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:List of gamma-ray bursts

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The following is a list of significant gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) listed in chronological order. GRBs are named after the date on which they were detected: the first two numbers correspond to the year, the second two numbers to the month, and the last two numbers to the day.

List

class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center"
BurstPositionRedshiftDetected byNotes
GRB 670702Vela 4First GRB detected
GRB 790305bThe first observed SGR megaflare, a specific type of short GRB.
GRB 830801Until October 2022, the brightest GRB detected (now overtaken by GRB 221009A)
GRB 970228z = 0.695Bloom 2001BeppoSAXFirst X-ray afterglow, first optical afterglow
GRB 970402RA {{RA|14|50.1}}
Dec {{Dec
69|20}}BeppoSAXFrom an X-ray source never seen before in the constellation Circinus.Antonelli
GRB 970508z = 0.835BeppoSAXFirst redshift, first radio afterglow
GRB 971214z = 3.4BATSEThe first GRB at z > 1; the most luminous of the earliest few GRBs.
GRB 980425z = 0.008Tinney 1998BATSEThe second closest GRB to date (after GRB 170817A) and the first associated with a supernova.
GRB 990123R.A. {{RA|15|25|29}}
Decl. {{DEC|44|45|30}}Odewahn 1999		z = 1.6BeppoSAXFirst burst observed simultaneously in optical and gamma-rays. Brightest observed afterglow before the launch of Swift.
GRB 991216BATSEFirst burst detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory{{cite web | url = http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/news/30dec99.html | title = The Universe Lights Up on Beethoven's Birthday | publisher = NASA Goddard Space Flight Center | date = 30 December 1999 | accessdate = 18 March 2010 }}
GRB 030329z = 0.168Caldwell 2003HETE-2The closest "classical" long GRB to Earth and the most thoroughly studied afterglow to date.
GRB 050509Bz = 0.225SwiftFirst short burst with a detected afterglow and a possible host galaxy (not unique).
GRB 050709z = 0.161Price 2005HETE-2First short burst with a detected optical counterpart.
GRB 050724z = 0.258Berger 2005SwiftFirst short burst with a detected radio, optical, and X-ray counterpart, as well as an unambiguous association with an elliptical galaxy.
GRB 060218z = 0.0331Mirabal 2006SwiftFirst GRB with an accompanying supernova which could be tracked starting immediately after the burst.
GRB 060614R.A. {{RA|21|23|27.0}}
Decl. {{DEC
53|02|02}}z = 0.125SwiftEither a long-duration burst in which the presence of a bright supernova is ruled out, or a short-duration burst with extremely long-lasting gamma-ray emission.
GRB 080319Bz = 0.937SwiftThe most (optically) luminous event of any nature observed in the universe to date. By far the brightest optical afterglow of any gamma-ray burst.
{{nowrap|GRB 080916C}}z = 4.35Greiner 2009FermiFormerly the most energetic gamma-ray burst observed.
GRB 090423R.A. {{RA|09|55|33.08}}
Decl. {{DEC|+18|08|58.9}}		z = 8.2SwiftRemains the record holder for most distant observed object in the universe with spectroscopic confirmation.{{cite journal |title=A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z~8.2 |journal=Nature |volume=461 |issue=7268 |pages=1254–1257 |bibcode=2009Natur.461.1254T |date=1 October 2009 |arxiv=0906.1577 |doi=10.1038/nature08459 |pmid=19865165 |last1=Tanvir |first1=N. R. |last2=Fox |first2=D. B. |last3=Levan |first3=A. J. |last4=Berger |first4=E. |last5=Wiersema |first5=K. |last6=Fynbo |first6=J. P. U. |last7=Cucchiara |first7=A. |last8=Kruehler |first8=T. |last9=Gehrels |first9=N. |last10=Bloom |first10=J. S. |last11=Greiner |first11=J. |last12=Evans |first12=P. |last13=Rol |first13=E. |last14=Olivares |first14=F. |last15=Hjorth |first15=J. |last16=Jakobsson |first16=P. |last17=Farihi |first17=J. |last18=Willingale |first18=R. |last19=Starling |first19=R. L. C. |last20=Cenko |first20=S. B. |last21=Perley |first21=D. |last22=Maund |first22=J. R. |last23=Duke |first23=J. |last24=Wijers |first24=R. A. M. J. |last25=Adamson |first25=A. J. |last26=Allan |first26=A. |last27=Bremer |first27=M. N. |last28=Burrows |first28=D. N. |last29=Castro Tirado |first29=A. J. |last30=Cavanagh |first30=B. |s2cid=205218350 |display-authors=29 }}Reddy 2009
GRB 101225AR.A. {{RA|00|00|47.51}}
Decl. {{DEC|+44|36|01.1}}		z = 0.33Swift28 minutes duration. Also known as the "Christmas burst".
GRB 130427AR.A. {{RA|11|32|32.84}}
Decl. {{DEC|+27|41|56.2}}		z = 0.34Swifthours duration
GRB 160625BR.A. {{RA|20|34|23.25}}
Decl. {{DEC|+06|55|10.5}}{{cite web |author=Racusin, Judith|display-authors=etal|title=GCN Circular: GRB 160625B: Fermi-LAT detection of a bright burst (and related) |url=https://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/other/160625B.gcn3 |date=26 June 2016 |work=NASA |accessdate=27 July 2017 }}		z = 1.406Fermi; LATExtremely bright burst with polarized optical light{{Cite journal |last1=Troja |first1=E. |last2=Lipunov |first2=V. M. |last3=Mundell |first3=C. G. |last4=Butler |first4=N. R. |last5=Watson |first5=A. M. |last6=Kobayashi |first6=S. |last7=Cenko |first7=S. B. |last8=Marshall |first8=F. E. |last9=Ricci |first9=R. |last10=Fruchter |first10=A. |last11=Wieringa |first11=M. H. |last12=Gorbovskoy |first12=E. S. |last13=Kornilov |first13=V. |last14=Kutyrev |first14=A. |last15=Lee |first15=W. H. |date=July 2017 |title=Significant and variable linear polarization during the prompt optical flash of GRB 160625B |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23289 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=547 |issue=7664 |pages=425–427 |doi=10.1038/nature23289 |pmid=28748924 |bibcode=2017Natur.547..425T |s2cid=205258571 |issn=1476-4687}}{{Cite journal |last=Petropoulou |first=Maria |date=September 2017 |title=Anatomy of a gamma-ray burst |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-017-0231-0 |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=1 |issue=9 |pages=567–568 |doi=10.1038/s41550-017-0231-0 |bibcode=2017NatAs...1..567P |s2cid=125241882 |issn=2397-3366}}{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=B.-B. |last2=Zhang |first2=B. |last3=Castro-Tirado |first3=A. J. |last4=Dai |first4=Z. G. |last5=Tam |first5=P.-H. T. |last6=Wang |first6=X.-Y. |last7=Hu |first7=Y.-D. |last8=Karpov |first8=S. |last9=Pozanenko |first9=A. |last10=Zhang |first10=F.-W. |last11=Mazaeva |first11=E. |last12=Minaev |first12=P. |last13=Volnova |first13=A. |last14=Oates |first14=S. |last15=Gao |first15=H. |date=January 2018 |title=Transition from fireball to Poynting-flux-dominated outflow in the three-episode GRB 160625B |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-017-0309-8 |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=69–75 |doi=10.1038/s41550-017-0309-8 |arxiv=1612.03089 |bibcode=2018NatAs...2...69Z |s2cid=119063512 |issn=2397-3366}}
GRB 170817AR.A. {{RA|12|47}}
Decl. {{DEC
39|48}}z = 0.009727FermiNeutron star collision, producing the gravitational wave named GW170817.{{cite web |last=Kienlin |first=Andreas von |title=GCN Circular; Number: 21520; GRB 170817A: Fermi GBM detection; 2017/08/17 20:00:07 GMT |url=https://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn3/21520.gcn3 |date=17 August 2017 |work=Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics |accessdate=28 August 2017 }}{{cite journal |last=Casttelvecchi |first=Davide |title=Rumours swell over new kind of gravitational-wave sighting |url=https://www.nature.com/news/rumours-swell-over-new-kind-of-gravitational-wave-sighting-1.22482 |date=25 August 2017 |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22482 |accessdate=27 August 2017 }}{{cite web |last=Drake |first=Nadia |author-link=Nadia Drake |title=Strange Stars Caught Wrinkling Spacetime? Get the Facts. |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/new-gravitational-waves-neutron-stars-ligo-space-science/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827011832/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/new-gravitational-waves-neutron-stars-ligo-space-science/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 27, 2017 |date=25 August 2017 |work=National Geographic |accessdate=27 August 2017 }} Closest GRB known to date
GRB 200826A

|

|z=0.7486

|

|A short duration gamma ray burst that lasted for 0.5 seconds.{{Cite journal |last1=Rossi |first1=A. |last2=Rothberg |first2=B. |last3=Palazzi |first3=E. |last4=Kann |first4=D. A. |last5=D’Avanzo |first5=P. |last6=Amati |first6=L. |last7=Klose |first7=S. |last8=Perego |first8=A. |last9=Pian |first9=E. |last10=Guidorzi |first10=C. |last11=Pozanenko |first11=A. S. |last12=Savaglio |first12=S. |last13=Stratta |first13=G. |last14=Agapito |first14=G. |last15=Covino |first15=S. |date=June 2022 |title=The Peculiar Short-duration GRB 200826A and Its Supernova* |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=932 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ac60a2 |issn=0004-637X|doi-access=free |arxiv=2105.03829 |bibcode=2022ApJ...932....1R |hdl=11392/2492273 |hdl-access=free }}

GRB 211211A

|

|z=0.0785

|Swift, Fermi

|First long GRB from a binary neutron star merger{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Kilonova Discovery Challenges our Understanding of Gamma-Ray Bursts |url=https://www.gemini.edu/pr/kilonova-discovery-challenges-our-understanding-gamma-ray-bursts |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=Gemini Observatory |language=en}}

GRB 221009AR.A. {{RA|19|13|03.48}}
Decl. {{DEC|19|46|24.6}}		z = 0.151SwiftOne of the closest GRB and was the most energetic and brightest GRB ever recorded, deemed the "B.O.A.T.", or Brightest Of All Time. It had 18 TeV, a record.
GRB 230307A

|

|

|Fermi

|Second only to GRB 221009A in terms of fluence.{{Cite journal |last1=Dichiara |first1=S. |last2=Tsang |first2=D. |last3=Troja |first3=E. |last4=Neill |first4=D. |last5=Norris |first5=J. P. |last6=Yang |first6=Y.-H. |date=2023 |title=A Luminous Precursor in the Extremely Bright GRB 230307A |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |language=en |volume=954 |issue=1 |pages=L29 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/acf21d |issn=2041-8205|doi-access=free |arxiv=2307.02996 |bibcode=2023ApJ...954L..29D }}

Extremes

class="wikitable" border="1"

|+ GRB Extremes

Title

! GRB

! Data

! Notes

Least distant

| GRB 170817A

| z = 0.009727

| Higher redshift than GRB 980425, but closer galaxy

Most distant with photometric redshift estimate

| GRB 090429B

| z = 9.4

|

Most distant with spectroscopic redshift estimate

| GRB 090423

| z = 8.2

|

Least Luminous

|

|

|

Most Luminous

| GRB 110918A

| z = 0.984

| Peak Luminosity (isotropic) is Liso = 4.7 × 1047 WattsIOP, "The ultraluminous GRB 110918A", http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/151/meta

Most Energetic

| GRB 221009A

| 18 TeV;{{Cite journal |last1=Sahu |first1=Sarira |last2=Medina-Carrillo |first2=B. |last3=Sánchez-Colón |first3=G. |last4=Rajpoot |first4=Subhash |date=2023-01-01 |title=Deciphering the ∼18 TeV Photons from GRB 221009A |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=942 |issue=2 |pages=L30 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/acac2f |bibcode=2023ApJ...942L..30S |issn=2041-8205|doi-access=free |arxiv=2211.04057 }}

z=0.151

|It is the most energetic gamma-ray burst ever recorded. It has been deemed to be the "B.O.A.T.", or Brightest Of All Time. It had the highest fluence and peak flux ever identified, by a large margin.{{Cite journal |last1=Burns |first1=Eric |last2=Svinkin |first2=Dmitry |last3=Fenimore |first3=Edward |last4=Kann |first4=D. Alexander |last5=Fernández |first5=José Feliciano Agüí |last6=Frederiks |first6=Dmitry |last7=Hamburg |first7=Rachel |last8=Lesage |first8=Stephen |last9=Temiraev |first9=Yuri |last10=Tsvetkova |first10=Anastasia |last11=Bissaldi |first11=Elisabetta |last12=Briggs |first12=Michael S. |last13=Dalessi |first13=Sarah |last14=Dunwoody |first14=Rachel |last15=Fletcher |first15=Cori |date=2023-03-28 |title=GRB 221009A: The BOAT |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |language=en |volume=946 |issue=1 |pages=L31 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/acc39c |issn=2041-8205|doi-access=free |arxiv=2302.14037 |bibcode=2023ApJ...946L..31B |hdl=10261/310406 |hdl-access=free }} It also holds the record for highest energy burst recorded if released isotropically, beating GRB 080916C. It may have released a photon at 251 TeV.{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=TeV photons challenge standard explanations |url=https://cerncourier.com/a/tev-photons-challenge-standard-explanations/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=CERN Courier |language=en-GB}}

Longest duration

| GRB 111209A

| Duration = at least 7 hours

|

Shortest duration

| GRB 820405

| Duration = 12 ms

|

Most distant naked-eye brightness GRB

| GRB 080319B

| Apparent magnitude: 5.3
z=0.937

|{{cite journal | doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/691/1/723 | bibcode = 2009ApJ...691..723B | volume=691 | year=2009 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | pages=723–737 | last1 = Bloom | first1 = J. S.| title = Observations of the Naked-Eye GRB 080319B: Implications of Nature's Brightest Explosion | issue = 1 | arxiv = 0803.3215 | doi-access=free }}

Firsts

class="wikitable" border="1"

|+ GRB Firsts

Title

! GRB

! Date

! Data

! Notes

First GRB detected

| GRB 670702

| 1967 July 2

|

| {{cite web |url= http://img-srv.dtcbuilder.com/engine/builder/images/2/6/1/5/5/0/file/8.pdf |title= The Incredible Gamma Ray Burst of 2008 |access-date= 2009-11-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120222144728/http://img-srv.dtcbuilder.com/engine/builder/images/2/6/1/5/5/0/file/8.pdf |archive-date= 2012-02-22 |url-status= dead }} {{small|(922 KB)}}, T. Dockweiler, Science Newsletter - June 2008 . Retrieved 2009 11 11.

First GRB identified

| GRB 781104

| 1978 November 4

|

| Venera-11, Venera-12, Prognoz-7, ISEE-3, Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Vela

First long duration GRB discovered

|

|

|

|

First short duration GRB discovered

|

|

|

|

First hard spectrum GRB discovered

|

|

|

|

First soft spectrum GRB discovered

|

|

|

|

First GRB whose distance was determined

| GRB 970508

|

| z=0.835

| The ING Newsletter, [http://www.ing.iac.es/PR/newsletter/news2/gamma.html "Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: Surprises from the Sky"], P. Vreeswijk, N. Tanvir, T. Galama, No. 2 - March 2000 (accessed 2009/11/11)

First GRB discovered with a radio afterglow

| GRB 970508

|

|

|

First GRB discovered with an optical afterglow

| GRB 970228

| February 28, 1997 02:58 UTC

|

|

First GRB discovered with an X-ray afterglow

| GRB 780506

|

|

| {{cite journal | doi = 10.1086/305815 | arxiv = astro-ph/9802055 | volume=501 | title=The X-Ray Characteristics of a Classical Gamma-Ray Burst and Its Afterglow | year=1998 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | pages=307–324 | last1 = Connors | first1 = A.|author1-link=Alanna Connors| issue = 1 | bibcode = 1998ApJ...501..307C | s2cid = 7865166 }}

First Short GRB discovered with millimeter afterglow{{Cite journal |last1=Laskar |first1=Tanmoy |last2=Escorial |first2=Alicia Rouco |last3=Schroeder |first3=Genevieve |last4=Fong |first4=Wen-fai |last5=Berger |first5=Edo |last6=Veres |first6=Péter |last7=Bhandari |first7=Shivani |last8=Rastinejad |first8=Jillian |last9=Kilpatrick |first9=Charles D. |last10=Tohuvavohu |first10=Aaron |last11=Margutti |first11=Raffaella |last12=Alexander |first12=Kate D. |last13=DeLaunay |first13=James |last14=Kennea |first14=Jamie A. |last15=Nugent |first15=Anya |date=2022-08-01 |title=The First Short GRB Millimeter Afterglow: The Wide-angled Jet of the Extremely Energetic SGRB 211106A |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=935 |issue=1 |pages=L11 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac8421 |arxiv=2205.03419 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ApJ...935L..11L }}

|GRB 211106A

|2021 November 6 04:37:31.2 UT{{Cite web |title=Gamma-ray Burst 211106A |url=https://www.mpe.mpg.de/~jcg/grb211106A.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=www.mpe.mpg.de}}

|0.7{{Cite journal |last1=Laskar |first1=Tanmoy |last2=Escorial |first2=Alicia Rouco |last3=Schroeder |first3=Genevieve |last4=Fong |first4=Wen-fai |last5=Berger |first5=Edo |last6=Veres |first6=Péter |last7=Bhandari |first7=Shivani |last8=Rastinejad |first8=Jillian |last9=Kilpatrick |first9=Charles D. |last10=Tohuvavohu |first10=Aaron |last11=Margutti |first11=Raffaella |last12=Alexander |first12=Kate D. |last13=DeLaunay |first13=James |last14=Kennea |first14=Jamie A. |last15=Nugent |first15=Anya |date=2022-08-01 |title=The First Short GRB Millimeter Afterglow: The Wide-angled Jet of the Extremely Energetic SGRB 211106A |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=935 |issue=1 |pages=L11 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac8421 |arxiv=2205.03419 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ApJ...935L..11L }}

|One of the widest and most energetic SGRB jets known to date. Associated with a neutron star merger.{{Cite journal |last1=Laskar |first1=Tanmoy |last2=Escorial |first2=Alicia Rouco |last3=Schroeder |first3=Genevieve |last4=Fong |first4=Wen-fai |last5=Berger |first5=Edo |last6=Veres |first6=Péter |last7=Bhandari |first7=Shivani |last8=Rastinejad |first8=Jillian |last9=Kilpatrick |first9=Charles D. |last10=Tohuvavohu |first10=Aaron |last11=Margutti |first11=Raffaella |last12=Alexander |first12=Kate D. |last13=DeLaunay |first13=James |last14=Kennea |first14=Jamie A. |last15=Nugent |first15=Anya |date=2022-08-01 |title=The First Short GRB Millimeter Afterglow: The Wide-angled Jet of the Extremely Energetic SGRB 211106A |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=935 |issue=1 |pages=L11 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac8421 |arxiv=2205.03419 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ApJ...935L..11L }}{{Cite web |title=Out With a Bang: Explosive Neutron Star Merger Captured for the First Time in Millimeter Light |url=https://public.nrao.edu/news/neutron-star-merger-millimeter-alma/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=National Radio Astronomy Observatory |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Explosive neutron star merger captured for first time in millimeter light |url=https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2022/08/explosive-neutron-star-merger-captured-for-first-time-in-millimeter-light/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=news.northwestern.edu |language=en}}

First GRB linked to a supernova

| GRB 980425

| 25 April 1998 21:49 UTC

| SN 1998bw

| GRB 030329 definitively linked SNe with GRBs, being associated with the hypernova SN 2003dhSpaceDaily, [http://www.spacedaily.com/news/gamma-03f.html "Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae Conclusively Linked"], Jun 22, 2003 . Retrieved 2009 11 November.

First GRB of naked-eye brightness

| GRB 080319B

| 2008 March 19 06:12 UTC

| Apparent magnitude: 5.7

| The first GRB bright enough to be visible to amateur astronomers with low powered scopes was GRB 990123 at magnitude 9

First GRB with associated Gravitational wave detection

| GRB 170817A

| 2017 August 17

| GW170817

|

First GRB with tera-electron volt radiation from inverse Compton emission.{{cite news |author=University of Johannesburg |author-link=University of Johannesburg |date=22 November 2019 |title=Caught in afterglow: 1st detection of Inverse Compton emission from dying gamma-ray burst |work=EurekAlert! |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/uoj-cia112219.php |accessdate=23 November 2019}}

| GRB 190114C

| 2019 January 14 20:57:03 UT{{cite news |last=Palmer |first=David |date=14 January 2019 |title=GRB 190114C: Swift detection of a very bright burst with a bright optical counterpart |work=Goddard Space Flight Center |url=https://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn/gcn3/23688.gcn3 |accessdate=20 November 2019}}

| z=0.4245;{{cite news |author=Staff |date=2019 |title=GRB 190114C |work=University of Chicago |url=http://tevcat.uchicago.edu/?mode=1;id=324 |accessdate=24 November 2019}}
magnitude=15.60est

| "light detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed: 1 Tera electron volt (TeV) -- about one trillion times as much energy per photon as visible light"; "the brightest light ever seen from Earth [to date]";{{cite news |last=Wood |first=Tom |date=22 November 2019 |title=Scientists Detect Biggest Explosion In The Universe Since The Big Bang |work=LADbible |url=https://www.ladbible.com/news/technology-scientists-detect-biggest-explosion-in-the-universe-since-the-big-bang-20191122 |accessdate=23 November 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525124140/https://www.ladbible.com/news/technology-scientists-detect-biggest-explosion-in-the-universe-since-the-big-bang-20191122 |url-status=dead }} "this detection is considered a milestone in high-energy astrophysics".{{cite press release |author=ESA/Hubble Information Centre |title=Hubble studies gamma-ray burst with the highest energy ever seen |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/eic-hsg112019.php |date=20 November 2019 |work=EurekAlert! |accessdate=20 November 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525124142/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/eic-hsg112019.php |url-status=dead }} Its light energy was then overtaken by GRB 190829A with 3.3 TeV{{Cite journal |last1=H.E.S.S. Collaboration |last2=Abdalla |first2=H. |last3=Aharonian |first3=F. |last4=Ait Benkhali |first4=F. |last5=Angüner |first5=E. O. |last6=Arcaro |first6=C. |last7=Armand |first7=C. |last8=Armstrong |first8=T. |last9=Ashkar |first9=H. |last10=Backes |first10=M. |last11=Baghmanyan |first11=V. |last12=Barbosa Martins |first12=V. |last13=Barnacka |first13=A. |last14=Barnard |first14=M. |last15=Becherini |first15=Y. |date=2021-06-04 |title=Revealing x-ray and gamma ray temporal and spectral similarities in the GRB 190829A afterglow |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe8560 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=372 |issue=6546 |pages=1081–1085 |arxiv=2106.02510 |bibcode=2021Sci...372.1081H |doi=10.1126/science.abe8560 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=34083487 |s2cid=235324608}}{{cite web |date=30 June 2021 |title=Brighter Than a Billion Billion Suns: Gamma-Ray Bursts Continue to Surprise |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/brighter-than-a-billion-billion-suns-gamma-ray-bursts-continue-to-surprise-20210630/ |website=Quanta Magazine |vauthors=O'CALLAGHAN J}} and then GRB 221009A with 18 TeV.{{Cite journal |last1=Sahu |first1=Sarira |last2=Medina-Carrillo |first2=B. |last3=Sánchez-Colón |first3=G. |last4=Rajpoot |first4=Subhash |date=2023 |title=Deciphering the ~18 TeV Photons from GRB 221009A |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=942 |issue=L30 |pages=L30 |arxiv=2211.04057 |bibcode=2023ApJ...942L..30S |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/acac2f |s2cid=253397820 |doi-access=free}}{{cite news |last=O'Callaghan |first=Jonathan |date=26 October 2022 |title=Brightest-Ever Space Explosion Could Help Explain Dark Matter |language=en |work=Quanta Magazine |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/brightest-ever-space-explosion-could-help-explain-dark-matter-20221026/ |access-date=27 October 2022}}

Most distant GRB

class="wikitable" border="1"

|+ GRBs z>6

GRB

! Distance

! Notes

GRB 090429B

| z=9.4

| Space Daily, [http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Explosion_Helps_Researcher_Spot_Universe_Most_Distant_Object_999.html Explosion Helps Researcher Spot Universe's Most Distant Object], 27 May 2011 (photometric redshift)

GRB 090423

| z=8.2

|

GRB 080913

| z=6.7

|

GRB 060116

| z=6.60

| The high foreground extinction for this event makes this photometric redshift estimate very uncertain.http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn/gcn3/4602.gcn3 {{Bare URL plain text|date=March 2022}}

GRB 140515A

| z=6.33

| {{Cite arXiv |eprint = 1405.7400|last1 = Tanvir|first1 = N. R.|title = GRB 140515A at z=6.33: Constraints on the End of Reionization from a Gamma-ray Burst in a Low Hydrogen Column Density Environment|last2 = Fox|first2 = D. B.|last3 = Levan|first3 = A. J.|last4 = Berger|first4 = E.|last5 = Wiersema|first5 = K.|last6 = Fynbo|first6 = J. P. U.|last7 = Cucchiara|first7 = A.|last8 = Kruehler|first8 = T.|last9 = Gehrels|first9 = N.|last10 = Bloom|first10 = J. S.|last11 = Greiner|first11 = J.|last12 = Evans|first12 = P.|last13 = Rol|first13 = E.|last14 = Olivares|first14 = F.|last15 = Hjorth|first15 = J.|last16 = Jakobsson|first16 = P.|last17 = Farihi|first17 = J.|last18 = Willingale|first18 = R.|last19 = Starling|first19 = R. L. C.|last20 = Cenko|first20 = S. B.|last21 = Perley|first21 = D.|last22 = Maund|first22 = J. R.|last23 = Duke|first23 = J.|last24 = Wijers|first24 = R. A. M. J.|last25 = Adamson|first25 = A. J.|last26 = Allan|first26 = A.|last27 = Bremer|first27 = M. N.|last28 = Burrows|first28 = D. N.|last29 = Castro Tirado|first29 = A. J.|last30 = Cavanagh|first30 = B.|display-authors = 29|class = astro-ph.CO|year = 2014}}

GRB 050904

| z=6.295

|

colspan=3 |

GRBs z>6 are used to explore the reionization era

class="wikitable" border="1"

|+ Most Distant GRB Titleholders

GRB

! Date

! Distance

! Notes

GRB 090429B

| May 2011 —

| z=9.4

| The GRB was observed in 2009, however its distance was not announced until 2011.

GRB 090423

| April 2009 — May 2011

| z=8.2

| This was the first GRB to become the most distant object in the universe.New Scientist, [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17035-most-distant-object-in-the-universe-spotted.html "Most distant object in the universe spotted"], Rachel Courtland, 22:32 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009-11-11.

GRB 080913

| September 2008 — April 2009

| z=6.7

| New Scientist, [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14775-cosmic-explosion-is-most-distant-ever-seen.html "Cosmic explosion is most distant ever seen"], Maggie McKee, 01:22 20 September 2008 (accessed 11/11/2009)

GRB 050904

| September 2005 — September 2008

| z=6.29

| New Scientist, [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7989-blazing-gammaray-burst-is-most-distant-ever.html "Blazing gamma-ray burst is most distant ever"], Jeff Hecht, 11:47 13 September 2005 . Retrieved 2009 November 11.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature04552 | pmid = 16525465 | volume=440 | title=A photometric redshift of z {{=}} 6.39 +/- 0.12 for GRB 050904 | date=March 2006 | journal=Nature | pages=181–3 | last1 = Haislip | first1 = JB | last2 = Nysewander | first2 = MC | last3 = Reichart | first3 = DE | issue = 7081 | arxiv = astro-ph/0509660 | display-authors = etal| doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006Natur.440..181H }}

GRB 000131

| January 2000 — September 2005

| z=4.50

| ESA, [http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=24887 "Yet another record: Ulysses detects most distant gamma-ray burst"], 19 Oct 2000 . Retrieved 11 November 2009.{{cite book | doi = 10.1007/10853853_34 | bibcode = 2001grba.conf..133A | chapter=Hunting Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Lyman-Forest; GRB 000131 at z = 4.50 Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla and Paranal, Chile (ESO Programmes 64.H-0573, 64.H-0580, 64.O-0187, and 64.H-0313) | year = 2001 | pages = 133–135 | last1 = Andersen | first1 = Michael I.| title = Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era | series = ESO Astrophysics Symposia | isbn = 978-3-540-42771-1 }}

GRB 971214

| December 1997 — January 2000

| z=3.42

|

GRB 970508

| May 1997 — December 1997

| z=0.835

| First GRB with its distance determined

Notes

{{reflist|group=Note}}

=Footnotes=

{{reflist|group=Ref}}

References

{{refbegin}}

  • {{cite web

|author=Antonelli LA, Fiore F

|title=BeppoSAX follow-up observations of the region of the Gamma-ray burst GRB 970402

|url=http://www.asdc.asi.it/bepposax/first/grb970402.html

|ref=Antonelli

|access-date=2010-04-13

|archive-date=2016-05-14

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514233935/http://www.asdc.asi.it/bepposax/first/grb970402.html

|url-status=dead

}}

  • {{cite journal

|author=Caldwell N

|display-authors=etal

|date=2003

|title=GRB 030329, optical spectroscopy

|journal=GCN Circulars

|volume=2053

|url=http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn3/2053.gcn3

|page=1

|bibcode=2003GCN..2053....1C

|ref=Caldwell

}}

  • {{cite journal

|author=Mirabal N, Halpern JP

|date=2006

|title=GRB 060218: MDM Redshift

|journal=GCN Circulars

|volume=4792

|url=http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn/gcn3/4792.gcn3

|page=1

|ref=Mirabal

|bibcode=2006GCN..4792....1M

}}

  • {{cite journal

|author=Odewahn SC

|display-authors=etal

|date=1999

|title=GRB 990123

|journal=GCN Circulars

|volume=7094

|pages=1

|bibcode=1999IAUC.7094....1O

|ref=Odewahn}}

  • {{cite journal

|author=Bloom JS

|display-authors=etal

|date=2001

|title=The Redshift and the Ordinary Host Galaxy of GRB 970228

|journal=Astrophysical Journal

|volume=554 |issue=2 |pages=678–683

|bibcode=2001ApJ...554..678B

|doi=10.1086/321398

|arxiv = astro-ph/0007244 |s2cid=16648604

|ref=Bloom}}

  • {{cite journal

|author=Greiner J

|display-authors=etal

|date=2009

|title=The redshift and afterglow of the extremely energetic gamma-ray burst GRB 080916C

|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics

|volume=498

|issue=1 |pages=89–94

|bibcode=2009A&A...498...89G

|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200811571

|arxiv = 0902.0761 |s2cid=6758498

|ref=Greiner}}

  • {{cite web

|author=Reddy F

|date=28 April 2009

|title=New Gamma-Ray Burst Smashes Cosmic Distance Record

|publisher=NASA

|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/swift/bursts/cosmic_record.html

|accessdate=2009-05-04

|ref=Reddy

}}

  • {{cite book

|author=Schilling G

|date=2002

|title=Flash! The hunt for the biggest explosions in the universe

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=0-521-80053-6

|ref=Schilling

|url-access=registration

|url=https://archive.org/details/flashhuntforbigg0000schi

}}

  • {{cite web

|author=Tinney C

|display-authors=etal

|date=1998

|title=IAU Circular 6896: IAUC 6896: GRB 980425; V4334 Sgr

|url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06800/06896.html

|publisher=IAU: Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams

|accessdate=2011-07-05

|ref=Tinney

}}

  • {{cite journal

|author=Price PA

|display-authors=etal

|date=2005

|title=GRB 050709: Spectroscopy

|journal=GCN Circulars

|volume=3605

|url=http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn3/3605.gcn3

|page=1

|ref=GCN3605

|bibcode=2005GCN..3605....1P

}}

  • {{cite journal

|author=Berger E

|display-authors=etal

|date=2005

|title=The afterglow and elliptical host galaxy of the short γ-ray burst GRB 050724

|journal=Nature

|pmid=16355217

|volume=438

|issue=7070 |pages=988–90

|doi=10.1038/nature04238

|arxiv = astro-ph/0508115 |bibcode = 2005Natur.438..988B |s2cid=4414546

|ref=Berger}}

{{refend}}

=Citations=

{{reflist}}

See also

External links

  • [http://www.mpe.mpg.de/~jcg/grbgen.html Jochen Greiner's afterglow table]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090320145636/http://lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov/~sholland/grb/2009.html Stephen Holland's afterglow table]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20140213123235/http://lyra.berkeley.edu/grbox/grbox.php GRBOX - Gamma-Ray Burst Online Index]
  • [http://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/swift/archive/grb_table.html/ Official Swift GRB Table]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090511215646/http://www.batse.msfc.nasa.gov/batse/grb/catalog/ Official BATSE GRB Table]

*