:Punch (magazine)
{{Short description|British weekly satirical magazine, 1841–2002}}
{{about|the British magazine|other publications|Punch (disambiguation)#Periodicals{{!}}Punch § Periodicals}}
{{Not to be confused with|Puck (magazine)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Punch, or The London Charivari
| image_file = Punch volume 1 cover (1841).png
| image_size = 200px
| image_caption = Cover of the first Punch, or The London Charivari, depicts Punch hanging a caricatured Devil, 1841 (see gallery below for enlarged detail).
| company =
| paid_circulation =
| unpaid_circulation =
| total_circulation =
| circulation_year =
| frequency = Weekly
| language = English
| category = Politics, culture, humour and satire
| editor =
| editor_title = Editor
| founder = {{ubl|Henry Mayhew|Ebenezer Landells}}
| founded = 1841
| firstdate = 17 July 1841
| lastdate = 2002
| political =
| country = United Kingdom
| based = London
| website = {{URL|http://punch.co.uk/}}
}}
Punch, or The London Charivari was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire established in 1841 by Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells. Historically, it was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s, when it helped to coin the term "cartoon" in its modern sense as a humorous illustration. Artists at Punch included John Tenniel who, from 1850, was the chief cartoon artist at the magazine for over 50 years. The editors took the anarchic puppet Mr Punch, of Punch and Judy, as their mascot—the character appears in many magazine covers—with the character also an inspiration for the magazine's name.
With its satire of the contemporary, social, and political scene, Punch became a household name in Victorian Britain. Sales of 40,000 copies a week by 1850 rose above 100,000 by 1910. After the 1940s, when its circulation peaked, it went into a long decline, closing in 1992. It was revived in 1996, but closed again in 2002.
History
Punch was founded on 17 July 1841 by Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells, on an initial investment of £25 ({{Inflation|UK|25|1841|2023|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}). It was jointly edited by Mayhew and Mark Lemon. It was subtitled The London Charivari in homage to Charles Philipon's French satirical humour magazine Le Charivari.{{sfn|Appelbaum|Kelly|1981|p=14}} Reflecting their satiric and humorous intent, the two editors took for their name and masthead the anarchic glove puppet Mr. Punch, of Punch and Judy; the name also referred to a joke made early on about one of the magazine's first editors, Lemon, that "punch is nothing without lemon".{{cite news |title='The First Cartoonist': Linley Sambourne and Punch Magazine |url=https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/museums/first-cartoonist-linley-sambourne-and-punch-magazine |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.gov.uk and}}
Mayhew ceased to be joint editor in 1842 and became "suggestor in chief" until he severed his connection in 1845. The magazine initially struggled for readers, except for an 1842 Almanack issue which shocked its creators by selling 90,000 copies. In December 1842, due to financial difficulties, the magazine was sold to Bradbury and Evans, both printers and publishers. Bradbury and Evans capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies and also were the publishers for Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray.
=Cartoon terminology=
File:SubstanceandShadow.jpg, Substance and Shadow (1843), published as Cartoon, No. 1]]
The term "cartoon" to refer to comic drawings was first used in Punch in 1843, when the Houses of Parliament were to be decorated with murals, and "cartoons" for the mural were displayed for the public; the term "cartoon" then meant a finished preliminary sketch on a large piece of cardboard, or {{lang|it|cartone}} in Italian. Punch humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, and the popularity of the Punch cartoons led to the term's widespread use.{{sfn|Appelbaum|Kelly|1981|p=15}}
=Artistry=
Illustrator Archibald Henning designed the cover of the magazine's first issues. The cover design varied in the early years, though Richard Doyle designed what became the magazine's masthead in 1849. Artists who published in Punch during the 1840s and 1850s included John Leech, Doyle, John Tenniel, and Charles Keene. This group became known as "The Punch Brotherhood", which also included Charles Dickens, who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving Chapman and Hall in 1843. Punch{{'}}s authors and artists also contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called Once A Week (est. 1859), created in response to Dickens' departure from Household Words.
Helen Hoppner Coode contributed nineteen drawings to Punch and is recognised as its first woman contributor.{{Cite book|last=Spielman|first=M|title=The History of 'Punch'|year=1895|location=London}}{{Cite web|title=Coode, Helen Hoppner|url=https://dvpp.uvic.ca/prs_2620.html|url-status=live|website=Digital Victorian Periodical Poetry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327132137/https://dvpp.uvic.ca/prs_2620.html|archive-date=Mar 27, 2023}}
=Liberal competition=
In the 1860s and '70s, conservative Punch faced competition from upstart liberal journal Fun, but after about 1874, Fun{{'}}s fortunes faded. At Evans's café in London, the two journals had "round tables" in competition with each other.See [http://journals.mup.man.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pdfdisp//MUPpdf/NCTF/V30I2/300001.pdf Schoch, Richard, Performing Bohemia (2004)] (copy downloaded 13 October 2006). {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
=Gaining a market and relations with other papers=
After months of financial difficulty and lack of market success, Punch became a staple for British drawing rooms because of its sophisticated humour and absence of offensive material, especially when viewed against the satirical press of the time. The Times and the Sunday paper News of the World used small pieces from Punch as column fillers, giving the magazine free publicity and indirectly granting a degree of respectability, a privilege not enjoyed by any other comic publication. Punch shared a friendly relationship with not only The Times, but also journals aimed at intellectual audiences such as the Westminster Review, which published a 53-page illustrated article on Punch{{'}}s first two volumes. Historian Richard Altick writes that "To judge from the number of references to it in the private letters and memoirs of the 1840s...Punch had become a household word within a year or two of its founding, beginning in the middle class and soon reaching the pinnacle of society, royalty itself".See Altick, Richard. Punch: The Lively Youth of a British Institution, 1841–1851 (Ohio State University Press, 1997), 17.
Increasing in readership and popularity throughout the remainder of the 1840s and '50s, Punch was the success story of a threepenny weekly paper that had become one of the most talked-about and enjoyed periodicals. Punch enjoyed an audience including Elizabeth Barrett, Robert Browning, Thomas Carlyle, Edward FitzGerald, Charlotte Brontë, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emily Dickinson, Herman Melville, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and James Russell Lowell. Punch gave several phrases to the English language, including The Crystal Palace, and the "Curate's egg" (first seen in an 1895 cartoon by George du Maurier). Several British humour classics were first serialised in Punch, such as the Diary of a Nobody and 1066 and All That. Towards the end of the 19th century, the artistic roster included Harry Furniss, Linley Sambourne, Francis Carruthers Gould, and Phil May.[http://www.victorianweb.org/periodicals/punch/pva44.html Punch, or the London Charivari (1841–1992) — A British Institution], Philip V. Allingham; Contributing Editor, Victorian Web; Faculty of Education, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario. Among the outstanding cartoonists of the following century were Bernard Partridge, H. M. Bateman, Bernard Hollowood (who also edited the magazine from 1957 to 1968), Kenneth Mahood, and Norman Thelwell.
Circulation broke the 100,000 mark around 1910, and peaked in 1947–1948 at 175,000 to 184,000. Sales declined steadily thereafter; ultimately, the magazine was forced to close in 2002 after 161 years of publication.John Morrish, Paul Bradshaw, Magazine Editing: In Print and Online. Routledge, 2012. {{ISBN|1136642072}} (p. ƒƒ32).
Punch was widely emulated worldwide and was popular throughout the British Empire. The experience of Britons in British colonies, especially in India, influenced Punch and its iconography. Tenniel's Punch cartoons of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny led to a surge in the magazine's popularity. India was frequently caricatured in Punch and was an important source of knowledge on the subcontinent for British readers.Ritu G. Khanduri. [http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/authors/246935 Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World]. 2014. Cambridge University Press
