 23, 2020 |access-date=May 24, 2020 }}

The influx of immigrants in the 19th and early 20th centuries drastically transformed Cleveland's religious landscape. From a homogeneous settlement of New England Protestants, it evolved into a city with a diverse religious composition. The predominant faith among Clevelanders today is Christianity (Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern and Oriental Orthodox), with Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist minorities.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Religion |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/religion |access-date=July 31, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }}

Within Cleveland, the neighborhoods with the highest foreign-born populations are Asiatown/Goodrich–Kirtland Park (32.7%), Clark–Fulton (26.7%), West Boulevard (18.5%), Brooklyn Centre (17.3%), Downtown (17.2%), University Circle (15.9%, with 20% in Little Italy), and Jefferson (14.3%).{{cite web |title=National Origin in Cleveland, Ohio |publisher=Statistical Atlas |url=https://statisticalatlas.com/place/Ohio/Cleveland/National-Origin |access-date=May 24, 2020 }} Recent waves of immigration have brought new groups to Cleveland, including Ethiopians and South Asians,{{cite web |last=Drown |first=Hannah |title=New Ethiopian Cultural Garden first in Cleveland to represent an African nation |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2019/08/ethiopian-cultural-garden-marks-first-cultural-garden-in-cleveland-to-represent-an-african-nation.html |publisher=The Plain Dealer |date=August 26, 2019 |access-date=June 19, 2023 }}{{cite encyclopedia |title=Indians (Asian) |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/i/indians-asian |access-date=July 2, 2019 |date=February 21, 2019 }} as well as immigrants from Russia and the former USSR,{{cite encyclopedia |title=Russians |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/russians |date=May 30, 2023 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}{{cite encyclopedia |title=Soviet and Post-Soviet Immigration |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/soviet-and-post-soviet-immigration |date=October 7, 2019 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }} Southeast Europe (especially Albania), the Middle East, East Asia, and Latin America. In the 2010s, the immigrant population of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County began to see significant growth.{{cite news |last=Exner |first=Rich |title=Among counties, Cuyahoga near top in Midwest for attracting immigrants |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/2018/04/among_counties_cuyahoga_near_t.html |date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=July 8, 2019 }} A 2019 study found Cleveland to be the city with the shortest average processing time in the nation for immigrants to become U.S. citizens.{{cite news |last=Cho |first=Janet H. |title=Cleveland is the No. 1 city for immigrants to become U.S. citizens, study says |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2019/02/cleveland-is-the-no-1-city-for-immigrants-to-become-us-citizens-study-says.html |date=February 7, 2019 |access-date=July 2, 2019 }} The city's annual One World Day in Rockefeller Park includes a naturalization ceremony of new immigrants.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Cultural Gardens |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-cultural-gardens |date=January 10, 2022 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}

{{main|Economy of Greater Cleveland}}

File:Federal Reserve Bank, Cleveland, Ohio LCCN2010630382.jpg on East 6th Street]]

Cleveland's location on the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie has been key to its growth as a major commercial center. Steel and many other manufactured goods emerged as leading industries.{{cite encyclopedia |last=Stapleton |first=Darwin H. |title=Industry |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/i/industry |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }} The city has since diversified its economy in addition to its manufacturing sector.

Established in 1914, the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland is one of 12 U.S. Federal Reserve Banks.{{cite web |title=About Us |date=June 29, 2023 |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland |url=https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/about-us/ |access-date=July 7, 2023 }} Its downtown building, located on East 6th Street and Superior Avenue, was completed in 1923 by the Cleveland architectural firm Walker and Weeks.{{sfn|Johannesen|1999|p=41}}{{cite encyclopedia |title=Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/federal-reserve-bank-cleveland |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=May 31, 2019 }} The headquarters of the Federal Reserve System's Fourth District, the bank employs 1,000 people and maintains branch offices in Cincinnati and Pittsburgh.

File:Commerce by Daniel Chester French, 1912 - Cleveland, Ohio - DSC07918.JPG at the Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse on Superior Avenue]]

Cleveland and Cuyahoga County are home to Fortune 500 companies Cleveland-Cliffs, Progressive, Sherwin-Williams, Parker-Hannifin, KeyCorp, and Travel Centers of America. Other large companies based in the city and the county include Aleris, American Greetings, Applied Industrial Technologies, Eaton, Forest City Realty Trust, Heinen's Fine Foods, Hyster-Yale Materials Handling, Lincoln Electric, Medical Mutual of Ohio, Moen Incorporated, NACCO Industries, Nordson Corporation, OM Group, Swagelok, Kirby Company, Things Remembered, Third Federal S&L, TransDigm Group, and Vitamix. NASA maintains the Glenn Research Center in Cleveland. Jones Day, one of the largest law firms in the U.S., was founded in Cleveland in 1893.{{cite web |title=Firm History |publisher=Jones Day |url=https://www.jonesday.com/en/firm?tab=history |access-date=August 7, 2022 }}

Healthcare plays a major role in Cleveland's economy. The city's "Big Three" hospital systems are the Cleveland Clinic, University Hospitals, and MetroHealth.{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Jonathan |title=Comparing prices at the big 3 local hospitals: Are you getting the best rates and what do the prices really mean? |publisher=WEWS-TV |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/e-team/comparing-prices-at-the-big-3-local-hospitals-are-you-getting-the-best-rates-and-what-do-the-prices-really-mean |date=February 1, 2019 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} The Cleveland Clinic is the largest private employer in the state of Ohio, with a workforce of over 55,000 {{As of|2022|lc=y}}.{{cite report |title=Ohio Major Employers |publisher=Ohio Department of Development |url=https://devresearch.ohio.gov/files/research/B2001.pdf |page=4 |date=December 2022 |access-date=May 24, 2023 }} It carries the distinction of being one of the best hospital systems in the world.{{cite news |last=Washington |first=Julie |title=Cleveland Clinic is No. 2 in world after Mayo Clinic |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2024/03/cleveland-clinic-is-no-2-in-world-after-mayo-clinic-in-newsweeks-2024-hospital-rankings.html |date=March 1, 2024 |access-date=May 1, 2024 }} The clinic is led by Croatian-born president and CEO Tomislav Mihaljevic and it is affiliated with Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine.{{cite news |last=Segall |first=Grant |title=New Cleveland Clinic chief Dr. Tomislav Mihaljevic perplexed friends by leaving Harvard for the North Coast: My Cleveland |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/mycleveland/2018/04/new_cleveland_clinic_chief_dr_tomislav_mihaljevic_perplexed_friends_by_leaving_harvard_for_the_north_coast_my_cleveland_photos.html |date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=June 21, 2020 }}

University Hospitals includes the University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and its Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital. Cliff Megerian serves as that system's CEO.{{cite news |last=Jain |first=Mukesh |title=Academic Life & Leadership: A Dialogue with Cliff A. Megerian, MD, FACS |newspaper=University Hospitals |url=https://www.uhhospitals.org/for-clinicians/articles-and-news/articles/2021/03/academic-life-leadership-a-dialogue-with-cliff-a-megerian-md-facs |date=March 29, 2021 |access-date=May 13, 2021 }} MetroHealth on the city's west side is led by president and CEO Christine Alexander-Rager.{{cite news |last=Wizner |first=Taylor |title=MetroHealth appoints longtime exec Dr. Christine Alexander-Rager as new CEO |publisher=Ideastream |url=https://www.ideastream.org/health/2024-10-08/metrohealth-appoints-longtime-exec-dr-christine-alexander-rager-as-new-ceo |date=October 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} Formerly known as City Hospital, it operates one of two Level I trauma centers in the city, and has various locations throughout Greater Cleveland.{{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Shannon |title=Metro Health Medical Center |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/584 |access-date=July 7, 2023 }}{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Casey |title=Level 1 trauma: How University Hospitals' new facility has impacted MetroHealth, delivery of care citywide |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/healthfit/2016/04/level_1_trauma_how_university_hospitals_new_facility_has_impacted_metrohealth_delivery_of_care_citywide.html |date=April 29, 2016 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}

In 2013, Cleveland's Global Center for Health Innovation opened with {{convert|235000|sqft|m2}} of display space for healthcare companies across the world.{{cite news |last=Suchetka |first=Diane |title=After years of hurdles, Cleveland's medical mart officially opens with an Oct. 8 ribbon-cutting |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/business/2013/10/after_years_of_hurdles_clevela.html |date=October 2, 2013 |access-date=May 14, 2021 }} To take advantage of the proximity of universities and other medical centers in Cleveland, the Veterans Administration moved the region's VA hospital from suburban Brecksville to a new facility in University Circle.{{cite news |title=V.A. and Military Hospitals of Greater Cleveland |website=Cleveland Memory Project |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=http://www.clevelandmemory.org/va/index.html |access-date=May 14, 2021 }}

{{Multiple image

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| image1 = Cleveland Clinic Miller Family Pavilion.jpg

| image2 = University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center.png

| image3 = MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland.jpg

| footer = Cleveland's "Big Three" hospitals – The Cleveland Clinic, University Hospitals, and MetroHealth

}}

{{See also|Category:Culture of Cleveland|Cleveland School (arts community)}}

File:Playhouse Square at dusk.jpg]]

Cleveland's Playhouse Square is the second largest performing arts center in the U.S. behind New York City's Lincoln Center.{{cite web |title=Playhouse Square |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/61 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |quote=By the turn of the twenty-first century, all of the original theaters were again hosting performances, constituting the nation's second largest performing arts complex after New York's Lincoln Center. }} It includes the State, Palace, Allen, Hanna, and Ohio theaters. The theaters host Broadway musicals, special concerts, speaking engagements, and other events throughout the year. Playhouse Square's resident performing arts companies include Cleveland Ballet, the Cleveland International Film Festival, the Cleveland Play House, Cleveland State University Department of Theatre and Dance, DANCECleveland, the Great Lakes Theater Festival, and the Tri-C Jazz Fest.{{cite web |title=Resident Companies |publisher=Playhouse Square Center |url=http://www.playhousesquare.org/about-playhousesquare-main/resident-companies |access-date=June 7, 2020 }} A city with strong traditions in theater and vaudeville, Cleveland has produced many renowned performers, most prominently comedian Bob Hope.{{cite web |title=Bob Hope and the American Variety: Early Life |publisher=Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/bobhope/early.html |access-date=August 3, 2012 |date=May 10, 2000 }}

Outside Playhouse Square is Karamu House, the oldest African American theater in the nation, established in 1915.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Karamu House |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/k/karamu-house |access-date=May 11, 2021 |date=April 5, 2021 }} On the West Side, the Gordon Square Arts District in the Detroit–Shoreway neighborhood is the location of the Capitol Theatre, the Near West Theatre, and an Off-Off-Broadway playhouse, the Cleveland Public Theatre. The Dobama Theatre and the Beck Center for the Arts are based in Cleveland's streetcar suburbs of Cleveland Heights and Lakewood respectively.{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mansfield |first=Herbert |title=Theater |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/t/theater |access-date=August 1, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }}

File:Franz Welser-Möst 2.jpg leading the Cleveland Orchestra]]

The Cleveland Orchestra is widely considered one of the world's finest orchestras, and often referred to as the finest in the nation.{{cite news |last=Allen |first=David |title=The Cleveland Orchestra, America's Finest, Restarts Recording |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/09/arts/music/cleveland-orchestra-classical-music.html |access-date=June 19, 2023 |date=October 9, 2020 |quote=The Cleveland Orchestra is America's finest, still. }} It is one of the "Big Five" major orchestras in the U.S.{{sfn|Rosenberg|2000|p=522}} The orchestra plays at Severance Hall in University Circle during the winter and at Blossom Music Center in Cuyahoga Falls during the summer.{{cite web |title=Mission & History |publisher=The Cleveland Orchestra |url=https://www.clevelandorchestra.com/about/mission-and-history/ |access-date=August 9, 2019 }} The city is also home to the Cleveland Pops Orchestra, Apollo's Fire Baroque Orchestra, the Cleveland Youth Orchestra, the Contemporary Youth Orchestra, the Cleveland Youth Wind Symphony, and the biennial Cleveland International Piano Competition which has, in the past, often featured the Cleveland Orchestra.{{cite web |title=About |publisher=Piano Cleveland |url=https://www.pianocleveland.org/about/ |access-date=June 4, 2023 }}

One Playhouse Square, now the headquarters for Cleveland's public broadcasters, was initially used as the broadcast studios of WJW (AM), where disc jockey Alan Freed first popularized the term "rock and roll". Beginning in the 1950s, Cleveland gained a strong reputation as a key breakout market for rock music.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Rock 'n' Roll |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 13, 2023 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/rock-n-roll |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} Its popularity in the city was so great that Billy Bass, the program director at the WMMS radio station, referred to Cleveland as "The Rock and Roll Capital of the World". The Cleveland Agora Theatre and Ballroom has served as a major venue for rock concerts in the city since the 1960s.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Agora/Agora Ballroom |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=February 19, 2020 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/agoraagora-ballroom |access-date=June 1, 2021 }} From 1974 through 1980, the city hosted the World Series of Rock at Cleveland Municipal Stadium.{{sfn|Toman|1997|pp=64–65}}

Jazz and R&B have a long history in Cleveland. Many major figures in jazz performed in the city, including Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, Dizzy Gillespie, and Billie Holiday.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Jazz |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/j/jazz |access-date=June 14, 2019 |date=June 29, 2018 }}{{sfn|Mosbrook|2013|pp=32–33, 59, 126}} Legendary pianist Art Tatum regularly played in Cleveland clubs in the 1930s, and gypsy jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt gave his U.S. debut performance in Cleveland in 1946.{{cite web |last=Meiksins |first=Robin |title=Django Reinhardt at the Music Hall |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=http://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/525 |access-date=August 5, 2019 }} Prominent jazz artist Noble Sissle was a graduate of Cleveland Central High School, and Artie Shaw worked and performed in Cleveland early in his career. The Tri-C Jazz Fest has been held annually in Cleveland at Playhouse Square since 1980, and the Cleveland Jazz Orchestra was established in 1984.{{sfn|Mosbrook|2013|p=193}}

The city has a history of polka music being popular both past and present and is the location of the Polka Hall of Fame. There is even a subgenre called Cleveland-style polka, named after the city. The music's popularity is due in part to the success of Frankie Yankovic, a Cleveland native who was considered "America's Polka King".{{cite encyclopedia |last=Valencic |first=Joseph |title=Polkas |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 18, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/polkas |access-date=July 1, 2023 }}

There is a significant hip hop music scene in Cleveland. In 1997, the Cleveland hip hop group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony won a Grammy for their song "Tha Crossroads".{{Cite web |title=Bone Thugs-N-Harmony {{!}} Biography & History |website=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bone-thugs-n-harmony-mn0000081316/biography |access-date=October 20, 2015 }}

{{See also|Category:Films set in Cleveland|Category:Films shot in Cleveland}}

File:Cleveland Fire Department, 1900.ogg, one of the first films made in Cleveland]]

The first film shot in Cleveland was in 1897 by the company of Ohioan Thomas Edison.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland on Film |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-film |date=May 30, 2023 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }} Before Hollywood became the center for American cinema, filmmaker Samuel Brodsky and playwright Robert McLaughlin operated a film studio at the Andrews mansion on Euclid Avenue (now the WEWS-TV studio).{{cite encyclopedia |title=Andrews's Folly |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/andrewss-folly |date=July 2, 2021 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }} There they produced major silent-era features, such as Dangerous Toys (1921), which are now considered lost. Brodsky also directed the weekly Plain Dealer Screen Magazine that ran in theaters in Cleveland and Ohio from 1917 to 1924. In addition, Cleveland hosted over a dozen sponsored film studios, including Cinécraft Productions, which still operates in Ohio City.{{cite web |title=Cinecraft Productions: The Historic Film Company produced by a Love Story |last=Dubelko |first=Jim |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/999 |access-date=May 22, 2023 }}

In the "talkie" era, Cleveland featured in several major studio films, such as Michael Curtiz's pre-Code classic Goodbye Again (1933) with Warren William and Joan Blondell. Players from the 1948 Cleveland Indians appeared in The Kid from Cleveland (1949). Billy Wilder's The Fortune Cookie (1966) was set and filmed in the city and marked the first onscreen pairing of Walter Matthau and Jack Lemmon. Labor struggles in Cleveland were depicted in Native Land (1942), narrated by Paul Robeson, and in Norman Jewison's F.I.S.T. (1978) with Sylvester Stallone. Clevelander Jim Jarmusch's Stranger Than Paradise (1984) – a deadpan comedy about two New Yorkers who travel to Florida by way of Cleveland – was a favorite of the Cannes Film Festival. Major League (1989) reflected the perennial struggles of the Cleveland Indians, while American Splendor (2003) reflected the life of Cleveland graphic novelist Harvey Pekar. Kill the Irishman (2011) depicted the 1970s turf war between Danny Greene and the Cleveland crime family.

Cleveland has doubled for other locations in films. The wedding and reception scenes in The Deer Hunter (1978), while set in suburban Pittsburgh, were shot in Cleveland's Tremont neighborhood. A Christmas Story (1983) was set in Indiana, but drew many external shots from Cleveland. The opening shots of Air Force One (1997) were filmed in and above Severance Hall, and Judas and the Black Messiah (2021) was filmed in Cleveland, although set in Chicago. Downtown Cleveland doubled for Manhattan in Spider-Man 3 (2007), The Avengers (2012), and The Fate of the Furious (2017), and for Metropolis in James Gunn's Superman (2025). Future productions are handled by the Greater Cleveland Film Commission at the Leader Building on Superior Avenue.{{Cite news |last=Morona |first=Joey |date=June 24, 2024 |title=It's a bird! It's a plane! No, it's Superman strolling the streets of Cleveland |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2024/06/its-a-bird-its-a-plane-no-its-superman-strolling-the-streets-of-cleveland.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624204118/https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2024/06/its-a-bird-its-a-plane-no-its-superman-strolling-the-streets-of-cleveland.html |archive-date=June 24, 2024 |access-date=June 24, 2024 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer }}

In television, the city is the setting for the popular network sitcom The Drew Carey Show, starring Cleveland native Drew Carey.{{cite news |last=Stanley |first=Alessandra |title=Stay. Eat. Make Yourself at Home. Maybe Find a Man |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/16/arts/television/16hot.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/16/arts/television/16hot.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=June 15, 2010 |access-date=July 7, 2010}}{{cbignore }} Hot in Cleveland, a comedy that aired on TV Land, premiered on June 16, 2010, and ran for six seasons until its finale on June 3, 2015.{{cite news |last=Rice |first=Lynette |title='Hot in Cleveland' attracts record ratings for TV Land |newspaper=Hollywood Insider |url=http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/06/17/hot-in-cleveland-attracts-record-ratings-for-tv-land/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619005240/http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/06/17/hot-in-cleveland-attracts-record-ratings-for-tv-land/ |date=June 17, 2010 |access-date=July 7, 2010 |archive-date=June 19, 2010 }}{{cite news |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |title='Hot In Cleveland' To End Run After Six Seasons On TV Land |newspaper=Deadline Hollywood |url=https://deadline.com/2014/11/hot-in-cleveland-cancelled-six-seasons-tv-land-1201287034/ |date=November 17, 2014 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }} Cleveland Hustles, the CNBC reality show co-created by LeBron James, was filmed in the city.

File:Langston Hughes cph.3a43849.jpg and resident Clevelander Langston Hughes]]

Cleveland has a thriving literary and poetry community, with regular poetry readings at bookstores, coffee shops, and various other venues.A calendar of Cleveland area poetry events can be found at {{cite web |title=Cleveland Poetics |url=http://clevelandpoetics.blogspot.com/ |access-date=May 20, 2023 }} In 1925, Russian Futurist poet Vladimir Mayakovsky came to Cleveland and gave a poetry recitation to the city's ethnic working class, as part of his trip to America.{{cite web |title=Mayakovsky in Cleveland: A Fiery Futurist's Discovery of the Forest City |last=Shakarian |first=Pietro A. |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/1001 |access-date=April 27, 2023 }}{{cite web |title=Through the Brooklyn Bridge. Here Stood Mayakovsky |publisher=Harriman Institute (Columbia University) |url=https://harriman.columbia.edu/event/through-the-brooklyn-bridge-here-stood-mayakovsky/ |date=January 18, 2019 |access-date=August 1, 2022 }} The Cleveland State University Poetry Center serves as an academic center for poetry in the city.{{cite web |title=Mission |publisher=Cleveland State University Poetry Center |url=http://www.csupoetrycenter.com/mission |access-date=May 28, 2023 }}

Langston Hughes, preeminent poet of the Harlem Renaissance and child of an itinerant couple, lived in Cleveland as a teenager and attended Central High School in Cleveland in the 1910s.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hughes, (James) Langston |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hughes-james-langston |date=February 14, 2022 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }} At Central High, the young writer was taught by Helen Maria Chesnutt, daughter of Cleveland-born African American novelist Charles W. Chesnutt.{{cite web |last=Ronnick |first=Michele Valerie |title=Within CAMWS Territory: Helen M. Chesnutt (1880–1969), Black Latinist |publisher=CAMWS |url=https://camws.org/meeting/2005/abstracts2005/ronnick.html |access-date=February 1, 2019 }} Hughes authored some of his earliest poems, plays, and short stories in Cleveland and contributed to the school newspaper.{{cite news |last=Perkovic |first=John |title=Cleveland home of literary great Langston Hughes on the market for $85,000 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=http://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2013/10/cleveland_home_of_literary_gre.html |date=October 24, 2013 |access-date=May 20, 2023 }} The African American avant-garde poet Russell Atkins lived in the city as well.{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Gibans |first1=Nina |last2=Shelley |first2=James |title=Literature |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/l/literature |date=May 11, 2018 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}

The American modernist poet Hart Crane was born in nearby Garrettsville, Ohio in 1899. His adolescence was divided between Cleveland and Akron before he moved to New York City in 1916. Aside from factory work during World War I, he served as a reporter to The Plain Dealer for a short period, before achieving recognition in the Modernist literary scene.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Crane, Hart |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/crane-hart |date=March 3, 2023 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }} On the Case Western Reserve University campus, a statue of Crane, designed by sculptor William McVey, stands behind the Kelvin Smith Library.{{cite web |title=Hart Crane Memorial |work=Ohio Outdoor Sculpture |url=http://www.sculpturecenter.org/oosi/items/show/130 |access-date=June 7, 2020 }}

Cleveland was the home of Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel, who created the comic book character Superman in 1932.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Superman |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/superman |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }} Both attended Glenville High School, and their early collaborations resulted in the creation of "The Man of Steel".{{sfn|Ricca|2013|p=[https://archive.org/details/superboysamazing0000ricc/page/100 100]}} Harlan Ellison, noted author of speculative fiction, was born in Cleveland in 1934; his family subsequently moved to nearby Painesville, though Ellison moved back to Cleveland in 1949. As a young man, he published a series of short stories appearing in the Cleveland News, and performed in a number of productions for the Cleveland Play House.{{cite news |last=Dawidziak |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Dawidziak |title=Harlan Ellison, fiery and brilliant writer from Cleveland, dead at 84 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/tv-blog/2018/06/harlan_ellison_fiery_and_brilliant_writer_from_cleveland_dead_at_84.html |date=June 28, 2018 |access-date=May 22, 2023 }}

Cleveland is the site of the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award, established by poet and philanthropist Edith Anisfield Wolf in 1935, which recognizes books that have made important contributions to the understanding of racism and human diversity.{{cite web |title=About |publisher=Anisfield-Wolf Book Award |url=https://www.anisfield-wolf.org/about/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} Presented by the Cleveland Foundation, it remains the only American book prize focusing on works that address racism and diversity.{{cite magazine |last=Marino |first=Jacqueline |title=The Biggest Little-Known Book Award |magazine=Belt Magazine |url=http://beltmag.com/the-biggest-little-known-book-award/ |date=September 9, 2013 |access-date=May 20, 2023 }}

{{See also|List of museums in Cleveland}}

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|image1 = Cleveland Museum of Art (8687300870).jpg

|caption1 = The Cleveland Museum of Art lies at the edge of Wade Lagoon in University Circle.

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|caption2 = The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on the shores of Lake Erie

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Cleveland has two main art museums. The Cleveland Museum of Art is a major American art museum, with a collection that includes more than 60,000 works of art ranging from ancient masterpieces to contemporary pieces.{{cite web |title=Collection Online Guide and FAQs |publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art |url=https://www.clevelandart.org/educators/collection-online-guide-and-faqs |date=July 13, 2021 |access-date=June 19, 2023 }} The Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland showcases established and emerging artists, particularly from the Cleveland area, through hosting and producing temporary exhibitions.{{cite web |title=About MOCA Cleveland: The Art + Ideas of Our Time |publisher=Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland |url=https://www.mocacleveland.org/about |access-date=July 22, 2019 }} Both museums offer free admission to visitors, with the Cleveland Museum of Art declaring their museum free and open "for the benefit of all the people forever."{{cite web |title=Museum History |publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art |url=http://www.clevelandart.org/about/about-the-museum/history-and-mission |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=October 5, 2012 }}

The two museums are part of Cleveland's University Circle, a {{convert|550|acre|km2|adj=on}} concentration of cultural, educational, and medical institutions located {{Convert|5|mi}} east of downtown. In addition to the art museums, the neighborhood includes the Cleveland Botanical Garden, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals, Severance Hall, the Maltz Performing Arts Center, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and the Western Reserve Historical Society. Also located at University Circle is the Cleveland Cinematheque at the Cleveland Institute of Art.{{cite web |title=About the Cinematheque |publisher=Cleveland Institute of Art |url=https://www.cia.edu/cinematheque |access-date=August 9, 2019 }}

The I. M. Pei-designed Rock and Roll Hall of Fame is located on Cleveland's Lake Erie waterfront at North Coast Harbor downtown. Neighboring attractions include Cleveland Browns Stadium, the Great Lakes Science Center, the Steamship Mather Museum, the International Women's Air & Space Museum, and the {{USS|Cod|SS-224|6}}, a World War II submarine. Designed by architect Levi T. Scofield, the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument at Public Square is Cleveland's major Civil War memorial and a major attraction in the city. Other city attractions include Grays Armory,{{cite web |last=Fearing |first=Heidi K. |title=Grays Armory |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/298 |access-date=July 16, 2023 }} the Cleveland Masonic Temple,{{cite web |title=Masonic Temple |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/9 |access-date=November 11, 2024 }} and the Children's Museum of Cleveland.{{cite web |title=Museum History, Vision & Mission |website=Children's Museum of Cleveland |url=https://cmcleveland.org/history/ |access-date=August 8, 2023 }} A Cleveland holiday attraction, especially for fans of Jean Shepherd's A Christmas Story, is the Christmas Story House and Museum in Tremont.{{cite web |title=About |publisher=A Christmas Story House and Museum |url=https://www.achristmasstoryhouse.com/ |access-date=August 5, 2019 }}

File:Feast of the Assumption in Little Italy Cleveland (36388057482).jpg in Cleveland's Little Italy]]

Cleveland hosts the WinterLand holiday display lighting festival annually at Public Square.{{cite web |title=About |publisher=WinterLand CLE |url=https://winterlandcle.com/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} The Cleveland International Film Festival has been held in the city since 1977,{{cite web |title=History |publisher=Cleveland International Film Festival |url=https://www.clevelandfilm.org/about/history |access-date=August 3, 2019 }} and the Cleveland Silent Film Festival has been held since 2022.{{cite news |last=McLaughlin |first=Kevin |title=Cleveland Silent Film Festival partners with Cleveland Public Library |newspaper=The Land |url=https://thelandcle.org/stories/cleveland-silent-film-festival-partners-with-cleveland-public-library/ |date=March 11, 2025 |access-date=March 31, 2025 }} The Cleveland National Air Show, an indirect successor to the National Air Races, has been held at the city's Burke Lakefront Airport since 1964.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Air Show |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-air-show |access-date=August 9, 2019 |date=March 21, 2019 }} The Great Lakes Burning River Fest, a two-night music and beer festival at Whiskey Island, has been sponsored by the Great Lakes Brewing Company since 2001.{{cite web |title=Our History |publisher=Great Lakes Brewing Company |url=https://www.greatlakesbrewing.com/our-history |access-date=August 10, 2019 }}

Many ethnic festivals are held in Cleveland throughout the year. These include the annual Feast of the Assumption in Little Italy,{{cite news |first=Steven |last=Litt |title=Is Cleveland's Little Italy in danger of being loved to death? |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2024/07/is-clevelands-little-italy-in-danger-of-being-loved-to-death.html |work=The Plain Dealer |date=July 30, 2024 |access-date=August 21, 2024 }} Russian Maslenitsa in Rockefeller Park,{{cite news |last=DeMarco |first=Laura |title=Russian Maslenitsa Festival in Rockefeller Park celebrates end of winter |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2018/02/russian_maslenitsa_festival_in.html |date=February 14, 2018 |access-date=January 17, 2024 }} the Puerto Rican Parade and Cultural Festival in Clark–Fulton,{{cite web |title=Puerto Rican Parade & Cultural Festival |publisher=Destination Cleveland |url=https://www.thisiscleveland.com/events/event-calendar/puerto-rican-parade-cultural-festival |access-date=June 4, 2023 }} the Cleveland Asian Festival in Asiatown,{{cite web |title=Cleveland Asian Festival |publisher=Destination Cleveland |url=https://www.thisiscleveland.com/events/annual-events/cleveland-asian-festival |access-date=June 4, 2023 }} the Tremont Greek Fest,{{cite news |last=Abusada |first=Abusada |title=Tremont's Greek Fest is officially back |publisher=WEWS-TV |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/cleveland-metro/tremonts-greek-fest-is-officially-back |date=May 28, 2022 |access-date=June 4, 2023 }} and the St. Mary Romanian Festival in West Park.{{cite news |last=Valentic |first=Stefanie |title=West Park Romanian festival celebrates 14 years of tradition |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/community/2019/08/west-park-romanian-festival-celebrates-14-years-of-tradition.html |date=August 19, 2019 |access-date=June 4, 2023 }} Cleveland also hosts annual Polish Dyngus Day and Slovene Kurentovanje celebrations.{{cite web |title=History |publisher=Cleveland Dyngus Day |url=https://clevelanddyngus.com/history/ |access-date=February 18, 2021 }}{{cite web |title=Our History |publisher=Cleveland Kurentovanje |url=https://www.clevelandkurentovanje.com/about |access-date=August 1, 2022 }} The city's annual Saint Patrick's Day parade brings hundreds of thousands to the streets of Downtown.{{cite web |title=About Us |publisher=Cleveland St. Patrick's Day Parade |url=http://www.stpatricksdaycleveland.com/p/about-us.html |access-date=July 22, 2021 }} The Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival held each spring at Cleveland State University is the largest Indian classical music and dance festival in the world outside of India.{{cite news |last=DeJong |first=Lisa |title=Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2016/03/cleveland_thyagaraja_festival.html |date=March 30, 2016 |access-date=June 19, 2023 }} Since 1946, the city has annually marked One World Day in the Cleveland Cultural Gardens in Rockefeller Park, celebrating all of its ethnic communities.

File:West Side Market Cleveland.jpg in Cleveland's Ohio City neighborhood]]

Cleveland's mosaic of ethnic communities and their various culinary traditions have long played an important role in defining the city's cuisine. Local mainstays include an abundance of Slavic, Hungarian, and Central-Eastern European contributions, such as kielbasa, stuffed cabbage, pierogies, goulash, and chicken paprikash.{{sfn|Taxel|2009|pp=133-135}} Italian, German, Irish, and Jewish cuisines are also prominent in Cleveland, as are Lebanese, Greek, Chinese, Puerto Rican, Mexican, and numerous other ethnic cuisines. Vendors at the West Side Market in Ohio City offer many ethnic foods for sale.{{cite news |last=Snook |first=Debbi |title=Cleveland's West Side Market feeds bellies and our souls with its rich ethnic heritage |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/west-side-market/2012/05/clevelands_west_side_market_fe.html |date=May 27, 2012 |access-date=August 1, 2022 }} In addition, the city boasts a vibrant barbecue and soul food scene.{{cite news |last1=Cain |first1=Brenda |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Yadi |title=Top 20 Soul Food Restaurants in Greater Cleveland according to Yelp |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2020/02/top-21-soul-food-restaurants-in-greater-cleveland-according-to-yelp.html |date=February 3, 2020 |access-date=May 1, 2023 }}

Slyman's Deli on Cleveland's near East Side is notable for its corned beef sandwich, with patrons including former US Presidents George W. Bush and Joe Biden.{{cite magazine |last=Goodrich |first=Barry |title=Classic Cleveland Restaurants: Slyman's Restaurants |magazine=Cleveland Magazine |url=https://clevelandmagazine.com/food-drink/articles/classic-cleveland-restaurants-slyman's-restaurants |date=January 22, 2020 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} Another celebrated sandwich, the Polish Boy, is a popular street food and Cleveland original frequently sold at downtown hot dog carts and stadium concession stands.{{cite news |last=Axelrod |first=Ben |title=Cleveland's Polish Boy named one of world's 10 best hot dogs |publisher=WKYC |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/local/cleveland/cleveland-polish-boy-named-10-best-hot-dogs-in-the-world/95-a1d44b3c-9a02-4441-a741-472193621d97 |date=April 11, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }} Brown stadium mustard is synonymous with Cleveland, especially Bertman Original Ballpark Mustard.{{cite news |last=Chakerian |first=Peter |title=No hot-doggin' it, we definitely 'cut the mustard' in The Land |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2024/03/no-hot-doggin-it-we-definitely-cut-the-mustard-in-the-land-classic-cle-eats-drinks.html |date=March 22, 2024 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} Another notable local food item with Depression-era roots is city chicken.{{cite magazine |last=Frederick |first=Missy |title=What Is City Chicken, Really?: How a Depression-era dish conquered Cleveland |magazine=Eater |url=https://www.eater.com/2017/5/5/15551870/city-chicken-cleveland-pittsburgh |date=May 5, 2017 |access-date=January 1, 2025 }}

With its blue-collar roots well intact, and plenty of Lake Erie perch and walleye available, the tradition of Friday night fish fries remains alive and thriving in Cleveland, particularly in ethnic parish-based settings, especially during the season of Lent.{{cite magazine |title=2023 Cleveland Fish Fry Guide |magazine=Cleveland Magazine |url=https://clevelandmagazine.com/food-drink/fish-fries |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} Clambakes are likewise embedded into the city's culinary culture.{{cite magazine |last=Trattner |first=Douglas |title=How Cleveland Became a Clambake Capital of America |magazine=Cleveland Scene |url=https://www.clevescene.com/food-drink/how-cleveland-became-a-clambake-capital-of-america-45236210 |date=October 3, 2024 |access-date=January 1, 2025 }}{{cite magazine |last=Zaleski |first=Annie |title=How Did the Cleveland Clambake Even Become a Thing? |magazine=Thrillist |url=https://www.thrillist.com/eat/cleveland/cleveland-ohio-clambake-history |date=September 28, 2016 |access-date=January 1, 2025 }} For dessert, the Cleveland Cassata Cake is a unique treat invented in the local Italian community and served in Italian establishments throughout the city.{{cite news |last=Wolfe |first=Paris |title=Cleveland Cassata Cake is a local invention |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2023/03/cleveland-cassata-cake-is-a-local-invention.html |date=March 10, 2023 |access-date=May 1, 2023 }} Another popular dessert, the locally crafted Russian Tea Biscuit, is common in many Jewish bakeries in Cleveland.{{cite news |last=Bania-Dobyns |first=Sarah |title=If you want this delectable Jewish pastry, you'll have to go to Cleveland |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/food-recipes/if-you-want-this-delectable-jewish-pastry-youll-have-to-go-to-cleveland-670162 |date=September 22, 2021 |access-date=May 1, 2023 }}

Cleveland is noted in the world of celebrity food culture. Famous local figures include chef Michael Symon and food writer Michael Ruhlman, both of whom achieved local and national attention for their contributions to the culinary world. In 2007, Symon helped gain the spotlight when he was named "The Next Iron Chef" on the Food Network. That same year, Ruhlman collaborated with Anthony Bourdain, to do an episode of his Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations focusing on Cleveland's restaurant scene.{{cite news |last=Eng |first=Monica |title=Hot new dining city: Cleveland?! |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |quote=By the time I hit Cleveland for the grand culinary tour, Ruhlman had the routine down. Earlier in the year, his chef/writer pal Anthony Bourdain had filmed a whole episode of his Travel Channel show "No Reservations" in Cleveland. |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/la-trw-trvmain3-wk3-story.html |date=January 29, 2008 |access-date=July 7, 2023 }}

Ohio produces the fifth most beer in the U.S., with its largest brewery being Cleveland's Great Lakes Brewing Company.{{Cite news |title=Ohio craft-beer production ranks 5th in U.S.; 3 breweries in top 50 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2021/04/ohio-craft-beer-production-ranks-5th-in-us-3-breweries-in-top-50.html |date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 }} Cleveland has had a long history of brewing, tied to many of its ethnic immigrants, and has reemerged as a regional leader in production.{{Cite news |title=Vintage pictures of Cleveland's historic breweries |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2017/08/vintage_pictures_of_clevelands.html |date=August 17, 2017 |access-date=May 20, 2021 }} Dozens of breweries exist in the city limits, including large producers such as Market Garden Brewery and Platform Beer Company.

Breweries can be found throughout the city, but the highest concentration is in the Ohio City neighborhood.{{Cite news |title=10 Breweries with outdoor seating in and around Ohio City |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2021/04/10-breweries-with-outdoor-seating-in-and-around-ohio-city.html |date=April 6, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 }} Cleveland hosts expansions from other countries as well, including the Scottish BrewDog and German Hofbrauhaus.{{Cite news |title=Hofbrauhaus Cleveland set to reopen next week |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2021/02/hofbrauhaus-cleveland-set-to-reopen-next-week.html |date=February 26, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 }}{{Cite news |title=BrewDog confirms Cleveland expansion |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2021/04/brewdog-confirms-cleveland-expansion.html |date=April 13, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 }}

{{main|Sports in Cleveland}}

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|image1 = Progressive Field, June 2019 (5).jpg

|caption1 = Progressive Field has served as home to the Cleveland Guardians since 1994.

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|caption2 = Cleveland Browns games attract large crowds to Huntington Bank Field.

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|caption3 = Cleveland Cavaliers pregame festivities at Rocket Arena

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Cleveland's major professional sports teams are the Cleveland Guardians (Major League Baseball), the Cleveland Browns (National Football League), and the Cleveland Cavaliers (National Basketball Association). Other professional teams include the Cleveland Monsters (American Hockey League), the Cleveland Charge (NBA G League), the Cleveland Crunch (Major League Indoor Soccer), Cleveland SC (National Premier Soccer League), and the Cleveland Fusion (Women's Football Alliance). Local sporting venues include Progressive Field, Huntington Bank Field, Rocket Arena, the Wolstein Center, and the Public Auditorium.

Major League

Minor League

The Cleveland Guardians – known as the Indians from 1915 to 2021 – won the World Series in 1920 and 1948. They also won the American League pennant, making the World Series in the 1954, 1995, 1997, and 2016 seasons. Between 1995 and 2001, Jacobs Field (now known as Progressive Field) sold out 455 consecutive games, a Major League Baseball record until it was broken in 2008.{{cite news |last=Burt |first=Bill |title=Sellouts! Record 456 and counting for Sox |newspaper=Eagle Tribune |url=http://www.eagletribune.com/pusports/local_story_253023720.html?keyword=topstory |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903230045/http://www.eagletribune.com/pusports/local_story_253023720.html?keyword=topstory |date=September 9, 2008 |access-date=September 10, 2008 |archive-date=September 3, 2012 }}

Historically, the Browns have been among the most successful franchises in American football history, winning eight titles during a short period of time – 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1954, 1955, and 1964. The Browns have never played in a Super Bowl, getting close five times by making it to the NFL/AFC Championship Game in 1968, 1969, 1986, 1987, and 1989. Former owner Art Modell's relocation of the Browns after the 1995 season (to Baltimore creating the Ravens), caused tremendous heartbreak and resentment among local fans.{{cite web |last=Walker |first=James |title=Take your pick recap: LeBron vs. Modell |publisher=ESPN |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/afcnorth/post/_/id/14793/take-your-pick-recap-lebron-vs-modell |date=July 13, 2010 |access-date=July 27, 2010 }} Cleveland mayor Michael R. White worked with the NFL and Commissioner Paul Tagliabue to bring back the Browns beginning in the 1999 season, retaining all team history.{{cite news |last=Kroll |first=John |title=When Art Modell moved his Cleveland Browns team to Baltimore: How The Plain Dealer reported it |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=http://www.cleveland.com/browns/index.ssf/2012/09/when_art_modell_moved_his_clev.html |date=September 6, 2012 |access-date=June 26, 2016 }} In Cleveland's earlier football history, the Cleveland Bulldogs won the NFL Championship in 1924,{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Bulldogs |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-bulldogs |date=May 11, 2018 |access-date=May 24, 2023 }} and the Cleveland Rams won the NFL Championship in 1945 before relocating to Los Angeles.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Rams |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-rams |date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}

The Cavaliers won the Eastern Conference in 2007, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 but were defeated in the NBA Finals by the San Antonio Spurs and then by the Golden State Warriors, respectively. The Cavs won the Conference again in 2016 and won their first NBA Championship coming back from a 3–1 deficit, finally defeating the Golden State Warriors. Afterwards, over 1.3 million people attended a parade held in the Cavs' honor on June 22, 2016, in downtown Cleveland.{{cite news |last=Hoppert |first=Melissa |title=Cavaliers Parade Caps Off Cleveland Victory Party |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/sports/basketball/cleveland-cavaliers-parade-nba-champions.html |date=June 22, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2023 }} Previously, the Cleveland Rosenblums dominated the original American Basketball League,{{sfn|Condon|1979|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandprodigy0000cond/page/145 145]}} and the Cleveland Pipers, owned by George Steinbrenner, won the American Basketball League championship in 1962.{{sfn|Livingston|2015|pp=176–178}}

The Cleveland Monsters of the American Hockey League won the 2016 Calder Cup. They were the first Cleveland AHL team to do so since the 1964 Barons.{{cite news |last=Wright |first=Branson |title=Lake Erie Monsters win Calder Cup title with 1–0 OT victory over Hershey |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=http://www.cleveland.com/monsters/index.ssf/2016/06/lake_erie_monsters_and_hershey.html |date=June 11, 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2016 }}

Collegiately, NCAA Division I Cleveland State Vikings have 19 varsity sports, nationally known for their Cleveland State Vikings men's basketball team.{{cite web |title=Athletics |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://www.csuvikings.com/landing/index |date=August 2, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }} NCAA Division III Case Western Reserve Spartans have 17 varsity sports, most known for their Case Western Reserve Spartans football team.{{cite web |title=CWRU Athletics |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://athletics.case.edu/ |date=May 20, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }} The headquarters of the Mid-American Conference (MAC) are in Cleveland. The conference stages both its men's and women's basketball tournaments at Rocket Arena.{{cite web |url=https://getsomemaction.com/sports/2014/5/29/MACHistory.aspx?path=general |title=History of the MAC |website=Mid-American Conference |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}

The Cleveland Marathon has been hosted annually since 1978,{{cite encyclopedia |title=Rite Aid Cleveland Marathon and 10K |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 22, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/rite-aid-cleveland-marathon-and-10k |access-date=June 7, 2020 }} and a monument commemorating one of Cleveland's most prominent track and field athletes, Jesse Owens, stands at the city's Fort Huntington Park.{{cite web |title=Jesse Owens: The Cleveland Years |last=Dubelko |first=Jim |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/1003 |access-date=January 4, 2024 }} The second American Chess Congress, a predecessor to the U.S. Championship, was held in Cleveland in 1871, and won by George Henry Mackenzie.{{cite web |title=George Henry Mackenzie |publisher=World Chess Hall of Fame |url=https://worldchesshof.org/hof-inductee/george-henry-mackenzie |date=April 7, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }} The 1921 and 1957 U.S. Open Chess Championships took place in the city, and were won by Edward Lasker and Bobby Fischer, respectively. The Cleveland Open is held annually.{{cite web |last=Hanken |first=Jerry |title=Big Time chess returns to Cleveland |publisher=The United States Chess Federation |url=https://www.uschess.org/content/view/8498/463/ |date=June 13, 2008 |access-date=June 7, 2020 }} In 2014, Cleveland hosted the ninth official Gay Games ceremony.{{Cite web |title=Federation of Gay Games – Gay Games IX – Cleveland |url=https://gaygames.org/Gay-Games-IX |access-date=May 13, 2022 |website=gaygames.org }} In July 2024, the city hosted the Pan American Masters Games.{{cite news |last=Bona |first=Marc |title=Pan-American Masters Games choose Cleveland as 1st U.S. competition site |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/sports/2022/08/pan-american-masters-games-choose-cleveland-as-1st-us-competition-site.html |date=August 30, 2022 |access-date=August 1, 2024 }}

{{See also|Cleveland Metroparks|Cleveland Public Parks District}}

File:Downtown Cleveland - Cleveland Sunrise (47288342872).jpg in winter from Edgewater Park]]

Known locally as the "Emerald Necklace", the Olmsted-inspired Cleveland Metroparks encircle Cleveland and Cuyahoga County. The city proper encompasses the Metroparks' Brookside and Lakefront Reservations, as well as significant parts of the Rocky River, Washington, and Euclid Creek Reservations. The Lakefront Reservation, which provides public access to Lake Erie, consists of four parks: Edgewater Park, Whiskey Island–Wendy Park, East 55th Street Marina, and Gordon Park.{{cite web |title=Lakefront Reservation |publisher=Cleveland Metroparks |url=https://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/parks/visit/parks/lakefront-reservation |access-date=August 3, 2019 }}

Three more parks fall under the jurisdiction of the Euclid Creek Reservation: Euclid Beach, Villa Angela, and Wildwood Marina.{{cite web |title=Euclid Creek Reservation |publisher=Cleveland Metroparks |url=https://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/parks/visit/parks/euclid-creek-reservation |access-date=August 3, 2019 }} Further south, bike and hiking trails in the Brecksville and Bedford Reservations, along with Garfield Park, provide access to trails in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park.{{cite web |title=Mountain Biking |publisher=Cleveland Metroparks |url=https://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/parks/visit/activities/activity-types/mountain-biking |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} Also included in the Metroparks system is the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, established in 1882. Located in Big Creek Valley, the zoo has one of the largest collections of primates in North America.{{cite web |title=Cleveland Metroparks Zoo |publisher=Destination Cleveland |url=https://www.thisiscleveland.com/things-to-do/major-attractions/cleveland-metroparks-zoo |access-date=August 3, 2019 }}

In addition to the Metroparks, the Cleveland Public Parks District oversees the city's neighborhood parks, the largest of which is the historic Rockefeller Park. The latter is notable for its late 19th century landmark bridges, the Rockefeller Park Greenhouse, and the Cleveland Cultural Gardens, which celebrate the city's ethnic diversity.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Rockefeller Park |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/rockefeller-park |date=November 11, 2020 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }} Just outside of Rockefeller Park, the Cleveland Botanical Garden in University Circle, established in 1930, is the oldest civic garden center in the nation.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Botanical Garden |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-botanical-garden |date=May 26, 2022 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }} In addition, the Greater Cleveland Aquarium, located in the historic FirstEnergy Powerhouse in the Flats, is the only independent, free-standing aquarium in the state of Ohio.{{cite news |last=Ondrey |first=Thomas |title=Underwater wonders among the newcomers in Northeast Ohio |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/travel/2012/05/underwater_wonders_among_the_n.html |date=May 19, 2012 |access-date=June 19, 2023 }}

{{See also|Mayor of Cleveland|Cleveland City Council}}

File:Cleveland City Hall rotunda.jpg]]

Cleveland operates on a mayor–council (strong mayor) form of government, in which the mayor is the chief executive and the city council serves as the legislative branch. City council members are elected from 17 wards to four-year terms. From 1924 to 1931, the city briefly experimented with a council–manager government under William R. Hopkins and Daniel E. Morgan before returning to the mayor–council system.{{cite encyclopedia |last=Richardson |first=James F. |title=Politics |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/politics |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=June 18, 2018 }}

Cleveland is served by Cleveland Municipal Court, the first municipal court in the state.{{cite web |title=Court History |publisher=Cleveland Municipal Court |url=https://clevelandmunicipalcourt.org/court-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303072100/https://clevelandmunicipalcourt.org/court-history |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 3, 2022 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }} The city also anchors the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, based at the Carl B. Stokes U.S. Courthouse and the historic Howard M. Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse. The Chief Judge for the Northern District is Sara Elizabeth Lioi and the Clerk of Court is Sandy Opacich.{{Cite press release |title=U.S. District Judge Sara Lioi Sworn In as Chief Judge |date=June 7, 2023 |publisher=United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio |url=https://www.ohnd.uscourts.gov/news/us-district-judge-sara-lioi-sworn-chief-judge |access-date=June 9, 2023 }} The U.S. Attorney is Carol Skutnik and the U.S. Marshal is Peter Elliott.{{cite news |last=Ferrise |first=Adam |title=New interim federal prosecutor in northern Ohio takes over |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/court-justice/2025/01/new-interim-federal-prosecutor-in-northern-ohio-takes-over.html |date=January 6, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 }}{{cite web |title=Northern District of Ohio United States Marshal – Peter J. Elliott |date=October 2020 |publisher=U.S. Marshals Service |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/who-we-are/about-us/marshals-biography/peter-j-elliott |access-date=August 7, 2022 }}

The office of the mayor has been held by Justin Bibb since 2022.{{cite news |last=Castele |first=Nick |title=Justin Bibb sworn in as Cleveland's new mayor |publisher=Ideastream |url=https://www.ideastream.org/news/government-politics/2022-01-03/justin-bibb-sworn-in-as-clevelands-new-mayor |date=January 3, 2022 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }} Previous mayors include progressive Democrat Tom L. Johnson, World War I-era War Secretary and BakerHostetler founder Newton D. Baker, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Harold Hitz Burton, two-term Ohio Governor and Senator Frank J. Lausche, former U.S. Health, Education, and Welfare Secretary Anthony J. Celebrezze, two-term Ohio Governor and Senator George V. Voinovich, former U.S. Congressman Dennis Kucinich, and Carl B. Stokes, the first African American mayor of a major U.S. city. Frank G. Jackson was the city's longest-serving mayor.{{cite news |last=Vosburgh |first=Mark |title=Frank Jackson: Man, mayor and mystery |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2021/12/cleveland-mayor-frank-jackson-will-soon-leave-office-after-16-years-but-how-well-do-we-know-clevelands-longest-serving-leader.html |date=December 13, 2021 |access-date=July 16, 2023 }}

The President of Cleveland City Council is Blaine Griffin, the council Majority Leader is Kerry McCormack, and the Majority Whip is Jasmin Santana.{{cite web |title=Leadership |publisher=Cleveland City Council |url=https://www.clevelandcitycouncil.org/council/leadership |access-date=June 17, 2022 }} Patricia Britt serves as the Clerk of Council.{{cite web |title=Clerk of Council |publisher=Cleveland City Council |url=https://www.clevelandcitycouncil.org/council/clerk-council |access-date=June 17, 2022 }}

Historically, from the Civil War era to the 1940s, Cleveland had been dominated by the Republican Party, with the notable exceptions of the Johnson and Baker mayoral administrations. Businessman and Senator Mark Hanna was among Cleveland's most influential Republican figures, both locally and nationally.{{sfn|Horner|2010|p=33}} Another nationally prominent Ohio Republican, former U.S. President James A. Garfield, was born in Cuyahoga County's Orange Township (today the Cleveland suburb of Moreland Hills). His resting place is the James A. Garfield Memorial in Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery.{{cite web |last=Hardison |first=Ashley |title=James A. Garfield Memorial |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/400 |access-date=August 10, 2019 }}

Today Cleveland is a major stronghold for the Democratic Party in Ohio. Although local elections are nonpartisan, Democrats still dominate every level of government. Politically, Cleveland and several of its neighboring suburbs comprise Ohio's 11th congressional district. The district is represented by Shontel Brown, one of five Democrats representing the state of Ohio in the U.S. House of Representatives.{{cite news |last=Eaton |first=Sabrina |title=U.S. Rep. Shontel Brown wins reelection in 11th congressional district |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2022/11/us-rep-shontel-brown-wins-reelection-in-11th-congressional-district.html |date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}

Cleveland has hosted three Republican national conventions, in 1924, 1936, and 2016.{{cite news |title=2016 Republican Convention in Cleveland: 5 Things to Know |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/2966830/2016-republican-convention-cleveland/ |date=July 8, 2014 |access-date=August 7, 2019 }} Additionally, the city hosted the 1864 Radical Democratic National Convention.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Convention |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-convention |access-date=August 7, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }} Although Cleveland has not hosted a national convention for the Democrats, it has hosted several national election debates, including the second 1980 U.S. presidential debate, the 2004 U.S. vice presidential debate, one 2008 Democratic primary debate, and the first 2020 U.S. presidential debate.{{cite news |last=Bamforth |first=Emily |title=First 2020 presidential debate will be in Cleveland |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2020/07/first-2020-presidential-debate-will-be-in-cleveland-cleveland-clinic-and-case-western-reserve-university-to-host.html |date=July 27, 2020 |access-date=July 28, 2020 }} Founded in 1912, the City Club of Cleveland provides a platform for national and local debates and discussions. Known as Cleveland's "Citadel of Free Speech", it is one of the oldest continuous independent free speech and debate forums in the country.{{cite encyclopedia |title=City Club of Cleveland |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/city-club-cleveland |date=August 6, 2020 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}{{cite web |title=Mission & Vision |publisher=City Club of Cleveland |url=https://www.cityclub.org/about |access-date=August 8, 2019 }}

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{{main|Cleveland Division of Police}}

Like in other major American cities, crime in Cleveland is concentrated in areas with higher rates of poverty and lower access to jobs.{{cite web |title=Neighborhoods and Violent Crime |publisher=United States Department of Housing and Urban Development |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/em/summer16/highlight2.html |access-date=August 7, 2019 }}{{cite encyclopedia |last=Wells |first=Michael V. |title=Crime |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/crime |access-date=August 7, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }} In recent decades, the rate of crime in the city, although higher than the national average, experienced a significant decline, following a nationwide trend in falling crime rates.{{cite news |last=Higgs |first=Robert |title=Cleveland's rates for nearly all violent crimes, property crimes dropped again in 2018 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/cityhall/2019/01/clevelands-rates-for-nearly-all-violent-crimes-property-crimes-dropped-again-in-2018.html |date=January 30, 2019 |access-date=July 10, 2019 }} However, as in other major U.S. cities, crime in Cleveland saw an abrupt rise in 2020–21.{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Shannon |title=Cleveland's rise in violent crime makes national headlines, city leaders react |newspaper=WOIO |url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2021/01/04/clevelands-rise-violent-crime-makes-national-headlines-city-leaders-react/ |date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=June 17, 2022 }}

Cleveland's law enforcement agency is the Cleveland Division of Police, established in 1866.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Police Department |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-police-department |access-date=August 7, 2019 |date=May 31, 2019 }} The division had roughly 1,100 sworn officers as of 2024, covering five police districts.{{cite web |title=Cleveland Police Districts |publisher=City of Cleveland |url=https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/CityAgencies/PublicSafety/Police/Police_Districts |date=2019 |access-date=August 7, 2019 }} The district system was introduced in the 1930s by Cleveland Public Safety Director Eliot Ness (of the Untouchables), who later ran for mayor of Cleveland in 1947.{{cite web |title=Eliot Ness and his role in Cleveland history |publisher=Cleveland Police Museum |url=https://www.clevelandpolicemuseum.org/collections/eliot-ness/ |access-date=August 7, 2019 }} The Chief of Police is Dorothy A. Todd.{{cite web |title=Division of Police |publisher=City of Cleveland |url=https://www.clevelandohio.gov/city-hall/departments/public-safety/divisions/police |access-date=March 17, 2024 }} In addition, the Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Office is based in Downtown Cleveland at the Justice Center Complex.{{cite web |url=https://sheriff.cuyahogacounty.us/en-US/About-Us.aspx |title=About Us |website=Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Office |access-date=May 24, 2023 }}

{{main|Cleveland Division of Fire}}

Cleveland is served by the firefighters of the Cleveland Division of Fire, established in 1863.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Fire Department |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-fire-department |access-date=August 21, 2019 |date=May 22, 2018 }} The fire department operates out of 22 active fire stations throughout the city in five battalions. Each Battalion is commanded by a Battalion Chief, who reports to an on-duty Assistant Chief.{{cite web |title=Division of Fire |publisher=City of Cleveland |url=https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/CityAgencies/PublicSafety/Fire |access-date=August 21, 2019 }}{{cite web |title=Cleveland Fire Stations |publisher=City of Cleveland |url=https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/CityAgencies/PublicSafety/Fire/Fire_Stations |access-date=August 21, 2019 }}

The Division of Fire operates a fire apparatus fleet of twenty-two engine companies, eight ladder companies, three tower companies, two task force rescue squad companies, hazardous materials ("haz-mat") unit, and numerous other special, support, and reserve units. The Chief of Department is Anthony Luke.{{cite news |title=Anthony P. Luke sworn in as Cleveland's new fire chief |publisher=WKYC |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/local/cleveland/anthony-p-luke-sworn-in-cleveland-new-fire-chief/95-bc4fe544-7772-44ba-8854-5bb6240d4ae1 |date=November 1, 2022 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}

{{main|Cleveland EMS}}

Cleveland EMS is operated by the city as its own municipal third-service EMS division. Cleveland EMS is the primary provider of Advanced Life Support and ambulance transport within the city of Cleveland, while Cleveland Fire assists by providing fire response medical care.{{cite web |title=Cleveland EMS History |publisher=Cleveland Association of Rescue Employees |url=https://www.care1975.com/history/ |access-date=January 22, 2019 }} Although a merger between the fire and EMS departments was proposed in the past, the idea was subsequently abandoned.{{cite news |last=Atassi |first=Leila |title=Cuyahoga Prosecutor says former Cleveland Fire Chief Paul Stubbs ignored payroll abuses; Mayor has remained steadfast in defense |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/cityhall/index.ssf/2014/04/cuyahoga_prosecutor_says_forme.html |access-date=January 22, 2019 |date=April 13, 2014 }}

Cleveland serves as headquarters to Coast Guard District 9 and is responsible for all U.S. Coast Guard operations on the five Great Lakes, the Saint Lawrence Seaway, and surrounding states accumulating 6,700 miles of shoreline and 1,500 miles of international shoreline with Canada. It reports up through the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Station Cleveland Harbor, located in North Coast Harbor, has a responsibility covering about 550 square miles of the federally navigable waters of Lake Erie, including the Cuyahoga and Rocky rivers, as well as a number of their tributaries.{{cite web |url=https://www.atlanticarea.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/District-9/Ninth-District-Units/Sector-Buffalo/Units/Cleveland-Harbor/ |title=Station Cleveland Harbor |website=USCG District 9 |access-date=January 31, 2023 }}

{{See also|Education in Ohio}}

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Cleveland is served by the Cleveland Metropolitan School District. It is the only K–12 district in Ohio under the direct control of the mayor, who appoints a school board.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Public Schools |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-public-schools |access-date=May 19, 2023 |date=November 11, 2020 }} Approximately {{convert|1|sqmi|km2}} of Cleveland's Buckeye–Shaker neighborhood is part of the Shaker Heights City School District. The area, which has been a part of the Shaker school district since the 1920s, permits these Cleveland residents to pay the same school taxes as the Shaker residents, as well as vote in the Shaker school board elections.{{cite news |title=Shaker Heights City School District |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2010/04/shaker_heights_city_school_dis.html |date=April 25, 2010 |access-date=August 7, 2022 }}

There are several private and parochial schools in Cleveland.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Education |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/education |access-date=August 7, 2022 |date=May 11, 2018 }} These include Benedictine High School, Cleveland Central Catholic High School, Eleanor Gerson School, St. Ignatius High School, St. Joseph Academy, Villa Angela-St. Joseph High School, and St. Martin de Porres.

Cleveland is home to a number of colleges and universities. Most prominent among them is Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), a widely recognized research and teaching institution based in University Circle with several major graduate programs.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Higher Education |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/higher-education |access-date=May 16, 2024 |date=May 11, 2018 }}

University Circle also contains the Cleveland Institute of Art and the Cleveland Institute of Music. Downtown Cleveland is home to Cleveland State University, a public research university with eight constituent colleges, and the metropolitan campus of Cuyahoga Community College. Ohio Technical College is also based in Cleveland.{{cite web |title=Ohio Technical College School History |publisher=Ohio Technical College |url=https://ohiotech.edu/about |date=June 26, 2023 |access-date=July 31, 2023 }} Cleveland's suburban universities and colleges include Baldwin Wallace University in Berea, John Carroll University in University Heights, and Ursuline College in Pepper Pike.

{{main|Cleveland Public Library}}

Established in 1869,{{sfn|Cramer|1972|pp=[https://archive.org/details/openshelvesopenm0000cram/page/14 14–15]}} the Cleveland Public Library is one of the largest public libraries in the nation with a collection of over 13 million materials in 2023.{{cite report |title=2023 CPL Annual Report |publisher=Cleveland Public Library |url=https://cpl.org/wp-content/uploads/2023-annual_report.pdf |page=46 |date=2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} It holds the Northeast Ohio Broadcast Archives,{{cite web |title=Northeast Ohio Broadcast Archives: Library Seeks a Sustainable Path Forward |publisher=Cleveland Public Library |url=https://cpl.org/northeast-ohio-broadcast-archives-library-seeks-a-sustainable-path-forward/ |access-date=February 9, 2025 |date=December 19, 2024 }} and the John G. White Special Collection, with the largest chess library in the world and a rare collection of folklore and books on the Middle East and Eurasia.{{cite news |last=Bash |first=Homa |title=Did you know? Cleveland is home to the world's largest chess collection |website=WEWS-TV |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/cleveland-metro/did-you-know-cleveland-is-home-to-the-worlds-largest-chess-collection |date=June 12, 2019 |access-date=August 8, 2019 }}{{cite encyclopedia |title=White, John Griswold |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/w/white-john-griswold |access-date=August 8, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }} The library's main building was designed by Walker and Weeks and dedicated in 1925,{{sfn|Johannesen|1999|pp=68–69}} under head librarian Linda Eastman, the first woman to lead a major library system in the U.S.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Eastman, Linda Anne |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/eastman-linda-anne |access-date=January 5, 2024 |date=April 3, 2020 }} Between 1904 and 1920, 15 libraries built with funds from Andrew Carnegie were opened in the city.{{cite news |last1=Bamforth |first1=Emily |last2=Petkiewicz |first2=David |title=Cleveland had 15 Carnegie libraries: See them then and now |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/g66l-2019/07/b1757ad91c2440/cleveland-had-15-carnegie-libraries-see-them-then-and-now-.html |date=July 8, 2019 |access-date=May 30, 2020 }} Known as the "People's University", the library presently maintains 27 branches.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Public Library |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-public-library |date=November 18, 2019 |access-date=January 5, 2024 }} It serves as the headquarters for the CLEVNET library consortium, which includes 47 public library systems in Northeast Ohio.{{cite web |title=What is CLEVNET? |publisher=CLEVNET |url=https://www.clevnet.org/what-is-clevnet/ |date=March 28, 2023 |access-date=July 31, 2023 }}

{{See also|List of mass media in Cleveland}}

Cleveland's primary daily newspaper is The Plain Dealer and its associated online publication, Cleveland.com.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Plain Dealer |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=November 18, 2019 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/plain-dealer |access-date=June 26, 2020 }} Defunct major newspapers include the Cleveland Press and the Cleveland News.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Press |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-press |date=November 11, 2020 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland News |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-news |date=March 9, 2021 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }} Additional publications include Cleveland Magazine, a regional culture magazine published monthly;{{cite magazine |title=About Us |magazine=Cleveland Magazine |url=https://clevelandmagazine.com/home/about-us |access-date=June 26, 2020 }} Crain's Cleveland Business, a weekly business newspaper;{{cite web |title=Crain's Cleveland Business |publisher=Crain's Cleveland Business |url=https://www.crainscleveland.com/ |access-date=June 26, 2020 }} and Cleveland Scene, a free alternative weekly paper which absorbed its competitor, the Cleveland Free Times, in 2008.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Scene |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/scene |access-date=August 7, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }} The digital Belt Magazine was founded in Cleveland in 2013.{{cite magazine |title=About Us |magazine=Belt Magazine |url=https://beltmag.com/about-us/ |access-date=August 5, 2019 }} Time magazine was published in Cleveland from 1925 to 1927.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Time |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/t/time |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }}

{{multiple image

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|image1 = WOIO WUAB (3422960432).jpg

|caption1 = The Reserve Square building in Downtown Cleveland, home to the studios of Cleveland CBS affiliate WOIO and CW affiliate WUAB

|image2 = RNC Cleveland 2016 (28219246801).jpg

|caption2 = The Six Six Eight Building on Euclid Avenue – home base of iHeart Media's Cleveland radio stations, including WTAM, WARF, WAKS, WGAR, WMMS, WMJI, and WHLK

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Several ethnic publications are based in Cleveland. These include the Call and Post, a weekly newspaper that primarily serves the city's African American community;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Call & Post |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 22, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-call-post |access-date=June 26, 2020 }} the Cleveland Jewish News, a weekly Jewish newspaper;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Jewish News |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-jewish-news |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=May 11, 2018 }} the bi-weekly Russian-language Cleveland Russian Magazine;{{cite web |title=Cleveland Russian Magazine |magazine=Cleveland Russian Magazine |url=https://www.clevelandrussianmagazine.com/ |access-date=June 26, 2020 }} the Mandarin Erie Chinese Journal;{{cite magazine |title=About |magazine=Erie Chinese Journal |url=https://www.ecjnews.com/ABOUT_PAGE.htm |lang=zh |access-date=May 22, 2023 }} La Gazzetta Italiana in English and Italian;{{cite news |title=About Us |newspaper=La Gazzetta Italiana |url=https://www.lagazzettaitaliana.com/about-us |access-date=June 26, 2020 }} the Ohio Irish American News;{{cite news |title=Ohio Irish American News |newspaper=Ohio Irish American News |url=https://ohioirishamericannews.com/ |access-date=June 26, 2020 }} and the Spanish language Vocero Latino News.{{cite news |title=Vocero Latino News |newspaper=Vocero Latino News |url=http://vocerolatinonews.com/ |access-date=June 26, 2020 }}

The Cleveland-area television market is served by 11 full power stations, including WKYC (NBC), WEWS-TV (ABC), WJW (Fox), WDLI-TV (Bounce), WOIO (CBS), WVPX-TV (Ion), WVIZ (PBS), WUAB (CW/RESN), WRLM (TCT), WBNX-TV (independent), and WQHS-DT (Univision). {{As of|2021|post=,}} the market, which includes the Akron and Canton areas, was the 19th-largest in the country, as measured by Nielsen Media Research.{{cite report |author1=Out of Home Advertising Association of America |author1-link=Out of Home Advertising Association of America |title=2021 Neilsen DMA Ratings |url=https://oaaa.org/Portals/0/Public%20PDFs/OAAA%202021%20NIELSEN%20DMA%20Rankings%20Report.pdf |website=OAAA |publisher=Out-of-Home Advertising Association of America |access-date=May 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023142631/https://oaaa.org/Portals/0/Public%20PDFs/OAAA%202021%20NIELSEN%20DMA%20Rankings%20Report.pdf |archive-date=October 23, 2022 |page=1 |date=2021 |url-status=dead }}

The Mike Douglas Show, a nationally syndicated daytime talk show, began in Cleveland in 1961 on KYW-TV (now WKYC),{{cite news |last=Weiner |first=Tim |title=Mike Douglas, TV Host and Pop Singer, Dies at 81 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/12/arts/television/12douglas.html |date=August 12, 2006 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }} while The Morning Exchange on WEWS-TV served as the model for Good Morning America.{{cite news |last=Livingston |first=Tommy |title=Fred Griffith, former host of The Morning Exchange, dies at 90 |publisher=WEWS-TV |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/cleveland-metro/fred-griffith-former-host-of-the-morning-exchange-dies-at-90 |date=July 19, 2019 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }} Tim Conway and Ernie Anderson first established themselves in Cleveland while working together at KYW-TV and later WJW-TV (now WJW). Anderson both created and performed as the immensely popular Cleveland horror host Ghoulardi on WJW-TV's Shock Theater, and was later succeeded by the long-running late night duo Big Chuck and Lil' John.{{sfn|Feran|Heldenfels|1997|pp=135–136}} Another Anderson protégé – Ron Sweed – would become a popular Cleveland late night movie host in his own right as "The Ghoul".{{cite news |last=DeNatale |first=Dave "Dino" |title=Legendary Cleveland television personality Ron 'The Ghoul' Sweed passes away |publisher=WKYC |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/legendary-cleveland-television-personality-ron-the-ghoul-sweed-passes-away/95-11d2ab9d-6553-4772-a44c-40ca1ddbcfb0 |date=April 2, 2019 |access-date=August 1, 2022 }}

Cleveland is directly served by 29 full power AM and FM radio stations, 21 of which are licensed to the city. Music stations – which are frequently the highest-rated in the market – include WQAL (hot adult contemporary), WDOK (adult contemporary), WKLV-FM (Christian contemporary - K-Love), WAKS (contemporary hits), WHLK (adult hits), WMJI (classic hits), WMMS (active rock/hot talk), WNCX (classic rock), WNWV (alternative rock), WGAR-FM (country), WZAK (urban adult contemporary), WENZ (mainstream urban), WCLV (classical), and WJMO (Spanish/Tropical).{{cite magazine |title=Classical Pick: Radio Days |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/goingson/2010/07/quick-pick-15.html |date=July 1, 2010 |access-date=March 14, 2011 }}{{cite web |title=Cleveland Radio Stations |publisher=Radio Station World |url=http://radiostationworld.com/locations/united_states_of_america/ohio/cleveland/radio_stations/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}{{cite web |title=Ratings: #34 Cleveland |publisher=Radio Online |year=2019 |url=https://ratings.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/arb019 |access-date=August 7, 2019 }} WMMS also serves as the FM flagship for the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Cleveland Guardians, while WNCX is an FM flagship for the Cleveland Browns.

News/talk stations include WHK, WTAM, and WERE. During the Golden Age of Radio, WHK was the first radio station to broadcast in Ohio, and one of the first in the country.{{cite encyclopedia |title=WHK |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 22, 2021 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/w/whk |access-date=May 22, 2023 }}{{cite web |title=List of the Pioneer Broadcast Service Stations |publisher=United States Early Radio History |url=https://earlyradiohistory.us/pion622.htm#list |access-date=May 22, 2023 }} WTAM is the AM flagship for both the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Cleveland Guardians.{{cite web |title=Broadcast |work=Cleveland Cavaliers |publisher=NBA Media Ventures, LLC |year=2023 |url=https://www.nba.com/cavaliers/broadcast |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}{{cite web |title=Guardians Radio Affiliates |work=Cleveland Guardians |publisher=MLB Advanced Media, LP |year=2023 |url=https://www.mlb.com/guardians/fans/radio-affiliates |access-date=August 8, 2023 }} Sports stations include WKNR (ESPN), WARF (Fox) and WKRK-FM (Infinity), with WKNR and WKRK-FM serving as co-flagship stations for the Cleveland Browns, and WARF airing the Cleveland Monsters and – though primarily an English language station – Spanish broadcasts of Cleveland Guardians home games.{{cite news |last=Yarborough |first=Chuck |title=WKRK FM/92.3 The Fan replaces rock with sports talk |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2011/09/wkrk_fm923_the_fan_replaces_ro.html |date=September 2, 2011 |access-date=September 17, 2011 }}{{cite web |last=Grossi |first=Tony |title=ESPN 850 WKNR is the new radio home of the Cleveland Browns |work=ESPNCleveland.com |publisher=ESPN |url=http://espncleveland.com/common/more.php?m=49&action=blog&r=17&post_id=15161 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510235931/http://espncleveland.com/common/more.php?m=49&action=blog&r=17&post_id=15161 |date=March 28, 2013 |access-date=March 28, 2013 |archive-date=May 10, 2013 }}{{cite web |author=Press Release |title=Browns Enter into Groundbreaking Radio Partnership With ESPN 850 WKNR And CBS Radio's 92.3 The Fan And 98.5 WNCX |work=Cleveland.CBSLocal.com |publisher=CBS Radio |url=http://cleveland.cbslocal.com/2013/03/28/browns-enter-into-groundbreaking-radio-partnership-with-espn-850-wknr-and-cbs-radios-92-3-the-fan-and-98-5-wncx/ |date=March 28, 2013 |access-date=March 28, 2013 }} Religious stations include WCCD, WHKW, WCCR, and WCRF.

As the regional NPR affiliate, WKSU serves all of Northeast Ohio (including both the Cleveland and Akron markets).{{cite news |title=Northeast Ohio NPR programming shifts from WCPN to WKSU, classical music now on 90.3 FM |newspaper=Akron Beacon Journal |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/2022/03/28/monday-northeast-ohio-npr-programming-shifts-wcpn-wksu/7195070001/ |date=March 28, 2022 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} College stations include WBWC (Baldwin Wallace), WCSB (Cleveland State), WJCU (John Carroll), and WRUW-FM (Case Western Reserve).

{{main|Transportation in Cleveland}}

{{See also|Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority|Streetcars in Cleveland}}

File:RTA Green Line train.png train approaches Settlers Landing station on the Waterfront Line]]

Cleveland has a bus and rail mass transit system operated by the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (RTA). The rail portion is officially called the RTA Rapid Transit, but local residents refer to it as The Rapid. It consists of three light rail lines, known as the Blue, Green, and Waterfront Lines, and a heavy rail line, the Red Line. In 2008, RTA completed the HealthLine, a bus rapid transit line, for which naming rights were purchased by the Cleveland Clinic and University Hospitals. It runs along Euclid Avenue from downtown through University Circle, ending at the Louis Stokes Station at Windermere in East Cleveland.{{cite web |title=RTA HealthLine: About |publisher=Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority |url=http://www.riderta.com/healthline/about |access-date=June 1, 2023 }} In 1968, Cleveland became the first city in the nation to have a direct rail transit connection linking the city's downtown to its major airport.

In 2021, Walk Score ranked Cleveland the 17th most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the U.S., with a Walk Score of 57, a Transit Score of 45, and a Bike Score of 55 (out of a maximum of 100). Cleveland's most walkable areas can be found in the Downtown, Ohio City, Detroit–Shoreway, University Circle, and Buckeye–Shaker neighborhoods.{{cite web |title=Living in Cleveland |publisher=Walk Score |url=http://www.walkscore.com/OH/Cleveland |access-date=April 26, 2021 }} Like other major cities, the urban density of Cleveland reduces the need for private vehicle ownership. In 2016, 23.7% of Cleveland households lacked a car, while the national average was 8.7%. Cleveland averaged 1.19 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.{{cite web |title=Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map |date=December 9, 2014 |publisher=Governing |url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html |access-date=May 4, 2018 }}

File:Guardians of Traffic (30137077771).jpg]]

Cleveland's road system consists of numbered streets running roughly north–south, and named avenues, which run roughly east–west. The numbered streets are designated "east" or "west", depending on where they lie in relation to Ontario Street, which bisects Public Square.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Street Names |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 29, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/street-names |access-date=May 22, 2023 }} The two downtown avenues which span the Cuyahoga change names on the west side of the river. Superior Avenue becomes Detroit Avenue on the West Side, and Carnegie Avenue becomes Lorain Avenue. The bridges that make these connections are the Hope Memorial (Lorain–Carnegie) Bridge and the Veterans Memorial (Detroit–Superior) Bridge.{{cite web |last=Rotman |first=Michael |title=Lorain-Carnegie Bridge: Home of the Guardians |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/73 |access-date=July 21, 2023 }}{{cite web |last1=O'Grady |first1=F. X. |last2=Rotman |first2=Michael |title=Detroit-Superior Bridge: The City's First High-Level Bridge |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/53 |access-date=July 21, 2023 }}

Cleveland is served by three two-digit interstate highways – Interstate 71, Interstate 77, and Interstate 90 – and by two three-digit interstates – Interstate 480 and Interstate 490. Running due east–west through the West Side suburbs, I-90 turns northeast at the junction with I-490, and is known as the Cleveland Inner Belt.{{cite web |last=Lanese |first=Jim |title=The Cleveland Inner Belt: Future Interstate Highways Merge in the City |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/939 |access-date=July 7, 2023 }} The Cleveland Memorial Shoreway carries Ohio State Route 2 along its length, and at varying points carries US 6, US 20 and I-90.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Memorial Shoreway |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 11, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/memorial-shoreway |access-date=July 21, 2023 }} At the junction with the Shoreway, I-90 makes a 90-degree turn in the area known as Dead Man's Curve, then continues northeast.{{cite web |last=Dorwart |first=Laura |title=Why This Cleveland Roadway Is Known as 'Dead Man's Curve' |website=Culture Trip |date=May 29, 2018 |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/ohio/articles/why-this-cleveland-roadway-is-known-as-dead-mans-curve/ |access-date=August 8, 2023 }} The Jennings Freeway (State Route 176) connects I-71 just south of I-90 to I-480. A third highway, the Berea Freeway (State Route 237 in part), connects I-71 to the airport and forms part of the boundary between Brook Park and Cleveland's Hopkins neighborhood.{{cite encyclopedia |last=Roy |first=Christopher |title=Hopkins Neighborhood |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=March 12, 2022 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hopkins-neighborhood |access-date=July 21, 2023 }}

Cleveland is a major North American air market, serving 4.93 million people.{{cite web |title=Cleveland |publisher=The Center for Cleveland |url=https://www.centerforcleveland.org/cleveland |access-date=May 19, 2023 }} Cleveland Hopkins International Airport is the city's primary major airport and an international airport that serves the broader region. Originally known as Cleveland Municipal Airport, it was the first municipally owned airport in the country.{{cite encyclopedia |last=Culley |first=Jim |title=Cleveland Hopkins International Airport |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-hopkins-international-airport |date=May 10, 2022 |access-date=May 28, 2023 }} Cleveland Hopkins is a significant regional air freight hub hosting FedEx Express, UPS Airlines, U.S. Postal Service, and major commercial freight carriers. In addition to Hopkins, Cleveland is served by Burke Lakefront Airport, on the north shore of downtown between Lake Erie and the Shoreway. Burke is primarily a commuter and business airport.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Burke Lakefront Airport |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 25, 2020 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/b/burke-lakefront-airport |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}

{{main|Port of Cleveland}}

File:2022 Cleveland Air Show (52340170867).jpg as seen from Lake Erie]]

The Port of Cleveland, at the Cuyahoga River's mouth, is a major bulk freight and container terminal on Lake Erie, receiving much of the raw materials used by the region's manufacturing industries.{{cite web |title=About |publisher=Port of Cleveland |url=https://www.portofcleveland.com/about/ |access-date=May 20, 2023 }} The Port of Cleveland is the only container port on the Great Lakes with bi-weekly container service between Cleveland and the Port of Antwerp in Belgium on a Dutch service called the Cleveland-Europe Express.{{cite web |title=Cleveland-Europe Express |publisher=Port of Cleveland |url=http://www.portofcleveland.com/maritime-logistics/cleveland-europe-express/ |access-date=January 5, 2020 }} In addition to freight, the Port of Cleveland welcomes regional and international tourists who pass through the city on Great Lakes cruises.{{cite web |title=Great Lakes Cruising |publisher=Port of Cleveland |url=https://www.portofcleveland.com/great-lakes-cruising/ |access-date=May 20, 2023 }}

Cleveland has a long history as a major railroad hub in North America. Today, Amtrak provides service to Cleveland, via the Capitol Limited and Lake Shore Limited routes, which stop at Cleveland Lakefront Station. Additionally, Cleveland hosts several inter-modal freight railroad terminals, for Norfolk Southern, CSX and several smaller companies.{{cite web |title=CSX Intermodal Terminal Details |publisher=CSX |url=https://www.intermodal.com/index.cfm/channel-partners/locations-served/terminal-details/?terminal_id=13&Core=true |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}{{cite web |title=Cleveland, OH: Terminals & Schedules |publisher=Norfolk Southern |url=http://www.nscorp.com/content/nscorp/en/shipping-options/intermodal/terminals-and-schedules/cleveland-ohio.html |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}

National intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound.{{cite web |title=Getting to Cleveland |publisher=Destination Cleveland |url=https://www.thisiscleveland.com/planning-tools/visitor-services/getting-to-cleveland |access-date=June 4, 2023 }} Akron Metro, Brunswick Transit Alternative, Laketran, Lorain County Transit, and Medina County Transit provide connecting bus service to the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. Geauga County Transit and Portage Area Regional Transportation Authority (PARTA) also offer connecting bus service in their neighboring areas.{{cite web |title=Out-of-County Transfers |publisher=Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority |url=https://www.riderta.com/fact-sheet-out-county-transfers |access-date=June 4, 2023 }}

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-73763-0004, Leipzig, Cyrus S. Eaton im Haus der Wissenschaft.jpg and his wife Anne in Leipzig, East Germany in 1960]]

Cleveland maintains cultural, economic, and educational ties with 28 sister cities around the world. It concluded its first sister city partnership with Lima, Peru, in 1964.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Sister City Partnerships |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/cleveland-sister-city-partnerships |date=December 14, 2023 |access-date=January 4, 2024 }} In addition, Cleveland hosts the Consulate General of the Republic of Slovenia, which, until Slovene independence in 1991, served as an official consulate for Tito's Yugoslavia.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Slovenes |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 11, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/slovenes |access-date=May 24, 2020 }} The Cleveland Clinic operates the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi hospital, two outpatient clinics in Toronto, and a hospital campus in London.{{cite news |last=Coutré |first=Lydia |title=Cleveland Clinic London to open second outpatient building this fall |newspaper=Crain's Cleveland Business |url=https://www.crainscleveland.com/health-care/cleveland-clinics-second-outpatient-facility-london-will-open-fall |date=February 15, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023 }} The Cleveland Council on World Affairs was established in 1923.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Council on World Affairs |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 11, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-council-world-affairs |access-date=June 21, 2020 }}

Historically, Cleveland industrialist Cyrus S. Eaton, an apprentice of John D. Rockefeller, played a significant role in promoting dialogue between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Eaton, Cyrus Stephen |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/eaton-cyrus-stephen |access-date=November 10, 2019 |date=July 30, 2019 }} In October 1915 at Cleveland's Bohemian National Hall, Czech American and Slovak American representatives signed the Cleveland Agreement, calling for the formation of a joint Czech and Slovak state.{{cite encyclopedia |last=Burik |first=Paul |title=Cleveland Agreement of 1915 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-agreement-1915 |date=October 3, 2020 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}

• List of people from Cleveland
• List of references to Cleveland in popular culture
• USS Cleveland, 4 ships

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Henry |last2=Waldman |first2=Lawrence |year=2011 |title=Out of the Kokoon |location=Cleveland |publisher=Cleveland Public Library and Cleveland Artists Foundation |isbn=978-0615534008}}
• {{cite book |last1=Albrecht |first1=Brian |last2=Banks |first2=James |year=2015 |title=Cleveland in World War II |location=Charleston |publisher=The History Press (Arcadia) |isbn=978-1-62619-882-1}}
• {{cite book |last=Brecher |first=Jeremy |date=2020 |title=Strike! |location=Oakland, CA |publisher=PM Press |url=http://archive.org/details/strike0000brec_t8h1 |via=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-62963-808-9}}
• {{cite book |last=Cigliano |first=Jan |year=1991 |title=Showplace of America: Cleveland's Euclid Avenue, 1850–1910 |location=Kent, OH |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0873384452}}
• {{cite book |last=Condon |first=George E. |author-link=George E. Condon |year=1967 |title=Cleveland: The Best Kept Secret |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=978-1-936323-08-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/cleveland0000geor |via=Internet Archive}}
• {{cite book |last=Condon |first=George E. |year=1979 |title=Cleveland: Prodigy of the Western Reserve |location=Tulsa |publisher=Continental Heritage Press |isbn=978-0932986061 |url=https://archive.org/details/clevelandprodigy0000cond |via=Internet Archive}}
• {{cite book |last=Cramer |first=C. H. |year=1972 |title=Open Shelves and Open Minds: A History of the Cleveland Public Library |location=Cleveland |publisher=The Press of Case Western Reserve University |isbn=978-0829502190 |url=https://archive.org/details/openshelvesopenm0000cram |via=Internet Archive}}
• {{cite book |last=Dutka |first=Alan F. |year=2012 |title=Cleveland's Short Vincent: The Theatrical Grill and Its Notorious Neighbors |location=Cleveland |publisher=Cleveland Landmarks Press |isbn=978-0936760322}}
• {{cite book |last1=Feran |first1=Tom |last2=Heldenfels |first2=R. D. |year=1997 |title=Ghoulardi: Inside Cleveland TV's Wildest Ride |location=Cleveland |publisher=Gray & Co |isbn=978-1886228184}}
• {{cite book |last=Harwood |first=Herbert H. Jr. |date=2003 |title=Invisible Giants: The Empires of Cleveland's Van Sweringen Brothers |location=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-34163-9}}
• {{cite book |last=Horner |first=William T. |date=2010 |title=Ohio's Kingmaker: Mark Hanna, Man and Myth |publisher=Ohio University Press |location=Athens, OH |isbn=978-0-8214-1894-9}}
• {{cite book |last=Johannesen |first=Eric |date=1999 |title=A Cleveland Legacy: The Architecture of Walker and Weeks |location=Kent, OH |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=0-87338-589-6}}
• {{cite book |last=Keating |first=W. Dennis |year=2022 |title=Cleveland and the Civil War |location=Charleston |publisher=The History Press (Arcadia) |isbn=978-1467147736}}
• {{cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Michael |year=1980 |title=Make No Little Plans |publisher=Western Reserve Historical Society |location=Cleveland |isbn=0-911704-24-8}}
• {{cite book |last=Livingston |first=Bill |year=2015 |title=George Steinbrenner's Pipe Dream: The ABL Champion Cleveland Pipers |location=Kent, OH |publisher=Black Squirrel Books |isbn=978-1-60635-261-8}}
• {{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Carol Poh |last2=Wheeler |first2=Robert A. |year=1997 |title=Cleveland: A Concise History, 1796–1996 |edition=2nd |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0253211477 |url=https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill |via=Internet Archive}}
• {{cite book |last=Mosbrook |first=Joe |year=2013 |title=Cleveland Jazz History |edition=2nd |orig-year=Originally published in 2003 by Northeast Ohio Jazz Society |location=Cleveland |publisher=MSL Academic Endeavors (Cleveland State University) |isbn=978-1-936323-41-8 |url=https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/scholbks/135/}}
• {{cite book |last=Porter |first=Philip |year=1976 |title=Cleveland: Confused City on a Seesaw |location=Columbus, OH |publisher=Ohio State University Press |isbn=978-0814202647 |url=https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevmembks/52/}}
• {{cite book |last=Ricca |first=Brad |year=2013 |title=Super Boys: The Amazing Adventures of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster – the Creators of Superman |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0312643805 |url=https://archive.org/details/superboysamazing0000ricc |via=Internet Archive}}
• {{cite book |last=Rose |first=William Ganson |date=1990 |title=Cleveland: The Making of a City |location=Kent, OH |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0873384285}}
• {{cite book |last=Rosenberg |first=Donald |year=2000 |title=Second to None: The Cleveland Orchestra Story |location=Cleveland |publisher=Gray & Company |isbn=978-1886228245}}
• {{cite book |last=Rothstein |first=Richard |year=2017 |title=The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America |publisher=Liveright (W. W. Norton & Company) |location=New York |isbn=978-1631492853}}
• {{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Carl B. |author-link=Carl Stokes |year=1973 |title=Promises of Power |location=New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0671216023 |url=https://archive.org/details/promisesofpowerp00stok |via=Internet Archive}}
• {{cite book|last=Taxel |first=Laura |title=Cleveland Ethnic Eats |location=Cleveland |publisher=Gray & Company |year=2009 |isbn=978-1598510539}}
• {{cite book |last=Toman |first=James |year=1997 |title=Cleveland Stadium: The Last Chapter |location=Cleveland |publisher=Cleveland Landmarks Press |isbn=978-0936760100}}
• {{cite book |last1=Toman |first1=James |last2=Cook |first2=Daniel |year=2005 |title=Cleveland's Towering Treasure |location=Cleveland |publisher=Cleveland Landmarks Press |isbn=978-0936760209}}
• {{cite book |last=Turner |first=Evan H. |date=1991 |title=Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum |location=Cleveland |publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art |isbn=978-0940717107 |url=https://archive.org/details/object-lessons |via=Internet Archive}}
• {{cite book |last=Upton |first=Harriet Taylor |year=1910 |title=History of the Western Reserve |location=Chicago and New York |publisher=The Lewis Publishing Company |url=https://archive.org/details/historywesternr01cutlgoog |via=Internet Archive}}

{{refend}}

{{Main list|Bibliography of Cleveland}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |last=Condon |first=George E. |year=2006 |title=West of the Cuyahoga |location=Kent, OH |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-0873388542}}
• {{cite book |last=Chapman |first=Edmund H. |year=1981 |title=Cleveland: Village to Metropolis |location=Cleveland |publisher=Western Reserve Historical Society |isbn=978-091170429-7}}
• {{cite book |last=Johannesen |first=Eric |year=1979 |title=Cleveland Architecture, 1876–1976 |location=Cleveland |publisher=Western Reserve Historical Society |isbn=978-091170421-1}}
• {{cite book |last=Grabowski |first=John J. |date=2019 |title=Cleveland A to Z: An Essential Compendium for Visitors and Residents Alike |location=Kent, OH |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=978-1606353905}}
• {{cite book |last1=Grabowski |first1=John J. |last2=Grabowski |first2=Diane Ewart |date=2000 |title=Cleveland: A History in Motion |location=Carlsbad, CA |publisher=Heritage Media |isbn=978-1886483385}}

{{refend}}

{{Sister project links |collapsible=collapsed |voy=Cleveland|Cleveland}}

• {{Official website|www.clevelandohio.gov/}}{{bots|deny=InternetArchiveBot}}
• [http://www.thisiscleveland.com/ Destination Cleveland, official tourism website]
• [https://www.gcpartnership.com/ Greater Cleveland Partnership]
• [http://ech.cwru.edu/ The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History] at Case Western Reserve University
• [https://clevelandhistorical.org/ Cleveland Historical] at Cleveland State University
• [http://www.clevelandmemory.org Cleveland Memory Project] at Cleveland State University

{{Cleveland}}

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| title = Nearby cities

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; Throughout the regional area

{{Geographic location|Centre=Cleveland|North=Lake Erie
Chatham-Kent, Ontario {{flagicon|Canada}}|Northeast=Erie|East=Youngstown|Southeast=Pittsburgh|South=Akron|Southwest=Mansfield|West=Toledo|Northwest=Put-In-Bay}}

; Throughout Cuyahoga County

{{Geographic location|Centre=Downtown Cleveland|North=Lake Erie|Northeast=Bratenahl
Euclid|East=South Euclid
East Cleveland
Cleveland Heights
Shaker Heights|Southeast=Warrensville Heights
Maple Heights
Garfield Heights|South=Newburgh Heights
Cuyahoga Heights
Brooklyn Heights|Southwest=Linndale
Brooklyn
Parma
Brook Park|West=Lakewood
Rocky River
Fairview Park}}

; Throughout North America

{{Geographic location|Centre=Cleveland|North=Toronto {{flagicon|Canada}}|Northeast=Buffalo|East=New York City|Southeast=Pittsburgh|South=Charlotte|Southwest=Columbus|West=Chicago|Northwest=Detroit}}

}}

{{Cuyahoga County, Ohio}}

{{Ohio}}

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{{Portal bar|Geography|North America|United States|Ohio|Cities}}

Category:1796 establishments in the Northwest Territory

Category:Cities in Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Category:Cities in Ohio

Category:County seats in Ohio

Category:Inland port cities and towns in Ohio

Category:Ohio populated places on Lake Erie

Category:Populated places established in 1796