:Phytophotodermatitis

File:Phytophotodermatitis-Severe-Case.jpg

A reaction typically begins within 24 hours of exposure and peaks at 48–72 hours after exposure.{{cite web |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1119566-overview |title=Phytophotodermatitis |last1=Baugh |first1=William P |date=September 8, 2016 |website=Medscape |access-date=August 9, 2018 }} Initially, the skin turns red and starts to itch and burn. Large blisters (or bullae) form within 48 hours.{{cite journal |last1=Solis |first1=R. R. |last2=Dotson |first2=D. A. |last3=Trizna |first3=Z. |title=Phytophotodermatitis: a sometimes difficult diagnosis |journal=Archives of Family Medicine |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=1195–6 |year=2000 |pmid=11115230 |doi=10.1001/archfami.9.10.1195 }} The blisters may leave black, brown, or purplish scars that can last for several years. This hyperpigmentation of the skin is caused by the production of melanin triggered by the furanocoumarins.

Although media reports have suggested that eye exposure to the agent can lead to temporary or permanent blindness, the risk of permanent blindness is not supported by existing research.{{cite web |url=https://dr6j45jk9xcmk.cloudfront.net/documents/3244/giant-hogweed-fact-sheet.pdf |title=Giant Hogweed |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Government of Ontario |location=Peterborough, Ont. |access-date=July 15, 2018 |page=2}}

Phytophotodermatitis can affect people of any age. In children, it has sometimes been mistaken for child abuse.{{cite journal |last1=Barradell |first1=R. |last2=Addo |first2=A. |last3=McDonagh |first3=A. J. G. |last4=Cork |first4=M. J. |last5=Wales |first5=J. K. H. |title=Phytophotodermatitis mimicking child abuse |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=152 |issue=4 |pages=291–2 |date=April 1993 |pmid=8482273 |doi=10.1007/BF01956735 |s2cid=11778627 }}

Plants associated with phytophotodermatitis mainly come from four plant families:{{cite journal |last1=Kavli |first1=G. |last2=Volden |first2=G. |title=Phytophotodermatitis |journal=Photo-Dermatology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=65–75 |date=April 1984 |pmid=6397734 }} the carrot family (Apiaceae), the citrus family (Rutaceae), the mulberry family (Moraceae), and the legume family (Fabaceae).

The carrot family Apiaceae (or Umbelliferae) is the main family of plants associated with phytophotodermatitis. Of all the plant species that have been reported to induce phytophotodermatitis, approximately half belong to the family Apiaceae.{{cite journal |last1=Pathak |first1=M. A. |last2=Daniels Jr. |first2=Farrington |last3=Fitzpatrick |first3=T. B. |title=The Presently Known Distribution of Furocoumarins (Psoralens) in Plants |journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology |date=September 1962 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=225–239 |doi=10.1038/jid.1962.106 |pmid=13941836 |doi-access=free }}

False bishop's weed (Ammi majus), the world's major source of the linear furanocoumarin xanthotoxin, has been used since antiquity to treat vitiligo but accidental or inappropriate use of this plant can lead to phytophotodermatitis.{{cite journal |last1=Alouani |first1=I. |last2=Fihmi |first2=N. |last3=Zizi |first3=N. |last4=Dikhaye |first4=S. |title=Phytophotodermatitis following the use of Ammi Majus Linn (Bishop's weed) for vitiligo |journal=Our Dermatol. Online |date=2018 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.7241/ourd.20181.29 |doi-access=free }} Despite this danger, A. majus continues to be cultivated for its furanocoumarins,{{cite web |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ammi+majus |title=Plants For A Future: Ammi majus}} which are still used for the treatment of skin disease.

Numerous species in the family Apiaceae are cultivated as food products, some of which exhibit phototoxic effects. In particular, celery, parsnip, and parsley have been reported to cause phytophotodermatitis among agricultural workers, grocery workers, and other occupational food handlers.{{cite journal |last1=Birmingham |first1=D. J. |last2=Key |first2=M. M. |last3=Tublich |first3=G. E. |last4=Perone |first4=V. B. |title=Phototoxic bullae among celery harvesters |journal=Arch Dermatol |date=1961 |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=73–87 |doi=10.1001/archderm.1961.01580070079008 }} Cited in McGovern and Barkley 2000, section [http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot5.htm Phytophotodermatitis].{{cite journal |author1=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |title=Phytophotodermatitis among grocery workers--Ohio |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=11–3 |date=January 1985 |pmid=3155560 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/00000464.htm }}{{cite journal |last1=Berkley |first1=S. F. |last2=Hightower |first2=A. W. |last3=Beier |first3=R. C. |last4=Fleming |first4=D. W. |last5=Brokopp |first5=C. D. |last6=Ivie |first6=G. W. |last7=Broome |first7=C. V. |title=Dermatitis in grocery workers associated with high natural concentrations of furanocoumarins in celery |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=351–5 |date=September 1986 |pmid=2943201 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-105-3-351}}{{cite journal |last1=Aberer |first1=W. |title=Occupational dermatitis from organically grown parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=62 |date=January 1992 |pmid=1534739 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb00880.x |s2cid=31255626 }}{{cite book |last1=Lovell |first1=C. R. |title=Plants and the skin |date=1993 |publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications |location=Oxford |edition=1st }} Cited in McGovern and Barkley 2000, section [http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot5.htm Phytophotodermatitis].{{cite journal |last1=Lutchman |first1=L. |last2=Inyang |first2=V. |last3=Hodgkinson |first3=D. |title=Phytophotodermatitis associated with parsnip picking |journal=Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=453–4 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10572825 |pmc=1343418 |doi=10.1136/emj.16.6.453 }}{{citation overkill|date=July 2022}}

A number of phototoxic plant species in the carrot family have become invasive species, including wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa){{cite journal |url=https://weedecology.css.cornell.edu/pubs/published%202007%20wt21-01-279-287.pdf |last1=Averill |first1=Kristine M. |last2=Di'Tommaso |first2=Antonio |title=Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa): A troublesome species of increasing concern |journal=Weed Technology |year=2007 |volume=21 |pages=279–287 |doi=10.1614/WT-05-186.1 |s2cid=86774319 }}{{cite journal |last1=Cain |first1=N. |last2=Darbyshire |first2=S. J. |last3=Francis |first3=A. |last4=Nurse |first4=R. E. |last5=Simard |first5=M.-J. |title=The Biology of Canadian weeds. 144. Pastinaca sativa L. |journal=Can. J. Plant Sci. |year=2010 |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=217–240 |doi=10.4141/CJPS09110 |doi-access= }} and the tall hogweeds of the genus Heracleum,{{cite book |isbn=87-7903-209-5 |url=https://static-curis.ku.dk/portal/files/20497522/kaempe_bjorneklo_eng.pdf |title=The giant hogweed best practice manual: guidelines for the management and control of invasive weeds in Europe |last1=Booy |first1=O. |last2=Cock |first2=M. |last3=Eckstein |first3=L. |last4=Hansen |first4=S. O. |last5=Hattendorf |first5=J. |last6=Hüls |first6=J. |last7=Jahodová |first7=S. |last8=Krinke |first8=L. |last9=Marovoková |first9=L. |last10=Müllerová |first10=J. |last11=Nentwig |first11=W. |last12=Nielsen |first12=C. |last13=Otte |first13=A. |last14=Pergl |first14=J. |last15=Perglová |first15=I. |last16=Priekule |first16=I. |last17=Pusek |first17=P. |last18=Ravn |first18=H. P. |last19=Thiele |first19=J. |last20=Trybush |first20=S. |last21=Wittenberg |first21=R. |date=2005 |publisher=Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet |access-date=September 1, 2018 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/OIPC_BMP_Hogweed.pdf |title=Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): Best Management Practices in Ontario |last1=MacDonald |first1=F. |last2=Anderson |first2=H. |date=May 2012 |publisher=Ontario Invasive Plant Council, Peterborough, ON |access-date=September 1, 2018 }} namely, Persian hogweed (Heracleum persicum), Sosnowsky's hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi), and giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum). In particular, the public health risks of giant hogweed are well known.{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72556.html |title=Health Hazards & Safety Instructions for Giant Hogweed (with graphic photos) |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=September 3, 2018}}

Other plant species in the family Apiaceae that are associated with phytophotodermatitis include blister bush (Notobubon galbanum), cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris), wild carrot (Daucus carota), various species of the genus Angelica (e.g., Korean angelica Angelica gigas), and most (if not all) species of the genus Heracleum (esp. the tall invasive hogweeds and the cow parsnips, Heracleum sphondylium and Heracleum maximum).

The citrus family Rutaceae is the second most widely distributed family of plants associated with phytophotodermatitis.

File:Effet de la rue officinale.jpg

Numerous citrus fruits in the family Rutaceae exhibit phototoxic effects. Of these, perhaps the best known is lime.{{cite journal |last1=Gross |first1=T. P. |last2=Ratner |first2=L. |last3=de Rodriguez |first3=O. |last4=Farrel |first4=K. P. |last5=Israel |first5=E. |title=An outbreak of phototoxic dermatitis due to limes |journal=American Journal of Epidemiology |volume=125 |issue=3 |pages=509–14 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3812457 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114557}}{{cite journal |last1=Kung |first1=A. C. |last2=Stephens |first2=M. B. |last3=Darling |first3=T. |title=Phytophotodermatitis: bulla formation and hyperpigmentation during spring break |journal=Military Medicine |volume=174 |issue=6 |pages=657–61 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19585784 |url=https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article-pdf/174/6/657/21615087/milmed-d-01-7208.pdf |doi=10.7205/milmed-d-01-7208|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Hankinson |first1=Andrew |last2=Lloyd |first2=Benjamin |last3=Alweis |first3=Richard |title=Lime-induced phytophotodermatitis |journal=Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=25090 |year=2014 |pmid=25317269 |pmc=4185147 | doi = 10.3402/jchimp.v4.25090 }} Phytophotodermatitis associated with limes is sometimes colloquially referred to as "lime disease,"{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuhefGsVS9I |title=Lime Disease: How a Fruity Drink Can Give You a Rash |date=July 24, 2017 |publisher=SciShow |access-date=November 5, 2018}}{{cite journal |last1=Weber |first1=Ian C. |last2=Davis |first2=Charles P. |last3=Greeson |first3=David M. |title=Phytophotodermatitis: the other "lime" disease |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=235–7 |year=1999 |pmid=10195477 |doi=10.1016/S0736-4679(98)00159-0 }} not to be confused with Lyme disease.

In the family Rutaceae, the most severe reactions are caused by the essential oil of the bergamot orange (Citrus bergamia).{{cite journal |last1=Kaddu |first1=S. |last2=Kerl |first2=H. |last3=Wolf |first3=P. |title=Accidental bullous phototoxic reactions to bergamot aromatherapy oil |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol |date=2001 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=458–461 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2001.116226 |pmid=11511848 }} Cited in [https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/citrus2013slr_final%20for%20posting.pdf CIR 2013]. Bergamot essential oil has a higher concentration of bergapten (3000–3600 mg/kg) than any other citrus-based essential oil, even lime oil, which contains 1700–3300 mg/kg of bergapten.{{cite web |work=The German Research Foundation (DFG) |url=https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_im_profil/reden_stellungnahmen/2006/sklm_furocoumarine_en_2006.pdf |title=Toxicological Assessment of Furocoumarins in Foodstuffs |publisher=DFG Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) |date=2004 |access-date=November 1, 2018}}

Other plant species in the family Rutaceae that are associated with phytophotodermatitis include burning bush (Dictamnus albus),{{cite journal |last1=Schempp |first1=C. M. |last2=Sonntag |first2=M. |last3=Schöpf |first3=E. |last4=Simon |first4=J. C. |title=Dermatitis bullosa striata pratensis caused by Dictamnus albus L. (burning bush) |journal=Hautarzt |date=September 1996 |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=708–710 |pmid=8999028 |language=German |doi=10.1007/s001050050494|s2cid=23601334 }} common rue (Ruta graveolens),{{cite journal |last1=Wessner |first1=D. |last2=Hofmann |first2=H. |last3=Ring |first3=J. |title=Phytophotodermatitis due to Ruta graveolens applied as protection against evil spells |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=232 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10515113 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06145.x |s2cid=45280728 }}{{cite journal |last1=Furniss |first1=Dominic |last2=Adams |first2=Titus |title=Herb of grace: an unusual cause of phytophotodermatitis mimicking burn injury |journal=Journal of Burn Care & Research |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=767–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17667834 |doi=10.1097/BCR.0B013E318148CB82 }}{{cite journal |last1=Eickhorst |first1=Kimberly |last2=Deleo |first2=Vincent |last3=Csaposs |first3=Joan |title=Rue the herb: Ruta graveolens--associated phytophototoxicity |journal=Dermatitis |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=52–5 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17303046 |doi=10.2310/6620.2007.06033 }}{{cite journal |last1=Arias-Santiago |first1=S. A. |last2=Fernández-Pugnaire |first2=M. A. |last3=Almazán-Fernández |first3=F. M. |last4=Serrano-Falcón |first4=C. |last5=Serrano-Ortega |first5=S. |title=Phytophotodermatitis due to Ruta graveolens prescribed for fibromyalgia |journal=Rheumatology |volume=48 |issue=11 |pages=1401 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19671699 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kep234 |doi-access=free }} and other plants in the genus Ruta.

The mulberry family Moraceae is often associated with phytophotodermatitis. Multiple species in the genus Ficus are known to exhibit phototoxic effects. Of these, the common fig (Ficus carica) is well known and thoroughly documented.

Like Ammi majus in the family Apiaceae, the common fig has been used since antiquity to treat vitiligo but the milky sap of fig leaves can cause phytophotodermatitis if used accidentally or inappropriately.{{cite journal |last1=Bollero |first1=D. |last2=Stella |first2=M. |last3=Rivolin |first3=A. |last4=Cassano |first4=P. |last5=Risso |first5=D. |last6=Vanzetti |first6=M. |title=Fig leaf tanning lotion and sun-related burns: case reports |journal=Burns |date=November 2001 |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=777–779 |doi=10.1016/S0305-4179(01)00033-X |pmid=11600261 }}{{cite journal |last1=Derraik |first1=J. G. |last2=Rademaker |first2=M. |title=Phytophotodermatitis caused by contact with a fig tree (Ficus carica) |journal=N Z Med J |date=2007 |volume=120 |issue=1261 |page=U2720 |pmid=17867224 }}{{cite journal |last1=Polat |first1=Muhterem |last2=Öztaş |first2=Pınar |last3=Dikilitaş |first3=Meltem Cik |last4=Allı |first4=Nuran |title=Phytophotodermatitis due to Ficus carica |journal=Dermatol Online J |date=December 2008 |volume=14 |issue=12 |page=9 |doi=10.5070/D3046507Z8 |pmid=19265622 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/046507z8 }}{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Ruzhi |last2=Zhu |first2=Wenyuan |title=Phytophotodermatitis due to Chinese herbal medicine decoction |journal=Indian J Dermatol |date=2011 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=329–331 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.82498 |pmid=21772602 |pmc=3132918 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Sforza |first1=Marcos |last2=Andjelkov |first2=Katarina |last3=Zaccheddu |first3=Renato |title=Severe burn on 81% of body surface after sun tanning |journal=Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery |date=July 2013 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=383–384 |doi=10.5505/tjtes.2013.44522 |pmid=23884685 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Son |first1=J. H. |last2=Jin |first2=H. |last3=You |first3=H. S. |last4=Shim |first4=W. H. |last5=Kim |first5=J. M. |last6=Kim |first6=G. W. |last7=Kim |first7=H. S. |last8=Ko |first8=H. C. |last9=Kim |first9=M. B. |last10=Kim |first10=B. S. |title=Five Cases of Phytophotodermatitis Caused by Fig Leaves and Relevant Literature Review |journal=Annals of Dermatology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=86–90 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28223753 |pmc=5318534 |doi=10.5021/ad.2017.29.1.86 }} A literature search revealed 19 cases of fig leaf-induced phytophotodermatitis reported between 1984 and 2012. In Brazil, several hospitals reported more than 50 cases of fig leaf-induced burn in one summer. In most cases, patients reportedly used the leaves of the fig plant for folk remedies, tanning, or gardening.

Other plant species in the family Moraceae that are associated with phytophotodermatitis include Ficus pumila{{cite journal |last1=English |first1=P. B. |last2=Grey |first2=L. P. |title=Sap dermatitis and conjunctivitis caused by the wild fig (Ficus pumila) |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |date=June 1943 |volume=1 |issue=26 |pages=578–579 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.1943.tb44690.x }} Cited in Mitchell and Rook 1979.{{cite journal |last1=Rademaker |first1=M. |last2=Derraik |first2=J. G. |title=Phytophotodermatitis caused by Ficus pumila |journal=Contact Dermatitis |date=July 2012 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=53–56 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02026.x |pmid=22681467 |s2cid=39421000 }} and Brosimum gaudichaudii.{{cite journal |last1=Martins |first1=José Eduardo Costa |last2=Pozetti |first2=Gilberto L. |last3=Sodré |first3=Mariana |title=Effects of psoralen and bergapten on irradiated skin |journal=Int J Dermatol |date=1974 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=124–128 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-4362.1974.tb01781.x |pmid=4836605 |s2cid=33210327 }} Like Ficus carica, the South American species Brosimum gaudichaudii has been shown to contain both psoralen and bergapten.

The first and best line of defense against phytophotodermatitis is to avoid contact with phototoxic substances in the first place:

• Avoid contact with the plant family Apiaceae, citrus fruits, and other biological agents known to have phototoxic effects. Do not incinerate phototoxic plants and agents since this will serve to disperse the phototoxic substances more widely.{{cite web |url=https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/sun-related-skin-condition-triggered-by-chemicals-in-certain-plants-fruits/ |title=Sun-related Skin Condition Triggered by Chemicals in Certain Plants, Fruits |last1=Davis |first1=Dawn |date=August 12, 2011 |website=Dermatology, Mayo Clinic |access-date=August 8, 2018 }}
• In outdoor situations where contact with phototoxic plants is likely, wear long trousers and a long-sleeve shirt. Wear gloves and protective eyewear before handling such plants.
• If protective clothing is not available, apply sunscreen to exposed areas. This will provide some measure of protection if contact is made.
• After an outdoor activity, take a shower or a bath as soon as possible. Wash your clothing and then wash your hands after handling the dirty clothes.

A second line of defense is to avoid sunlight, so as not to activate a phototoxic substance:

• If you come in contact with a phototoxic substance, immediately wash the affected area with soap and cold water, and avoid any further exposure to sunlight for at least 48 hours. Heat and moisture can worsen the skin reaction, which is why cold water is required.
• Stay indoors, if possible. Be sure to avoid light shining through windows.
• If staying indoors is not an option, cover the affected area with sun protective clothing.
• In lieu of sun-protective clothing, apply sunscreen{{cite web |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319001.php |title=Phytophotodermatitis: When plants and light affect the skin |last1=Leonard |first1=Jayne |date=August 19, 2017 |website=Medical News Today |access-date=August 8, 2018 }} to the affected areas after washing.

Phytophotodermatitis is triggered by long wavelength ultraviolet light (called UVA) in the range of 320–380 nanometers, so the best sun-protective clothing and sunscreen products will block these wavelengths of UVA radiation.

In 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established a "broad spectrum" test for determining a sunscreen product's UVA protection.{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines/ucm258468.htm |title=FDA announces new requirements for over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen products marketed in the U.S. |date=June 11, 2011 |website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |access-date=August 9, 2018}} Sunscreen products that pass the test are allowed to be labeled as "Broad Spectrum" sunscreens, which protect against both UVA and UVB rays.

There is no equivalent test or FDA-approved labeling for sun-protective clothing. Some clothing is labeled with an Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) but test results from Consumer Reports{{cite web |url=https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/05/testing-sun-protective-clothing/index.htm |title=Testing sun protective clothing |date=August 11, 2015 |website=Consumer Reports |access-date=August 9, 2018}} suggest that UPF is an unreliable indicator of UV protection.

Many different topical and oral medications may be used to treat the inflammatory reaction of phytophotodermatitis. A dermatologist may also prescribe a whitening cream to help treat the hyperpigmentation and return the skin pigmentation back to normal. If the patient does not receive treatment, the affected sites may develop permanent hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation.

The photosensitizing effects of plants have been known since antiquity. In Egypt around 2000 B.C., the juice of Ammi majus "was rubbed on patches of vitiligo after which patients were encouraged to lie in the sun." In A.D. 50, the Greek physician Dioscorides observed that pigment would return to patches of vitiligo if "cataplasmed with the leaves or the boughes of the Black Figge,"{{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=John |last2=Rook |first2=Arthur |title=Botanical Dermatology: Plants and Plant Products Injurious to the Skin |date=1979 |publisher=Greengrass |location=Vancouver | isbn = 978-0-88978-047-7}} Cited in McGovern and Barkley 2000, section [http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot5.htm Phytophotodermatitis]. an apparent reference to Ficus carica, the common fig. These ancient practices acknowledged the hyperpigmentation effects now known to accompany phytophotodermatitis.

One of the earliest reports of plant-based dermatitis was given by Chaumton in 1815, who noted that the outer rind and root of cow parsnip (a common name for any Heracleum species of plant) contained an acrid sap sufficiently strong to inflame and ulcerate the skin.Chaumton, FP (1815). Flore Med Paris. 2: 32. Cited by Mitchell and Rook (1979), p. 692. Similarly in 1887 Sornevin reported that Heracleum sphondylium caused dermatitis. However, neither of these early reports recognized the crucial role of ultraviolet radiation.

"Berloque dermatitis" (from the French word "berloque" meaning trinket or charm) is a term coined by Rosenthal in 1925 to describe the pendant-like streaks of pigmentation observed on the neck, face, and arms of patients.{{cite journal |last1=Rosenthal |first1=O. |title=Berloque dermatitis: Berliner Dermatologische |journal=Dermatologische Zeitschrift |date=1925 |volume=42 |page=295 |doi=10.1159/000250611}} Cited in Alikhan 2016. He was unaware that, in 1916, Freund had correctly observed that these pigmentation effects were due to sun exposure after the use of Eau de Cologne, a perfume infused with bergamot oil.{{cite journal |last1=Freund |first1=E. |title=Uber bisher noch nicht beschriebene kunstliche Hautverfarbungen |journal=Dermatol Wochenschrift |date=1916 |volume=63 |pages=931–933 }} Cited in McGovern and Barkley 2000, section [http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot5.htm Phytophotodermatitis]. It is now known that bergamot oil contains a significant amount of bergapten, a linear furanocoumarin that gets its name from the bergamot orange.

In 1937, dermatitis from Heracleum mantegazzianum was reported by Miescher and Burckhardt who suspected the possibility of light sensitization.{{cite journal |last1=Miescher |first1=G. |last2=Burckhardt |first2=W. |title=Herakleum Dermatitis: Case Presentation |journal=Schweizer Medizinische Wochenschriff |date=1937 |volume=67 |page=82 }} Cited by Mitchell and Rook (1979), p. 696. A few years later, Kuske confirmed this hypothesis.{{cite journal |last1=Kuske |first1=H. |title=Experimental investigations on photodermatitis caused by plant juices |journal=Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis |volume=178 |page=273 }} Cited by Mitchell and Rook (1979), p. 696.{{cite journal |last1=Kuske |first1=H. |title= Perkutane Photosensibilisierung durch pflanzliche Wirkstoffe|journal= Dermatology|volume=82 |issue=5–6 |page=273 |doi=10.1159/000253838|year=1940 }} Cited by Mitchell and Rook (1979), p. 696. In 1942, Klaber introduced the term "phytophotodermatitis" to emphasize that both plants and light were required to affect a reaction.{{cite journal |last1=Klaber |first1=R. |title=Phytophotodermatitis |journal=Br. J. Dermatol. |date=1942 |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=193–211 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.1942.tb10682.x|s2cid=209143689 }} Cited by McGovern and Barkley, section [http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot5.htm Phytophotodermatitis].{{cite journal |last1=de Almeida Junior |first1=Hiram Larangeira |last2=Sartori |first2=Débora Sarzi |last3=Jorge |first3=Valéria Magalhães |last4=Rocha |first4=Nara Moreira |last5=de Castro |first5=Luis Antonio Suita |title=Phytophotodermatitis: A Review of Its Clinical and Pathogenic Aspects |journal=Journal of Dermatological Research |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=51–56 |doi=10.17554/j.issn.2413-8223.2016.01.15|doi-access=free }}

Darrell Wilkinson, a British dermatologist, gave an accurate description of the clinical entity in the 1950s.{{Cite web |url=http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/6188 |title=Munks Roll Details for Peter Edward Darrell Sheldon Wilkinson |website=munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk |access-date=2017-11-10}}{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=Munks Roll Details for Peter Edward Darrell Sheldon Wilkinson |url=http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/6188 |access-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063155/http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/6188 |archive-date=2013-05-30 }} In 1961, Efremov reported 357 cases of phytophotodermatitis from Heracleum dulce (sweet cow parsnip). He "noted the requirement for sunlight in evoking the dermatitis since inunction of the juice of the plant without exposure to sunlight was harmless."{{cite journal |last1=Efremov |first1=A. I. |title=The Photodermatitis caused by Sweet Cow Parsnip (Heracleum dulce) |journal=Vestn. Derm. Vener. |language=Russian |volume=4 |page=64 }} Cited by Mitchell and Rook (1979), p. 693. Between 1962 and 1976, numerous reports of phytophotodermatitis from giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) were reported. By 1980, the photosensitizing effects of various plant species had become well known (as evidenced by the comprehensive work of Mitchell and Rook{{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=John |last2=Rook |first2=Arthur |title=Botanical Dermatology: Plants and Plant Products Injurious to the Skin |date=1979 |publisher=Greengrass |location=Vancouver | isbn = 978-0-88978-047-7 }}).

• List of cutaneous conditions
• Photodermatitis
• Psoralen
• Photosensitivity in humans
• Stinging plant, plants with fragile silica hairs that inject venoms

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{{Radiation-related disorders}}

Category:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors