:Kappa (folklore)
{{Short description|Japanese mythical creature}}
{{Other uses|Kappa (disambiguation)}}
{{Italic title|reason=:Category:Japanese words and phrases}}
{{Infobox mythical creature
|name = Kappa
|image = Kappa water imp 1836.jpg
|image_size= 300px
|caption = Drawing of a {{Transliteration|ja|kappa}} copied from Koga Tōan's Suiko Kōryaku (1820)
|Sub_Grouping =
|AKA = Gatarō, Kawako
|Similar_entities =
|Country = Japan
|Region =
}}
In traditional Japanese folklore a {{nihongo|{{Transliteration|ja|kappa}}|{{lang|ja|河童}}||"river-child"}}—also known as {{Nihongo|{{Transliteration|ja|kawatarō}}|川太郎||"river-boy"}}, {{nihongo|{{Transliteration|ja|komahiki}}|駒引||"horse-puller"}}, with a boss called {{nihongo|{{Transliteration|ja|kawatora/senko}}|川虎||"river-tiger"}} or {{nihongo|{{Transliteration|ja|suiko}}|水虎||"water-tiger"}}—is a reptiloid {{Transliteration|ja|kami}} with similarities to {{Transliteration|ja|yōkai}}. {{Transliteration|ja|Kappa}} can become harmful when not respected as gods. Accounts typically depict them as green, human-like beings with webbed hands and feet and turtle-like carapaces on their backs. A depression on the head, called a "dish" ({{Transliteration|ja|sara}}), retains water, and if this is damaged or its liquid is lost (either through spilling or drying up), a {{Transliteration|ja|kappa}} becomes severely weakened.
The {{Transliteration|ja|kappa}} favor cucumbers and love to engage in sumo-wrestling.{{sfnp|Foster|2015|page=157}} They are often accused of assaulting humans in water and removing a mythical organ called the {{Transliteration|ja|shirikodama}} from their victim's anus.{{sfnp|Foster|2015|page=162}}
Terminology
File:MET 10 211 1857 O1 sf.jpg of a kappa]]
The name kappa is a contraction of the words kawa (river) and {{Transliteration|ja|wappa}}, a variant form of {{lang|ja|童}} {{Transliteration|ja|warawa}} (also {{Transliteration|ja|warabe}}) "child". Another translation of kappa is "water-sprite".{{Cite journal|last=Shamoon|first=Deborah|date=2013|title=The Yōkai in the Database: Supernatural Creatures and Folklore in Manga and Anime|journal=Marvels & Tales|volume=27|issue=2|pages=276–289|doi=10.13110/marvelstales.27.2.0276|jstor=10.13110/marvelstales.27.2.0276|s2cid=161932208|issn=1521-4281}} The kappa are also known regionally by at least eighty other names such as {{Transliteration|ja|kawappa}}, {{Transliteration|ja|kawako}}, {{Transliteration|ja|kawatarō}}, {{Transliteration|ja|gawappa}}, {{Transliteration|ja|kōgo}}, {{Transliteration|ja|suitengu}}.{{harvp|Foster|1998|p=3}}, citing Ōno (1994), p. 14
It is also called {{Transliteration|ja|kawauso}} 'otter', {{Transliteration|ja|dangame}} 'soft-shelled turtle', and {{Transliteration|ja|enkō}} 'monkey', suggesting it outwardly resembles these animals. The name komahiki or "steed-puller" alludes to its reputed penchant to drag away horses.
The kappa has been known as {{Transliteration|ja|kawako}} in Izumo (Shimane Prefecture) where Lafcadio Hearn was based, and {{Transliteration|ja|gatarō}} was the familiar name of it to folklorist Kunio Yanagita from Hyōgo Prefecture.{{cite book |last=Irokawa |first=Daikichi |title=The Culture of the Meiji Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goYOPty1L1oC&pg=PA21 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-691-00030-5 |page=21}}
Appearance
File:Kappa jap myth.jpg ("The Illustrated Night Parade of a Hundred Demons") by Toriyama Sekien]]
File:8.Kappa.jpg ({{lang|ja|化物之繪}}, c. 1700), Harry F. Bruning Collection of Japanese Books and Manuscripts, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University.|alt=]]
Kappa are said to be roughly humanoid in form and about the size of a child, inhabiting the ponds and rivers of Japan.{{sfnp|Foster|2015|p=157}} Clumsy on land, they are at home in the water, and thrive during the warm months.{{Cite web|title=Kappa {{!}} Yokai.com|url=http://yokai.com/kappa/|language=en-US|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501223647/http://yokai.com/kappa/|url-status=live}} They are typically greenish in color{{sfnp|Foster|2015|p=88}} (or yellow-blue{{sfnp|Foster|1998|p=4}}), and either scaly or slimy skinned, with webbed hands and feet, and a turtle-like carapace on their back.{{sfnp|Foster|2015|p=88}} Inhuman traits include three anuses that allow them to pass three times as much gas as humans. Despite their small stature, they are physically stronger than a grown man.
The kappa are sometimes said to smell like fish,{{sfnp|Foster|1998|p=4}} and they can swim like them. While potentially dangerous and mischievous, they are said to be very honourable, always keeping promises and being highly intelligent.
According to some accounts, a kappa's arms are connected to each other through the torso and can slide from one side to the other.According to the Wakan Sansai Zue. {{harvp|Foster|1998|p=6}} While they are primarily water creatures, they do on occasion venture onto land. They have a dish in their head which must be filled with water at all times. When they venture on land, the "dish" on their head can be covered with a metal cap for protection.{{cite book |title= Handbook of Japanese Mythology|last= Ashkenazi|first= Michael|year= 2003 |publisher= ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-1-57607-467-1|pages= [https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk/page/195 195]–196|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk |url-access= registration|access-date=22 December 2010}} If the water spills, the Kappa can be easily overcome.
A hairy kappa is called a {{Transliteration|ja|hyōsube}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/YoukaiCard/2220015.shtml|publisher=International Research Center for Japanese Studies|script-title=ja:怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: カッパ， ヒョウスベ|trans-title=Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai|language=ja|access-date=2010-01-13|archive-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927230805/http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/YoukaiCard/2220015.shtml|url-status=live}}
File:Illustrated Guide to 12 Types of Kappa.jpg|A book illustrating twelve kinds of kappa
File:Hokusai kappa.jpg|A kappa by Katsushika Hokusai
File:Utamaro (1788) Utamakura print No. 01 (BM, cropped).jpg|A kappa has sex at a river underwater, while a woman is watching and smiling in a print from Utamaro's Utamakura
File:Kappastatues.JPG|Paired male and female kappa statues at the Sogenji Buddhist shrine at the Asakusa district in Tokyo
Behavior {{anchor|Shirikodama}}
File:Takagi Toranosuke capturing a kappa underwater in the Tamura river.jpg]]
Kappa are usually seen as kami of the water. Their actions range from comparatively minor misdemeanors, such as looking up women's kimono if they venture too near to water, to outright malevolence, such as drowning people and animals, kidnapping children, raping women and at times eating human flesh. Though sometimes menacing, they may also behave amicably towards humans. While younger kappa are frequently found in family groups, adult kappa live solitary lives. However, it is common for kappa to befriend other yōkai and sometimes even people.
=Cucumber=
Folk beliefs claim the cucumber as their traditional favorite meal. At festivals, offerings of cucumber are frequently made to the kappa.{{sfnp|Foster|1998|p=5}} Sometimes the kappa is said to have other favorite foods, such as the Japanese eggplant, soba (buckwheat noodles), nattō (fermented soybeans), or kabocha (Japanese pumpkin).{{harvp|Foster|1998|p=5}}, citing {{interlanguage link|Takeda Akira{{!}}Takeda, Akira|ja|竹田旦}} (1988), "Suijinshinkō to kappa 水神信仰と河童 [Water deity belief and the kappa]"; Ōshima, Takehiko ed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OR5NAAAAMAAJ&q=%E6%B2%B3%E7%AB%A5+%22%E5%8D%97%E7%93%9C%22 Kappa 河童], p. 12.
In Edo (old Tokyo), there used to be a tradition where people would write the names of their family members on cucumbers and send them afloat into the streams to mollify the kappa and prevent the family from coming to harm in the streams.{{cite web|url=http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/YoukaiCard/0030086.shtml|publisher=International Research Center for Japanese Studies|script-title=ja:怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童雑談|trans-title=Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai|language=ja|access-date=2010-01-13|archive-date=2009-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000654/http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/YoukaiCard/0030086.shtml|url-status=live}} In some regions, it was customary to eat cucumbers before swimming as protection, but in others it was believed that this act would guarantee an attack.{{sfnp|Foster|1998|p=5}}
A cucumber-filled sushi roll is known as a kappamaki.{{sfnp|Foster|2015|p=157}}
=As a menace=
As water monsters, kappa have been blamed for drownings, and are often said to try to lure people into water and pull them in with their great skill at wrestling. They are sometimes said to take their victims for the purpose of drinking their blood, eating their livers, or gaining power by taking their {{nihongo|shirikodama|尻子玉|}}, a mythical ball said to contain the soul, which is located inside the anus.{{cite web
|url=http://tangorin.com/words/shirikodama
|title=Shirikodama
|publisher=tangorin.com
|access-date=2009-10-28
|archive-date=2009-12-03
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203150717/http://tangorin.com/words/shirikodama
|url-status=live
|title=Inexorable Modernity: Japan's Grappling with Modernity in the Arts
|first=Hiroshi|last=Nara
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMMusu0O4zAC&q=kappa+shirikodama&pg=PA33
|publisher=Lexington Books
|year=2007
|isbn=978-0-7391-1841-2
|page=33
}}
Kappa have been used to warn children of the dangers lurking in rivers and lakes, as kappa have been often said to try to lure people to water and pull them in.
Kappa are also said to victimize animals, especially horses and cows. The motif of the kappa trying to drown a horse is found all over Japan.{{harvp|Ishida|Yoshida|1950|pp=1–2, 114–115}}
Lafcadio Hearn wrote of a story in Kawachimura near Matsue where a horse-stealing kappa was captured and made to write a sworn statement vowing never to harm people again.{{cite book |last=Hearn |first=Lafcadio|author-link=Lafcadio Hearn |title=Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan |publisher=Tauchnitz |year=1910 |url=https://archive.org/details/glimpsesunfamil05heargoog |pages=[https://archive.org/details/glimpsesunfamil05heargoog/page/n308 302]–303}}{{cite book |title=Myths and Legends of Japan |first=F. Hadland|last=Davis|author-link= |url=https://archive.org/stream/mythslegendsofja00davirich#page/350/mode/2up |place=New York |year=1912 |publisher=T.Y. Crowell Co. |pages=350–351}}
In many versions the kappa is dragged by the horse to the stable where it is most vulnerable, and it is there it is forced to submit a writ of promise not to misbehave.{{sfnp|Foster|1998|p=8, 10}}
=Defeating the kappa=
File:YoshitoshiKappaControl.jpg.]]
It was believed that there were a few means of escape if one was confronted with a kappa. Kappa are obsessed with politeness, so if a person makes a deep bow, it will return the gesture. This results in the kappa spilling the water held in the "dish" (sara) on its head, rendering it unable to leave the bowing position until the plate is refilled with water from the river in which it lives. If a person refills it, the kappa will serve that person for all eternity. A similar weakness of the kappa involves its arms, which can easily be pulled from its body. If an arm is detached, the kappa will perform favors or share knowledge in exchange for its return.{{sfnp|Foster|1998|p=8}}
Another method of defeat involves shogi or sumo wrestling: a kappa sometimes challenges a human being to wrestle or engage in other tests of skill. This tendency is easily used to encourage the kappa to spill the water from its sara. One notable example of this method is the folktale of a farmer who promises his daughter's hand in marriage to a kappa in return for the creature irrigating his land. The farmer's daughter challenges the kappa to submerge several gourds in water. When the kappa fails in its task, it retreats, saving the farmer's daughter from the marriage.{{sfnp|Foster|1998|p=5}} Kappa have also been driven away by their aversion to iron, sesame, or ginger.{{harvp|Foster|1998|p=6}}, citing Ōno (1994), p. 42
=Good deeds=
Kappa are not entirely antagonistic to human beings. They can be befriended through gifts of favoured foods, or playful wrestling matches, and they like to befriend lonely children. Since the dish of water on their head is a Kappa's greatest weakness, should it spill, a human who refills it will also earn lifelong friendship.
Once befriended, kappa may perform any number of tasks for human beings, such as helping farmers irrigate their land. Sometimes, they bring fresh fish, which is regarded as a mark of good fortune for the family receiving it.{{sfnp|Foster|1998|p=8}} They are also highly knowledgeable about medicine, and legend states that they taught the art of bone-setting to human beings.{{cite web|url=http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/YoukaiCard/0160053.shtml|publisher=International Research Center for Japanese Studies|script-title=ja:怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童の教えた中風の薬|trans-title=Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai|language=ja|access-date=2010-01-13|archive-date=2009-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304022911/http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/YoukaiCard/0160053.shtml|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/YoukaiCard/C0411189-000.shtml|publisher=International Research Center for Japanese Studies|script-title=ja:怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童の秘伝接骨薬|trans-title=Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai|language=ja|access-date=2010-01-13|archive-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927230842/http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/YoukaiCard/C0411189-000.shtml|url-status=live}} There are also legends that Kappa will save human friends from drowning.
Regional variations
The kappa is among the best-known yōkai in Japan.{{Cite book| last1 = Kyōgoku | first1 = Natsuhiko | author-link1 = Natsuhiko Kyogoku | last2 = Tada | first2 = Katsumi | title = Yōkai zuka | language = ja | year = 2000 | publisher = Kokusho Kankōkai | location = Tōkyō | isbn = 978-4-336-04187-6 | pages = 147}}{{Cite book|last = Tada | first= Katsumi | script-title=ja:幻想世界の住人たち|language=ja|year=1990|publisher=新紀元社|series=Truth In Fantasy|volume=IV|isbn=978-4-915146-44-2|pages=110| title= 幻想世界の住人たち Iv 日本編 }} It is known by various names according to region and local folklore.
The best known place where it has been claimed the kappa resides is in the {{interlanguage link|Kappabuchi|ja|カッパ淵}} waters of Tōno in the Iwate Prefecture. The nearby {{interlanguage link|Jōkenji|ja|常堅寺}} In Tōno, there is a Buddhist temple that has komainu dog statues with depressions on their heads reminiscent of the water-retaining dish on the kappa's heads, said to be dedicated to the kappa which according to legend helped extinguish a fire at the temple.{{cite book|last=Naitō |first=Masatoshi |author-link=Masatoshi Naitō |script-title=ja:遠野物語の原風景 |title=Tōno monogatari no gen fūkei |trans-title=Original landscape of the Tōno monogatari |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUo0AQAAIAAJ|year=1994 |publisher=Chikuma shobo |isbn=9784480028785 }} In his Tōno Monogatari, Kunio Yanagita records a number of beliefs from the Tōno area about women being accosted and even impregnated by kappa.{{cite journal|last1=Tatsumi |first1=Takayuki |year=1998 |title=Deep North Gothic: A Comparative Cultural Reading of Kunio Yanagita's Tono Monogatari and Tetsutaro Murano's The Legend of Sayo|journal=Newsletter of the Council for the Literature of the Fantastic|volume=1|issue=5|url=http://www.uri.edu/artsci/english/clf/n5_a1.html|access-date=22 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607011127/http://www.uri.edu/artsci/english/clf/n5_a1.html|archive-date=7 June 2011}} Their offspring were said to be repulsive to behold, and were generally buried.
The kappa {{Transliteration|ja|daimyōjin}} has been venerated at the Sōgenji temple at Asakusa, Tokyo since the Bunka era (1804–1818), when the temple's legendary records say the creature helped with the public waterworks project. The temple also houses a mummified hand of an alleged kappa. The more historical fact was that a philanthropist named Kappaya Kihachi ({{lang|ja|合羽屋喜八}}) contributed to the waterworks effort and was interred at the Kappa-dō pavilion of this temple.{{sfnp|Yamaguchi|2010|p=205}}
Shrines are dedicated to the worship of kappa as water deity in such places as Aomori Prefecture or Miyagi Prefecture.{{cite web|url=http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/YoukaiCard/C0410236-000.shtml|publisher=International Research Center for Japanese Studies|script-title=ja:怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童神社|trans-title=Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai|language=ja|access-date=2010-01-14|archive-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927230849/http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/YoukaiCard/C0410236-000.shtml|url-status=live}} There were also festivals meant to placate the kappa in order to obtain a good harvest, some of which still take place today. These festivals generally took place during the two equinoxes of the year, when the kappa are said to travel from the rivers to the mountains and vice versa.{{sfnp|Foster|1998|p=9}} In Shintō, they are often considered to be an avatar ({{Transliteration|ja|keshin}} {{lang|ja|化身}}) of the Water Deity or {{Transliteration|ja|suijin}}.{{cite book|title=Japan Encyclopedia|first=Louis |last=Frédéric|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA910 |publisher=President and Fellows of Harvard College|year=2002|isbn=978-0-674-00770-3|page=910}}
Iconic uses
File:Kappa Warning Sign Fukuoka 2018-Oct-7.jpg
Even today, warning signs about the kappa appearing near bodies of water are seen in some Japanese towns and villages. However, such signs often merely serve as scary warnings to dissuade young children from playing too close to rivers, ponds, etc.
{{anchor|Cross culture lore}}Parallels
Similar folklore can be found in Asia and Europe. In Chinese and in Scandinavian lore, there is a comparable river monsters that, like the kappa, likes to draw horses into water, or demands horse as sacrifice. The Wu Yue Chunqiu ("Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue") quotes Wu Zixu{{efn|Yoshida gives as "[Wu] {{Transliteration|zh|Tzǔ-hsü|italic=no}} {{lang|zh|[伍]子胥}}" who is the famous politician invoked here, not the author of the work itself, who is Zhao Ye.}} recounting a man named Jiao Qiusu losing his horse to such a river spirit.{{efn|Yoshida gives as {{Transliteration|zh|Chao Chiu-su|italic=no}} {{lang|zh|椒丘訴}}.}}{{sfnp|Ishida|Yoshida|1950|p=19}}
The slavic waterman (vodyanoy of Russia, vodník or hastrmann of Czechia, Wassermann of Bohemian Germans, etc.), which demands horses as sacrifice (though cattle, sheep, etc. is used as well) has also been compared to the kappa.{{sfnp|Ishida|Yoshida|1950|p=73}} 318) In the folklore of the Western Slavic Wends (Sorbs), the nix "draws cows into the water each day at midday".{{harvp|Ishida|Yoshida|1950|p=73}} citing Panzer, Friedrich, (1938). "Wassergeister" Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens IX, p. 232.
In popular culture
The kappa is a popular creature of the Japanese folk imagination; its manifestations cut across genre lines, appearing in folk religion, beliefs, legends, folktales and folk metaphors.
In Japan, the character Sagojō (Sha Wujing) is conventionally depicted as a kappa: he being a comrade of the magic monkey Son Gokū (Sun Wukong) in the Chinese story Journey to the West.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013722/http://road-station.com/2014/03/does-kappa-still-have-their-occult-power/ Does Kappa still have their occult power?]}}. road-station.com (Michi-no-eiki).
Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's 1927 novella Kappa centers on a man who got lost and ended up in the land of the kappa near Mount Hotakadake.Yamanouchi, Hisaaki. The Search for Authenticity in Modern Japanese Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978. The story heavily focuses on the subject of suicide and Akutagawa killed himself the year the work was published.Peace, David. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/sep/08/featuresreviews.guardianreview13 "Last words"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826054004/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/sep/08/featuresreviews.guardianreview13 |date=2018-08-26 }}, The Guardian, 27 September 2007. Kappas are a recurring image in David Peace's novel Patient X,{{Cite book |title=Patient X: the case-book of Ryūnosuke Akutagawa |last=Peace |first=David |isbn=978-0-5255-2177-8 |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=2018 |oclc=1013525517 }} itself about the life and work of Akutagawa.
- In the anime show Inuyasha, a kappa, Sha Gojyo(Sagojō)'s descendant said to be a descendant of the legendary character from Journey of the West and together with Son Gokū's descendant, the servant of Chokyūkai to find a bride. Later, since Hakudoshi collecting the heads of other yōkai, they tracked down Hakudoshi and Kagura, that he didn't they're Naraku's incarnations, and watching as Hakudoshi to peer into the yōkai heads to catch a glimpse of the Border of the Afterlife.
- Kagome's grandfather gave her an alleged mummified foot of a kappa for her early 15th birthday, but she does not accept and gives to Buyo.
- In episode 4 of Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon, Grandpa Higurashi gifted to his great-granddaughter, Moroha, a mummified kappa's foot as a gift, which she accepts and keeps.
Kappa, and creatures based on them, are recurring characters in Japanese tokusatsu films and television shows. Examples include the kappas in the Daiei/Kadokawa series Yokai Monsters, the 2010 kaiju film Death Kappa,{{sfnp|Foster|2015|p=164}}{{cite book|last=Weinstock|first=Jeffrey Andrew|date=2016|title=The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA355|language=en|publisher=Routledge|page=355|isbn=978-1409425625}} and "King Kappa", a kaiju from the 1972 Tsuburaya Productions series Ultraman Ace.{{cite web |title=Ultraman Ace |url=https://betacapsulereviews.wordpress.com/ultraman-ace/ |website=Beta Capsule Reviews |access-date=31 July 2019 |date=26 January 2018 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731181456/https://betacapsulereviews.wordpress.com/ultraman-ace/ |url-status=live }}
These yōkai-like kami also represent Japan as a nation, featuring in advertisements for a range of products from a major brand of sake to Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi's DC Card (a credit card). In their explicitly commercial conceptions, yōkai are no longer frightening or mysterious—the DC Card Kappa, for example, is not a slimy water creature threatening to kill unsuspecting children but a cute and (almost) cuddly cartoon character.{{Cite book|last=Foster|first=Michael Dylan|title=Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Monsters and the Culture of Yokai|date=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25361-2|edition=1|jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1ppkrc.11}}
- Summer Days with Coo is a 2007 Japanese animated film about a kappa and its impact on an ordinary family, written for the screen and directed by Keiichi Hara based on two novels by Masao Kogure.{{Citation|title=Summer Days with Coo|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1179773/|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111192801/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1179773/|url-status=live}}
- It is said that the company president of Calbee liked kappa, so he wanted the name "Kappa" to be included in one of his products. That brought about Kappa Ebisen, a popular shrimp-flavored snack in Japan.{{Cite web|url=http://www.wajuku.jp/index.php/archives/6601|title=第九十九回「い組」お稽古「江戸の妖怪・化物」アダム・カバット – 和塾|language=ja|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206003724/http://www.wajuku.jp/index.php/archives/6601|url-status=dead}}
- In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, the titular Turtles accidentally activate the Time Scepter, a mystical artifact, and end up travelling back in time, to Japan of the Edo period (more specifically 1603). As a running gag, some of the villagers who interact with them feel frightened by their appearance and refer to them as the legendary "kappa" throughout the film.{{Cite web |url=https://gamerant.com/best-redeeming-things-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-3/ |title=7 Redeeming Things About Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 3 |date=18 June 2022 |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130190439/https://gamerant.com/best-redeeming-things-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-3/ |url-status=live }} Notably, the Turtles quickly befriend children in the village, and Leonardo demonstrates for them the modern medical technique of CPR to save a boy's life.
See also
{{Commons category|Kappa (folklore)}}
- Kappa, a novel by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
- Kappabashi-dori, a Tokyo street named after the kappa
- Kijimuna, a spirit creature from Okinawa
- Kuzenbo, the king of kappa in Japanese mythology
- Mintuci, a water spirit from Ainu mythology
- Neck, a shapeshifting water spirit in Germanic mythology and folklore
- {{annotated link|Siyokoy (Philippine mythology)}}
Explanatory notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
}}
;Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
- {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0520959124 |title=The Book of Yokai: Mysterious Creatures of Japanese Folklore |first=Michael Dylan |last=Foster |author-link=Michael Foster (folklorist)|publisher=University of California Press |year=2015|isbn=978-0-520-95912-5}}
- {{cite journal|first=M. D. |last=Foster |s2cid=126656337 |author-link=Michael Foster (folklorist) |title=The Metamorphosis of the Kappa: Transformation of Folklore to Folklorism in Japan |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=57 |number=1 |year=1998 |pages=1–24|doi=10.2307/1178994 |jstor=1178994 }} {{JSTOR|1178994}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Ishida |first1=Eiichirô|author-link=Ishida Eiichirō |last2=Yoshida |first2=Ken'ichi |author-link2=Ken'ichi Yoshida (literary scholar) |year= 1950|title= The Kappa Legend: A Comparative Ethnological Study on the Japanese Water-Spirit"Kappa" and Its Habit of Trying to Lure Horses into the Water|journal= Folklore Studies |volume= 9 |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/view/download/digidepo_10208282_po_1304.pdf?contentNo=1&alternativeNo= |pages= |doi=10.2307/1177401|jstor=1177401 |publisher=Nanzan University |format=pdf (21MB)}}
- {{cite book |last=Yamaguchi |first=Naoki |author-link= |chapter=Chapter 5: Kappa |script-chapter=ja:第5章: 河童 |title=Ketteiban yōkai mīra kanzen FILE |script-title=ja:決定版妖怪ミイラ完全FILE |publisher=Gakken Publishing |date=2010 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHrWDbOvVIsC&pg=PA205 |pages=188–213 |isbn=9784054044517}}
{{Refend}}
External links
- Mark Schumacher (2004). [http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/kappa.shtml Kappa – River Imp or Sprite]. Retrieved 23 March 2006.
- Garth Haslam (2000). [http://www.sonic.net/~anomaly/oniko/epaug99.htm#places Kappa Quest 2000]. Retrieved 14 December 2006.
- Kirainet (2007). For a look at Kappa in popular culture [http://www.kirainet.com/english/kappa Kirainet]. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
- [http://hyakumonogatari.com/category/kappa-stories/ Hyakumonogatari.com] Translated kappa stories from Hyakumonogatari.com
- [http://www.unknownexplorers.com/kappa.php Kappa] Unknown Explorers
- [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1678054/ Underwater Love (2011)]
- [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0425661/ The Great Yokai War (2005)]
- [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1179773/ Summer Days with Coo (2009)] Animation film featuring a Kappa as main character.
{{Japanese folklore long}}
{{Jmyth navbox long}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Mythological hematophages