:Kurobe Dam

{{More citations needed|date=April 2017}}{{Infobox dam

| name = Kurobe dam

| name_official = 黒部ダム

| image = Kurobe Dam survey.jpg

| image_caption = Orifice floodgates open

| dam_crosses = Kurobe River

| res_name = Kurobe Lake

| location = Toyama Prefecture

| dam_type = Arch, variable-radius (dome)

| operator = Kansai Electric Power Company

| dam_length = {{convert|492|m|ft|abbr=on}}

| dam_height = {{convert|186|m|ft|abbr=on}}

| dam_width_base = {{convert|39.7|m|ft|abbr=on}}

| dam_width_crest = {{convert|8.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}

| dam_volume = {{convert|1582845|m3|yd3|abbr=on}}

| spillway_type = Service, uncontrolled overflow

| spillway_capacity = {{convert|906|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}

| construction_began = {{start date and age|1956}}

| opening = {{start date and age|1963}}

| demolished =

| status = Operational

| purpose = Power, water supply

| cost = ¥51.3 billion $142.5 million (1963)

| res_capacity_total = {{convert|199285175|m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}

| res_catchment = {{convert|188.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}

| res_surface = {{convert|3.49|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}

| plant_operator = Kansai Electric Power Company (KEPCO)

| plant_turbines = 4 x Pelton-type

| plant_capacity = 335 MW

| plant_annual_gen = 1 billion kWh

| plant_type = Conventional

| plant_commission = 1961–1973

| plant_decommission =

| location_map = Japan

| location_map_caption =

| location_map_size =

| coordinates = {{coord|36|33|59|N|137|39|41|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}

| extra =

| website = http://www.kurobe-dam.com/

}}

The {{nihongo|Kurobe Dam|黒部ダム}}, or {{nihongo|Kuroyon Dam|黒四ダム}}, is a {{convert|186|m|ft|abbr=on}} high variable-radius arch dam located on the Kurobe River in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. The tallest dam in Japan, it supports the 335 MW Kurobe No. 4 Hydropower Plant and is owned by Kansai Electric Power Company. It was constructed between 1956 and 1963 at a cost of 51.3 billion yen. The project had taken the lives of 171 people by its completion.{{Cite web |title=Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route |url=https://www.alpen-route.com/en/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.alpen-route.com}}

History

File:Kurobe Dam concrete bucket.jpg

In 1951, the Kansai Electric Power Company was formed to provide electric power for the Kansai region of Japan. Shortly after their formation, the area suffered from drought, which caused power rationing. The drought, along with the rapid growth of post–World War II Japan, pushed the company to increase their generating capacity. After a series of geological and hydrological studies of the Kurobe River and Gorge, it was announced in late 1955 that the Kurobe Dam would be constructed.{{cite web|title=Milestones:Kurobe River No. 4 Hydropower Plant, 1956-63|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Kurobe_River_No._4_Hydropower_Plant,_1956-63#cite_note-refnum3-2|publisher=IEEE|accessdate=4 October 2010|archive-date=6 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306053052/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Kurobe_River_No._4_Hydropower_Plant,_1956-63#cite_note-refnum3-2|url-status=live}}

In July 1956, construction on the dam began. Problems quickly arose while transporting material to the construction site as only one small railway existed through the narrow gorge.{{cite book|last=Oka|first=Takashi|title=The New Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajcEAAAAMBAJ&q=Kurobe+Dam+1956&pg=PA22|publisher=The Rotarian|accessdate=4 October 2010|page=22|date=November 1960}} Kansai decided to construct the {{convert|5.4|km|mi}} Kanden Tunnel under Mount Akazawa that could efficiently bring supplies from Ōmachi eastward towards the construction site. The tunnel's construction proved an arduous task as a large fracture zone in the rock was encountered which took seven months to repair. In September 1959, the first concrete for the dam was placed and by October next year, the reservoir had begun to fill.

The Kurobe No. 4 power station was built completely underground to protect it from common avalanches in the gorge and also for nature conservation purposes. By January 1961, two of Kurobe No. 4's Pelton turbines had begun operation at an initial capacity of 154 MW. In August 1962, the third turbine was in operation and by June 1963, the dam was complete at a final cost of ¥ 51.3 billion ($142.5 million (1963)). In 1973, a fourth turbine was installed and became operational; bringing the power station's production capacity to 335 MW. The fourth turbine cost ¥ 1.4 billion yen ($5 million (1973)). The first two turbines were manufactured by Voith and the last two by Japan's Hitachi. The dam initiated the development of Japan's first 275kV transmission system as well which allowed the transfer of electricity over greater distances.

Specifications

File:Lake Kurobe 1-1.jpg

The Kurobe Dam is a {{convert|492|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|186|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, variable-radius (dome) arch dam. The dam is {{convert|39.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide at its base, {{convert|8.1|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide at its crest and contains {{convert|1582845|m3|yd3|abbr=on}} of concrete. The dam is flanked and supported by two "wing" dams which form the abutments; the one on the left bank is {{convert|69|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and the right is {{convert|56|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The dam withholds a reservoir with a capacity of {{convert|199285175|m3|yd3|abbr=on}} of which {{convert|148843000|m3|yd3|abbr=on}} is live (active or "useful") storage. The reservoir also has a catchment area of {{convert|188.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and surface area of {{convert|3.49|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|title=黒部ダム（くろべ）［別名］黒四ダム（くろよん） Kurobe Dam|url=http://damnet.or.jp/cgi-bin/binranA/All.cgi?db4=0848|publisher=ダム便覧 (Dam Handbook)|accessdate=4 October 2010|language=Japanese|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722121157/http://damnet.or.jp/cgi-bin/binranA/All.cgi?db4=0848|url-status=live}} The dam's spillway is located on its crest and contains 10 {{convert|11.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide uncontrolled openings with a maximum discharge capacity of {{convert|906|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}. Three other openings exist in the dam's orifice which consist of {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} diameter pipes, two of which can discharge a maximum of {{convert|88|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} each and the third {{convert|44|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}. The dam's crest elevation is {{convert|1454|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level while the reservoir's normal operating level is {{convert|1448|m|ft|abbr=on}} and low level is considered {{convert|1338|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|title=関西電力黒部川第四発電所 (Kurobe Kansaidenryoku Fourth plant)|url=http://www.suiryoku.com/gallery/toyama/kuro4/kuro4.html|publisher=Suiryoku.com|accessdate=24 January 2015|language=Japanese|archive-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701170229/http://www.suiryoku.com/gallery/toyama/kuro4/kuro4.html|url-status=live}}

The dam's power station, Kurobe No. 4, is located underground and contains four generators which are powered by Pelton turbines for a total installed capacity of 335 MW and average annual generation of 1 billion kWh.{{cite web|title=Kurobe Q & A|url=http://www.kurobe-dam.com/whatis/index.html|publisher=KurobeDam|accessdate=4 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325121930/http://www.kurobe-dam.com/whatis/index.html|archive-date=25 March 2010|url-status=dead}} The power station is {{convert|22|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide, {{convert|33|m|ft|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|117|m|ft|abbr=on}} long. The penstock serving water to the power station is {{convert|10909.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and utilizes a maximum effective hydraulic head of {{convert|545.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} while transferring a maximum of {{convert|72|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} to the turbines. The plant's surge chamber is {{convert|145.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high.

Access

File:Visitors at Kurobe Dam.jpg

The Kurobe Dam is the most popular hydropower site in Japan and, between late June and mid-October, water is released from its spillway for onlookers. The surrounding Kurobe Gorge is popular as well and is accessible by the Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route.

Starting from Toyama Station, visitors can take a combination of trains, cable cars, buses, and walking to access the dam. The whole trip from Toyama Station takes roughly four hours to complete one-way, and costs around 10,000 yen ($66.68 USD) in transportation fees.{{Cite web |last=Organization |first=Japan National Tourism |title=Kurobe Dam {{!}} Travel Japan - Japan National Tourism Organization (Official Site) |url=https://www.japan.travel/en/spot/1422/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Travel Japan |language=en-us}} Various accommodations are available in Murodo area as well as near Tateyama Station, for those too tired to make the trip back down into Toyama City.

In popular culture

The novel The Sun of Kurobe (黒部の太陽; Kurobe no Taiyō) dramatizes the construction of the dam. It was adapted into the 1968 film The Sands of Kurobe, which focuses on the perils that the construction of the dam and Kanden Tunnel entailed and other circumstances that took a high toll on human life.

The television series Project X: Chôsensha tachi (2000-2005) was also based on the dam's construction.

The final arc of the 2004 Tetsujin 28-go anime, which takes place in a fictionalized 1950s Japan, heavily involves the construction of the Kurobe Dam.

The 1961 kaiju film Mothra includes an action sequence filmed at the dam before its completion. Mothra's attack causes the dam to break.

Kurobe dam can be seen in the 1964 film Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster.

Kurobe Dam features prominently in the opening scene of the 1966 film Gamera vs. Barugon, in which Gamera attacks the facility’s hydroelectric plant to obtain energy in the form of fire. The dam itself then bursts after Gamera collides with it twice while flying away.

The 2000 action thriller Whiteout was shot in and around Kurobe Dam, renamed Okutowa Dam in the film.

The mecha anime television series Kuromukuro (2016) is mainly set in a UN research facility located around the lake.