:SM U-16 (Austria-Hungary)

U-16 was a small, coastal submarine that displaced {{convert|125.5|LT|t}} surfaced and {{convert|140.25|LT|t}} submerged. She featured a single shaft, a single {{convert|60|bhp|abbr=on}} Daimler diesel engine for surface running, and a single {{convert|120|shp|abbr=on}} electric motor for submerged travel. U-16 was capable of up to {{convert|6.5|kn}} while surfaced and {{convert|5.5|kn}} while submerged at a diving depth of up to {{convert|50|m|ft}}. She was designed for a crew of 17 officers and men.

U-16 was equipped with two {{convert|45|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes. Although most members of the class were outfitted with a 37 mm/23 (1.5 in) quick-firing (QF) gun to supplement their armament in October 1916, it is not known whether this upgrade had yet taken place on U-16 by the time of her sinking during that month.

U-16 was ordered by the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 1 April 1915 and laid down at AG Weser in Bremen on later in the month. When completed, the submarine was broken down into sections, loaded onto railcars, and shipped on 20 August to the Austro-Hungarian Navy's main base at Pola.{{cite web | title = Tengeralattjárók | url = http://www.kriegsmarine.hu/hk/tengeralattjarok.pdf | language = hu | publisher = Imperial and Royal Navy Association | pages = 12, 16 | access-date = 22 January 2009 | archive-date = 11 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211011040051/http://www.kriegsmarine.hu/hk/tengeralattjarok.pdf | url-status = dead }} After completing the eight-day journey, the sections were riveted together. Though there is no specific mention of how long it took for U-16{{'}}s sections to be assembled, a sister boat, the German Type UB I submarine {{SMU|UB-3||2}}, shipped to Pula from Germany in mid-April 1915, was assembled in about two weeks.Messimer, p. 126–27.The Austro-Hungarian {{sclass|U-10|submarine|4}} and the German Type UB I were virtually identical. U-16 was delivered to the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 29 September.

SM U-16 was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 6 October under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Eugen Hornyák Edler von Horn.Two of U-16{{'}}s sister ships, {{SMU|U-15|Austria-Hungary|6}} and {{SMU|U-17|Austria-Hungary|6}}, were commissioned the same day. Over the next month U-16 patrolled off Rimini and the Po estuary before heading to Kotor. There, U-16{{'}}s second commander, Linienschiffsleutnant Orest Ritter von Zopa, assumed command on 18 November. The U-boat departed the next day to patrol off Albania. Near Cape Rodoni, Zopa stopped and boarded Fiore Albania, an Albanian sailing ship. Finding nothing amiss, the commander sent Fiore Albania on her way. Three days later, Zopa and U-16 scored their first success, when they sank the {{GRT|25}} Italian sailing vessel Unione in the Gulf of Drin.{{cite Uboat.net

|name=Unione

|id=6208

|type=1ship

|access-date=10 November 2008

}} Later the same day, a torpedo attack on two cargo ships in the harbor at Shëngjin netted no results. With her supply of torpedoes expended, U-16 returned to Kotor on 24 November.

U-16 set out on her next patrol on 3 December, but had to return to fix a broken gyrocompass, and was underway for Albania the next day. On 5 December, the sailboat Xephanie was stopped, searched, and allowed to proceed. Near the same location, U-16 next encountered Fione Albania again. When stopped this time, the 62 GRT ship had Montenegrin soldiers, weapons, and ammunition aboard. The vessel was seized as a prize and taken back to Kotor.{{cite Uboat.net

|name=Fiore Albania

|id=2182

|type=1ship

|access-date=10 November 2008

}}The date is reported as either 5 or 7 December. U-16 attempted two more Albanian patrols at the end of December. The first, departing Kotor on 19 December, was cut short by severe weather that forced the submarine back to port. The next attempt, on 25 December, ended when U-16 suffered engine problems. U-16 sailed for Pula on 27 December for more extensive engine repairs at the naval base there.

U-16{{'}}s repairs were complete by 9 January 1916 when the submarine departed Pula for diving tests with Field Marshal Svetozar Borojević of the Austro-Hungarian Army on board as an observer. With the tests apparently successful, U-16 returned to Kotor on 18 January to resume Albanian patrols. Off Durrës on 4 February, Zopa and U-16 launched a torpedo attack on the steamer Assyria being escorted by the Italian destroyers {{ship|Italian destroyer|Animoso|1913|2}} and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Garibaldino||2}}. The torpedo's aim was true, but it failed to detonate when it hit the ship. A few days later, a British Falmouth-class cruiser attacked the U-boat. On 11 March, a valve on U-16 leaked and water flooded into the boat, inundating the batteries, which released chlorine gas. The U-boat made it back to Kotor and underwent repairs that kept the boat out of action until the end of April.

From late April to early September, U-16 patrolled the Adriatic between Vlorë, Brindisi, and the Straits of Otranto. Twice during this time U-16 attacked French destroyers, but missed on both attempts. In mid June, Zopa launched torpedoes against a cargo ship without result. U-16 put in at Kotor on 3 September for a general overhaul that lasted for about a month.

On 9 October 1916, when the repairs were complete, U-16 set out for another Albanian patrol. The submarine made a detour to Djenovic on 11 October to replace another faulty gyrocompass, but quickly resumed her journey to the Vlorë area.{{cite web | last = Smith | first = Gordon | title = Austro-Hungarian Navy: Submarines | url = http://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyAustrian.htm#ss | work = World War 1 at Sea | date = 15 September 2008 | access-date = 10 November 2008

}} After discovering an Italian convoy on 17 October, Zopa torpedoed and sank one of the convoy escorts, the {{ship|Italian destroyer|Nembo|1901|2|up=y}}. In the ensuing action, U-16 was sunk, but sources disagree on the exact manner.

Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 reports that the Italian steamer {{SS|Bormida||2}}, one of the convoyed ships, rammed and damaged U-16, causing U-16{{'}}s crew to scuttle their ship due to the severity of the damage.Conway's (p. 343) reports the name of the ship as "Borminda", which does not show up in ship registries. Rodger Haworth reports an Italian cargo ship by the name of "Bormida" active from 1884 to 1928, which agrees with one of the names given by Gordon Smith.
For Haworth, see: {{csr|register=MSI|id=5615289|shipname=Bormida|access-date=10 November 2008 }}
For Smith, see: {{cite web | last = Smith | first = Gordon | title = Austro-Hungarian Navy: Submarines | url = http://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyAustrian.htm#ss | work = World War 1 at Sea | date = 15 September 2008 | access-date = 10 November 2008

}} Uboat.net's U-Boat War in World War I reports that Nembo herself rammed U-16 before going down,{{cite Uboat.net

|name=Nembo

|id=4341

|type=1ship

|access-date=10 November 2008

}} while Robert Grant and Gordon Smith give another possible fate for U-16: that Nembo{{'}}s depth charges detonated and sank the submarine while Nembo was sinking. Smith reports that 11 men aboard U-16, including her commanding officer Zopa, lost their lives in the sinking, and that two survivors were picked up. U-16 was the only boat of her class to be sunk during the war.

In 2015 the Albanian-American team comprising the RPM Nautical Foundation and The Albanian Center for Marine Research located a wreck south-west of Karaburun Peninsula in Vlorë County, Albania. Operation with an ROV brought images from the suspected wreck. Photographs and footage taken from this particular wreck were examined by marine experts and are thought to be of a possible First World War U-Boat. Albanian Historian and Director of ACMR Auron Tare gave a presentation in September 2015 at the Albanian Academy of Science exploring the possibility that maybe this unidentifying wreck might be SM U-16. Given the proximity of the Italian reports on the place that the SM U-16 was sunk and this discovery, the team might have located the Austro-Hungarian submarine SM U-16.[http://zahranicni.eurozpravy.cz/evropa/202714-cesti-potapeci-se-dostali-k-vraku-rakousko-uherske-ponorky Zahranicni.eurozpravy.cz: Čeští potápěči se dostali k vraku rakousko-uherské ponorky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203123411/http://zahranicni.eurozpravy.cz/evropa/202714-cesti-potapeci-se-dostali-k-vraku-rakousko-uherske-ponorky/ |date=2018-02-03 }}; 2017 (czech)

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{{U-10 class submarines}}

{{October 1916 shipwrecks}}

{{Good article}}

{{coord missing|Mediterranean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:U0016}}

Category:U-10-class submarines

Category:Ships built in Bremen (state)

Category:Ships built in Pola

Category:U-boats commissioned in 1915

Category:World War I submarines of Austria-Hungary

Category:U-boats sunk in 1916

Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea

Category:2015 archaeological discoveries