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:Linguolabial consonant

{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}

{{Short description|Consonant produced with tongue against the upper lip}}

{{Infobox IPA

| above = Linguolabial

| ipa symbol = ◌̼

}}

Linguolabials or apicolabialsThe term apicolabial is older, but Ladefoged and Maddieson point out that often these sounds are not apical. are consonants articulated by placing the tongue tip or blade against the upper lip, which is drawn downward to meet the tongue. They represent one extreme of a coronal articulatory continuum which extends from linguolabial to subapical palatal places of articulation. Cross-linguistically, linguolabial consonants are very rare. They are found in a cluster of languages in Vanuatu, in the Kajoko dialect of Bijago in Guinea-Bissau, in Umotína (a recently extinct Bororoan language of Brazil), and as paralinguistic sounds elsewhere. They are also relatively common in disordered speech, and the diacritic is specifically provided for in the extensions to the IPA.

Linguolabial consonants are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet by adding the "seagull"{{sfnp|Olson|Reiman|Sabio|da Silva|2009|p=521}} diacritic, {{unichar|033C|COMBINING SEAGULL BELOW|ulink=Phonetic symbols in Unicode|cwith=◌|size=200%}}, to the corresponding alveolar consonant, or with the apical diacritic, {{unichar|033A|COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW|ulink=Phonetic symbols in Unicode|cwith=◌|size=200%}}, on the corresponding bilabial consonant.{{cite book |last1=Pullum |first1=Geoffrey K. |last2=Ladusaw |first2=William A. |edition=2nd |title=Phonetic Symbol Guide |year=1996 |page=256 |isbn=9780226685366}} They note that the apical diacritic was added to the IPA after the linguolabial diacritic, and would have made the latter unnecessary.

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Description

Image:Linguolabial stop.png of linguolabial stop]]

Linguolabials are produced by constricting the airflow between the tongue and the upper lip. They are attested in a number of manners of articulation including stops, nasals, and fricatives, and can be produced with the tip of the tongue (apical), blade of the tongue (laminal), or the bottom of the tongue (sublaminal).{{sfnp|Everett|1982}}{{sfnp|Maddieson|1988|p=350}} Acoustically they are more similar to alveolars than bilabials. Linguolabials can be distinguished from bilabials and alveolars acoustically by formant transitions and nasal resonances.{{sfnp|Maddieson|1988|pp=364-367}}

List of consonants

class=wikitable
colspan="2" rowspan="2" | IPA
(two transcriptions)

! rowspan="2" | Description

! colspan="4" | Example

Language

! Orthography

! IPA

! Meaning

text-align:center"|{{IPA|n̼}}

! text-align:center"|{{IPA|m̺}}

| linguolabial nasal

| Araki

| {{lang|akr|m̈ana}}

| {{IPA|[n̼ana]}}

| "laugh"{{cite book |last=François|first=Alexandre|author-link=Alexandre François (linguist)|year=2002|title=Araki: A disappearing language of Vanuatu|publisher=Australian National University|series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=522 |location=Canberra|isbn=0-85883-493-6 |url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm#02 |ref=grammar |pages=15, 270}}A. François, An online Araki-English-French dictionary. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/m%CC%88.htm#%E2%93%94m%CC%88ana entry m̈ana]Audio link: [https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0002296#S75 excerpt from a text in Araki language] (sentence s75), showcasing the form {{lang|akr|m̈ana}} (source: Pangloss archive).

{{IPA|t̼}}

! {{IPA|p̺}}

| voiceless linguolabial plosive

| Tangoa

|{{lang|tgp|p̈ep̈e}}

| {{IPA|[t̼et̼e]}}

| "butterfly"{{harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=19}}

{{IPA|d̼}}

! {{IPA|b̺}}

| voiced linguolabial plosive

| Kajoko dialect of Bijago

|

| {{IPA|[nɔ̀d̼ɔ́ːɡ]}}

| "stone"{{sfnp|Olson|Reiman|Sabio|da Silva|2009|p=523}}

{{IPA|n̼d̼}}

! {{IPA|m̺b̺}}

| prenasalized voiced linguolabial plosive

| Vao

|

| {{IPA|[nan̼d̼ak]}}

| "bow"

{{IPA|θ̼}}

! {{IPA|ɸ̺}}

| voiceless linguolabial fricative

| Big Nambas

|

| {{IPA|[ˈinɛθ̼]}}

| "he is asthmatic"

{{IPA|ð̼}}

! {{IPA|β̺}}

| voiced linguolabial fricative

| Tangoa

|{{lang|tgp|v̈atu}}

| {{IPA|[ð̼atu]}}

| "stone"

{{IPA|ɾ̼}}

! {{IPA|ⱱ̺}}

| voiced linguolabial flap

| Kajoko dialect of Bijago

|

| {{IPA|[nɔ̀ɾ̼ɔ́ːɡ]}}

| "stone"{{sfnp|Olson|Reiman|Sabio|da Silva|2009|p=523}}

text-align:center"|{{IPA|l̼}}

! text-align:center"| —

| linguolabial lateral approximant

| (common in disordered speech)

|

|

|

text-align:center"|{{IPA|ɬ̼}}

! text-align:center"| —

| voiceless linguolabial lateral fricative

| (in disordered speech)

|

|

|

text-align:center"|{{IPA|ɮ̼}}

! text-align:center"| —

| voiced linguolabial lateral fricative

| (in disordered speech)

|

|

|

text-align:center"|{{IPA|ɺ̼}}

! text-align:center"| —

| linguolabial lateral flap (uses lower lip)

| Piraha (part of allophone for /ɡ/, [ɺ͡ɺ̼])

| {{lang|myp|toogixi}}

| {{IPA|[tòːɺ͡ɺ̼ìʔì]}}

| "hoe"{{cite journal |last1=Everett |first1=Daniel Leonard |title=Phonetic rarities in Pirahã |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 1982 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=94–96 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300002498 |jstor=44526660 |s2cid=143928460 |url=https://jstor.org/stable/44526660 |access-date=27 September 2023}}

text-align:center"|{{IPA|r̼}}

! text-align:center"|{{IPA|ʙ̺}}

| linguolabial trill
(uses lower lip)

| Coatlán Zapotec

| (paralinguistic)

| {{IPA|r̼ʔ}}

| used as mimesis for a child's flatulence.{{cite web |first=Rosemary |last=Beam de Azcona |title=Sound Symbolism |url=http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf |access-date=2008-11-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623145306/http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-23 }} (similar to blowing a raspberry, but involving only upper lip)

text-align:center"|{{IPA|ǀ̼}} or {{IPA|ʇ̼}}

! text-align:center"|{{IPA|ʘ̺}}

| linguolabial click release (multiple consonants)

| Coatlán Zapotec

| (paralinguistic)

| {{IPA|kǀ̼}}

| used as mimesis for eating soup or a pig drinking water

Linguolabials as a diachronic stage in sound shifts

In Vanuatu, some of the Santo–Malekula languages have shifted historically from bilabial to alveolar consonants via an intermediate linguolabial stage, which remains in other Santo and Malekula languages.

While labials have become linguolabial before nonrounded vowels in various languages (e.g. Tangoa, Araki, Nese), the sound shift went further in languages such as Tolomako, which shifted the linguolabials to full alveolar consonants: *b > *[p] > p̈ {{IPA|[t̼]}} > t [t]; *m > m̈ {{IPA|[n̼]}} > n [n]. Thus, POc *bebe {{gloss|butterfly}} > {{IPA|[t̼et̼e]}} (spelled {{lang|tgp|p̈ep̈e}} in Tangoa or in ArakiA. François, An online Araki-English-French dictionary. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/p%CC%88.htm#%E2%93%94p%CC%88ep%CC%88e entry p̈ep̈e]) later became {{IPA|[tete]}} in Tolomako. Likewise, POc *tama {{gloss|father}} > {{IPA|[tan̼a]}} (cf. Tangoa {{lang|tgp|tam̈a}}, Araki {{lang|akr|ram̈a}}A. François, An online Araki-English-French dictionary. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/r%CC%84.htm#%E2%93%94r%CC%84am%CC%88a~ entry r̄am̈a]) > Tolomako {{IPA|[tana]}}.

See also

Notes

{{reflist}}

References

  • {{SOWL}}
  • {{cite book|last=Maddieson|first=Ian|year=1988|chapter=Linguo-labials|title=VICAL 1: Oceanic Languages: Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: Part Two|place=Auckland|publisher=Linguistic Society of New Zealand|pages=349–375|editor1-last=Harlow|editor1-first=Ray|editor2-last=Hooper|editor2-first=Robin}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Olson|first1=Kenneth|last2=Reiman|first2=D. William|last3=Sabio|first3=Fernando|last4=da Silva|first4=Filipe Alberto|year=2009|title=The voiced linguolabial plosive in Kajoko|journal=Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society|number=1|volume=45|pages=519–530|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cls/pcls/2009/00000045/00000001/art00036}}

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Category:Place of articulation

Category:Linguolabial consonants