:Marble

File:Marbleboot.jpg, a lakeside pavilion in the Summer Palace in Beijing, China]]

File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg is clad entirely in marble]]

The word "marble" derives from the Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|μάρμαρον}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|mármaron}}),{{cite web|url=https://www.imperialstonegroup.com/ancient-origins-of-marble|title= From Μάρμαρον to Marble: The Ancient Greek Origins of a Timeless Material| website= imperialstonegroup.com }} from {{lang|grc|μάρμαρος}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|mármaros}}), "crystalline rock, shining stone",[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dma%2Frmaros μάρμαρος] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020231927/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ma/rmaros |date=2021-10-20 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library[https://archive.today/20120720021233/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/marble?view=uk Marble, Compact Oxford English Dictionary]. Askoxford.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30. perhaps from the verb {{lang|grc|μαρμαίρω}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|marmaírō}}), "to flash, sparkle, gleam";[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmarmai%2Frw μαρμαίρω] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020231925/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=marmai/rw |date=2021-10-20 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library R. S. P. Beekes has suggested that a "Pre-Greek origin is probable".R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 907.

This stem is also the ancestor of the English word "marmoreal", meaning "marble-like."{{Cite web|title=Definition of MARMOREAL|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/marmoreal|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024005612/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/marmoreal|url-status=live}} While the English term "marble" resembles the French {{lang|fr|marbre}}, most other European languages (with words like "marmoreal") more closely resemble the original Ancient Greek.{{cite web |title=Definition of MARBLE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/marble |website=www.merriam-webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=26 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026233400/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/marble |url-status=live }}

File:Catedraldemarmol.JPG, Chile|210x210px]]Marble is a rock resulting from metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks, most commonly limestone or dolomite. Metamorphism causes variable re-crystallization of the original carbonate mineral grains. The resulting marble rock is typically composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystals. Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the original carbonate rock (protolith) have typically been modified or destroyed.

Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of a very pure (silicate-poor) limestone or dolomite protolith. The characteristic swirls and veins of many colored marble varieties, sometimes called striations, are usually due to various mineral impurities such as clay, silt, sand, iron oxides, or chert which were originally present as grains or layers in the limestone. Green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolomite with silica impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by the intense pressure and heat of the metamorphism.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Acids react with the calcium carbonate in marble, producing carbonic acid (which decomposes quickly to CO₂ and H₂O) and other soluble salts :{{Cite web |title=Environmental degradation of marble |url=http://www.whatischemistry.unina.it/en/martmarmo.html |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=What is Chemistry? |publisher=University Federico II of Naples, Italy |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105094636/http://www.whatischemistry.unina.it/en/martmarmo.html |url-status=live }}

:CaCO₃(s) + 2H⁺(aq) → Ca²⁺(aq) + CO₂(g) + H₂O (l)

Outdoor marble statues, gravestones, or other marble structures are damaged by acid rain whether by carbonation, sulfation or the formation of "black-crust" (accumulation of calcium sulphate, nitrates and carbon particles). Vinegar and other acidic solutions should be avoided in the cleaning of marble products.

Crystallization refers to a method of imparting a glossy, more durable finish on to a marble floor (CaCO₃). It involves polishing the surface with an acidic solution and a steel wool pad on a flooring machine. The chemical reaction below shows a typical process using magnesium fluorosilicate (MgSiF₆) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) taking place.

:CaCO₃(s) + MgSiF₆(l) + 2HCl (l) → MgCl₂(s) + CaSiF₆(s) + CO₂(g) + H₂O(l)

The resulting calcium hexafluorosilicate (CaSiF₆) is bonded to the surface of the marble. This is harder, more glossy and stain resistant compared to the original surface.

The other often used method of finishing marble is to polish with oxalic acid (H₂C₂O₄), an organic acid. The resulting reaction is as follows:

:CaCO₃(s) + H₂C₂O₄(l) → CaC₂O₄(s) + CO₂(g) + H₂O(l)

In this case the calcium oxalate (CaC₂O₄) formed in the reaction is washed away with the slurry, leaving a surface that has not been chemically changed.{{cite web |title=Crystallization vs. Oxalic Acid Polishing |url=https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/790119O/crystallization-vs-oxalic-acid-polishing.pdf |publisher=3M |access-date=2021-09-01 |archive-date=2021-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901231013/https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/790119O/crystallization-vs-oxalic-acid-polishing.pdf |url-status=live }}

The haloalkaliphilic methylotrophic bacterium Methylophaga murata was isolated from deteriorating marble in the Kremlin.{{cite journal |author1=Doronina NV |author2=Li TsD |author3=Ivanova EG |author4=Trotsenko IuA. |date=2005 |title=Methylophaga murata sp. nov.: a haloalkaliphilic aerobic methylotroph from deteriorating marble |journal=Mikrobiologiia |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=511–9 |pmid=16211855}} Bacterial and fungal degradation was detected in four samples of marble from Milan Cathedral; black Cladosporium attacked dried acrylic resin{{cite journal |author1=Cappitelli F |author2=Principi P |author3=Pedrazzani R |author4=Toniolo L |author5=Sorlini C |year=2007 |title=Bacterial and fungal deterioration of the Milan Cathedral marble treated with protective synthetic resins |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=385 |issue=1–3 |pages=172–81 |bibcode=2007ScTEn.385..172C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.06.022 |pmid=17658586}} using melanin.{{cite journal |author1=Cappitelli F |author2=Nosanchuk JD |author3=Casadevall A |author4=Toniolo L |author5=Brusetti L |author6=Florio S |author7=Principi P |author8=Borin S |author9=Sorlini C |date=Jan 2007 |title=Synthetic consolidants attacked by melanin-producing fungi: case study of the biodeterioration of Milan (Italy) cathedral marble treated with acrylics |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=271–7 |bibcode=2007ApEnM..73..271C |doi=10.1128/AEM.02220-06 |pmc=1797126 |pmid=17071788}}

{{Main|List of types of marble}}

File:Ephesus Celsus Library Façade.jpg in Ephesus, Turkey. Turkey is the largest marble exporter in the world.]]

File:Marble wall of Ruskeala.jpg, Republic of Karelia, Russia]]

File:Blue calcitic marble, Valentine Mine, Lewis County NY.jpg from the Precambrian period in New York State, United States]]

Marble is a rock composed of calcium and magnesium carbonate, mostly white and pink. Common marble varieties are granular limestone or dolomite. The hardness of marble is very high, because the internal structure of the rock is very uniform after long-term natural aging, and the internal stress disappears, so the marble will not be deformed due to temperature, and has strong wear resistance. It is a popular building material.

The following table is a summary of the features of marble.{{Cite web |title=Geology – rocks and minerals |url=https://rocksminerals.flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks/marble.html |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=rocksminerals.flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz |archive-date=2023-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324054521/https://rocksminerals.flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks/marble.html |url-status=live }}

File:Romblon island 089col.jpg, Philippines]]

File:Lincoln statue, Lincoln Memorial.jpg sculpted by Daniel Chester French from Georgia Marble in 1920]]

White marble has been prized for its use in sculptures{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7zKJOYkW0GsC|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7zKJOYkW0GsC/page/n411 371]|quote=white marble prized for use to make sculptures.|title=PROCEEDINGS 4th International Congress on "Science and Technology for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean Basin" VOL. I|publisher=Angelo Ferrari|isbn=9788896680315|language=en}} since classical times. This preference has to do with its softness, which made it easier to carve, relative isotropy and homogeneity, and a relative resistance to shattering. Also, the low index of refraction of calcite allows light to penetrate 12.7 to 38 millimeters into the stone before being scattered out, resulting in the characteristic waxy look which brings a lifelike luster to marble sculptures of any kind, which is why many sculptors preferred and still prefer marble for sculpting the human form."Marble", Britannica Online Encyclopaedia. Britannica.com.; Clarke, Michael, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms, p.148, 2001, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|9780192800435}}

Construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine that is capable of taking a polish.Marble Institute of America pp. 223 Glossary More generally in construction, specifically the dimension stone trade, the term marble is used for any crystalline calcitic rock (and some non-calcitic rocks) useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone, that geologists call the Holston Formation.

Ashgabat, the capital city of Turkmenistan, was recorded in the 2013 Guinness Book of Records as having the world's highest concentration of white marble buildings.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/26/turkmenistan-world-record-white-marble-buildings |title=Turkmenistan enters record books for having the most white marble buildings | World news |work=theguardian.com |date=2013-05-26 |access-date=2013-11-24 |location=London |archive-date=2013-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716094612/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/may/26/turkmenistan-world-record-white-marble-buildings |url-status=live }}

File:Karibib Marble (2018).jpg{{See also|Quarrying}}

File:Marble quarry, near Jaipur, India.jpg, India]]

File:Romblon Marble plant workers.jpg, Philippines]]

The extraction of marble is performed by quarrying. Blocks are favoured for most purposes, and can be created through various techniques, including drilling and blasting, water jet and wedge methods.{{Cite journal |last1=Rathore |first1=S. S. |last2=Bhandari |first2=S. |date=2006-03-30 |title=Controlled Fracture Growth by Blasting While Protecting Damages to Remaining Rock |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-005-0080-5 |journal=Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=317–326 |doi=10.1007/s00603-005-0080-5 |s2cid=55998785 |issn=0723-2632}} Limestones are often commercially and historically referred to as marble, which differs from the geological definition.

Marble production was dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half of world production of marble and decorative stone. China and Italy were the world leaders, each representing 34% and 19% of world production respectively, followed by India and Spain produced 16% and 13% respectively.[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Country-wise-production-of-stones-in-percentages_fig3_338196136 Country wise production of stones in percentages]

In 2018 Turkey was the world leader in marble export, with 42% share in global marble trade, followed by Italy with 18% and Greece with 10%. The largest importer of marble in 2018 was China with a 64% market share, followed by India with 11% and Italy with 5%.{{Cite web |last=Comtrade |title=Comtrade Explorer - Snapshot HS 2515 (Marble, travertine, ecaussine and other stone) |url=https://comtrade.un.org/db/ce/ceSnapshot.aspx?px=H2&cc=2515 |access-date=31 January 2020 |website=United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023011533/https://comtrade.un.org/db/help/ureadMeFirst.aspx?returnPath=%2Fdb%2Fce%2FceSnapshot.aspx%3Fpx%3DH2&cc=2515 |url-status=live }}

White marbles throughout the Mediterranean basin were widely utilized during the Roman period. Extraction centers were unevenly distributed across the Italian Peninsula, mainland Greece, the Aegean Islands, Asia Minor, and smaller hubs like those in the Iberian Peninsula. The need for extensive trade arose due to this imbalance, leading to the widespread exchange of marble objects, including building elements, sculptures, and sarcophagi. There was a significant increase in the distribution of white marble from the late 1st century BC to the end of the 2nd century AD. A gradual decline in distribution started in the third century AD.{{Cite journal |last=Taelman |first=Devi |date=2022 |title=Marble trade in the Roman Mediterranean: a quantitative and diachronic study |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/marble-trade-in-the-roman-mediterranean-a-quantitative-and-diachronic-study/21E133772DD873D63D03040C7CCE5D3F |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=848–875 |doi=10.1017/S1047759422000447 |issn=1047-7594 |hdl=1854/LU-01GSF6YKQ2WTX6Y0SGZYHD1KVB |s2cid=256220068 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2024-01-26 |archive-date=2024-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127023800/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/marble-trade-in-the-roman-mediterranean-a-quantitative-and-diachronic-study/21E133772DD873D63D03040C7CCE5D3F |url-status=live }}

According to the United States Geological Survey, U.S. domestic marble production in 2006 was 46,400 tons valued at about $18.1 million, compared to 72,300 tons valued at $18.9 million in 2005. Crushed marble production (for aggregate and industrial uses) in 2006 was 11.8 million tons valued at $116 million, of which 6.5 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. For comparison, 2005 crushed marble production was 7.76 million tons valued at $58.7 million, of which 4.8 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. U.S. dimension marble demand is about 1.3 million tons. The DSAN World Demand for (finished) Marble Index has shown a growth of 12% annually for the 2000–2006 period, compared to 10.5% annually for the 2000–2005 period. The largest dimension marble application is tile.

The stone and marble industry is one of the largest industries in Palestine, contributing 20-25% of its total industrial revenues, generating USD $400–$450 million in revenue annually. The industry employs 15,000–20,000 workers across the West Bank across 1200–1700 facilities, and amounts to 4.5% of the nation's GDP. The vast majority of the industry's exports are to Israel.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Marble in the geologic sense does not naturally outcrop in Palestine, and the vast majority of commercially labeled marble produced in Palestine produced would be geologically considered limestone.{{Cite journal |last=Salem |first=Hilmi S. |date=2021-02-02 |title=Evaluation of the Stone and Marble Industry in Palestine: environmental, geological, health, socioeconomic, cultural, and legal perspectives, in view of sustainable development|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |volume=28 |issue=22 |pages=28058–28080 |doi=10.1007/s11356-021-12526-4 |pmid=33528771 |pmc=7851506 |bibcode=2021ESPR...2828058S |issn=0944-1344}}

Particulate air pollution exposure has been found to be elevated in the marble production industry. Exposure to the dust produced by cutting marble could impair lung function or cause lung disease in workers, such as silicosis. Skin and eye problems are also a potential hazard. Mitigations such as dust filters, or dust suppression are suggested, but more research needs to be carried out on the efficacy of safety measures.Foja, A.F. (1993) [http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PH9410698 Marble industry: its socioeconomic, environmental and health effects among marble worker/producer households in Romblon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428075000/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PH9410698 |date=2016-04-28 }}. Philippines University Thesis. fao.org

In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for marble exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m³ total exposure and 5 mg/m³ respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m³ total exposure and 5 mg/m³ respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.{{Cite web|title = CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Marble|url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0382.html|website = www.cdc.gov|access-date = 2015-11-27|archive-date = 2017-05-11|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170511065345/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0382.html|url-status = live}}{{Non sequitur|date=March 2023}}

Dust, debris and temperature fluctuations from working marble can endanger the eye health of employees.{{Cite journal |last1=Khorshed |first1=Enjy A. E. |last2=El-Naggar |first2=Safaa A. |last3=El-Gohary |first3=Samia S. |last4=Awad |first4=Ahmed M. B. |last5=Ahmed |first5=Amani S. |date=2022 |title=Occupational ocular health problems among marble workers at Shaq El Tho'ban industrial area in Egypt |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=29 |issue=25 |pages=37445–37457 |doi=10.1007/s11356-021-18410-5 |issn=0944-1344 |pmc=9106598 |pmid=35066853|bibcode=2022ESPR...2937445K }} For the staff involved in marble processing, it is necessary to provide eye protection equipment, and it is recommended to improve the education of all workers on occupational health risks and strengthen preventive measures.

File:Jadwiga CP.jpg's sarcophagus by Antoni Madeyski, Wawel Cathedral, Kraków]]

As the favorite medium for Greek and Roman sculptors and architects (see classical sculpture), marble has become a cultural symbol of tradition and refined taste. Its extremely varied and colorful patterns make it a favorite decorative material.{{Cite web |last=Granite |first=Arch City |date=2016-01-25 |title=The History of Marble Stone And Why It's so Popular For Countertops |url=https://www.archcitygranite.com/the-history-of-marble-stone-and-why-its-so-popular-for-countertops/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Arch City Granite & Marble |archive-date=2023-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162236/https://www.archcitygranite.com/the-history-of-marble-stone-and-why-its-so-popular-for-countertops/ |url-status=live }}

Places named after the stone include Marblehead, Massachusetts; Marblehead, Ohio; Marble Arch, London; the Sea of Marmara; India's Marble Rocks; and the towns of Marble, Minnesota; Marble, Colorado; Marble Falls, Texas, and Marble Hill, Manhattan, New York. The Elgin Marbles are marble sculptures from the Parthenon in Athens that are on display in the British Museum.{{Cite web |title=Cities named Marble. How many places are named Marble? |url=https://geotargit.com/called.php?qcity=Marble |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=geotargit.com |archive-date=2023-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162714/https://geotargit.com/called.php?qcity=Marble |url-status=live }}

File:Aliveri marble waste (1).jpg.]]

Total world quarrying production in 2019 was approximately 316 million tonnes; however, quarrying waste accounted for 53% of this total production. In the process of marble mining and processing, around half of the excavated material will be waste, this is often then used as chips for flooring or wall finish, and uses for which high-calcium limestone is suitable.

Marble sludge waste can be used as a mineral filler in water-based paints.{{Cite journal |last1=Marras |first1=Graziella |last2=Carcangiu |first2=Gianfranco |last3=Meloni |first3=Paola |last4=Careddu |first4=Nicola |date=2022 |title=Circular economy in marble industry: From stone scraps to sustainable water-based paints |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061822004573 |journal=Construction and Building Materials |language=en |volume=325 |pages=126768 |doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126768 |s2cid=246736434 |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025348/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061822004573 |url-status=live }} Using ground calcium carbonate as a filler in paint production can improve the brightness, hiding power and application performance of paint, and can also replace expensive pigments such as titanium dioxide. Recycling of marble waste leads to a large amount of waste not being land-filled, reducing environmental pollution, thereby realizing the sustainability of marble. Converting waste to generate economic income and restore degraded soil can improve the environment.

The nature of marble is soft and porous, so it is easily stained by colored liquids and scratches easily. Maintenance and cleaning is particularly important.{{Cite web |title=How to Clean Marble |url=https://www.bhg.com/homekeeping/house-cleaning/surface/how-to-clean-marble/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Better Homes & Gardens |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324065940/https://www.bhg.com/homekeeping/house-cleaning/surface/how-to-clean-marble/ |url-status=live }}

• Prevent sand and dust from contacting the marble surface.
• Avoid corroding marble surfaces with alcohol, color and acidic liquids.

• As a floor material, marble is easy to scratch. You can first use a vacuum cleaner to suck away the grit and dust on the marble floor, and then use a steam cleaner to remove other dirt.{{Cite web |title=How to Clean Marble |url=https://www.thisoldhouse.com/cleaning/reviews/how-to-clean-marble |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=This Old House |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324065946/https://www.thisoldhouse.com/cleaning/reviews/how-to-clean-marble |url-status=live }}
• A mild, pH-neutral, non-abrasive soap should be used for cleaning marble surfaces. Wipe with a soft foam cotton or rag.

File:Nike of Samothrake Louvre Ma2369 n4.jpg|The Nike of Samothrace is made of Parian marble ({{Circa|220–190 BC}})

File:Laocoön and his sons group.jpg|Laocoön and His Sons in the Vatican

File:Treasury Gate, Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, Turkey 001.jpg|Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul

File:Lens - Inauguration du Louvre-Lens le 4 décembre 2012, la Galerie du Temps, n° 058.JPG|The Praetorians Relief, made from grey veined marble, {{circa|51–52}} AD

File:Imgp7544.jpg|Ancient marble columns in the prayer hall of the Mosque of Uqba, in Kairouan, Tunisia

File:Cleopatra by William Wetmore Story 03.jpg|Cleopatra by William Wetmore Story was described and admired in Nathaniel Hawthorne's romance The Marble Faun, and is on display at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

File:Per Hasselberg Näckrosen Rottneros Park.jpg|Näckrosen (Water Lily), Stockholm 1892, by Swedish sculptor Per Hasselberg (1850–1894). Here a copy from 1953 in marble by Giovanni Ardini (Italy) placed in Rottneros Park near Sunne in Värmland/Sweden.

File:Pažaislis Monastery interior 1, Kaunas, Lithuania - Diliff.jpg|Pažaislis Monastery complex has the most marble-decorated Baroque church of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

File:Petropolis-Cathedral1.jpg|The tombs of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and other members of the Brazilian imperial family, made from Carrara marble in the Cathedral of Petrópolis, Brazil

File:Flickr - USCapitol - Car of History Clock (1).jpg|Carlo Franzoni's life-size sculptural marble chariot clock, the Car of History, depicting Clio, the Greek muse of history (National Statuary Hall, U.S. Capitol Building).

• Grand Antique marble
• Marble sculpture
• Marmorino
• Naxian marble
• Carrara marble
• Paper marbling
• Pietra dura, inlaying with marble and other stones
• Ruin marble, marble that contains light and dark patterns, giving the impression of a ruined cityscape
• Scagliola, imitating marble with plasterwork
• Verd antique, sometimes (erroneously) called "serpentine marble", and often confused with Connemara marble

{{reflist}}

{{Commons|Marble}}

{{EB1911 Poster|Marble}}

• [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_dimension/ Dimension Stone Statistics and Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223080218/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_dimension/ |date=2009-12-23 }} – United States Geological Survey minerals information for dimension stone
• [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/cstonmyb05.pdf USGS 2005 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Crushed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926092030/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/cstonmyb05.pdf |date=2007-09-26 }}
• [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_dimension/dstonmyb05.pdf USGS 2005 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Dimension] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810030937/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_dimension/dstonmyb05.pdf |date=2007-08-10 }}
• [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/myb1-2006-stonc.pdf USGS 2006 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Crushed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227212344/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/myb1-2006-stonc.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }}
• [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_dimension/myb1-2006-stond.pdf USGS 2006 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Dimension] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227212341/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_dimension/myb1-2006-stond.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }}
• [http://www.marble-institute.com/ Marble Institute of America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053836/http://www.marble-institute.com/ |date=2011-09-02 }}

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Category:Sculpture materials

Category:Metasedimentary rocks

Category:Limestone

Category:Stone (material)

Category:Symbols of Alabama