:SS Russia (1872)

In 1843, the gunship USS Michigan, built in Erie, Pennsylvania, became the first iron-hulled vessel built on the Great Lakes.{{sfnp|Bugbee (1)|1962|p=24}} Beginning in the mid-1840s, Canadian companies began importing iron vessels, prefabricated by shipyards in the United Kingdom. However, it would not be until 1862 that the first iron-hulled merchant ship, Merchant, was built on the Great Lakes.{{sfnp|Bugbee (1)|1962|p=24}} Despite the success of Merchant, wooden vessels remained preferable to iron ones until the 1880s, due to their inexpensiveness and the abundance of timber.{{sfnp|Bugbee (1)|1962|p=26}}{{sfnp|Bowlus|2010|p=85}}{{sfnp|Thompson|1994|p=32}} In the early 1880s, shipyards around the lakes began construction iron ships on a relatively large scale; in 1882, Onoko, an iron freighter, temporarily became the largest ship on the lakes.{{sfnp|Thompson|1994|p=32}}{{sfnp|Bugbee (2)|1962|p=48}} In 1884, the first steel freighters were built on the Great Lakes, and by the 1890s, the majority of ships constructed on the lakes were made of steel.{{sfnp|Bugbee (2)|1962|p=49}}{{sfnp|Bugbee (2)|1962|p=51}}

Russia (US official number 110063) was built in 1872 in Buffalo, New York, by the King Iron Works, with the Gibson & Craig shipyard as the subcontractor.{{sfnp|Toronto Marine Historical Society|1972}} She was built under the direction of master carpenter was David Bell.{{sfnp|Berry (2)|2020}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}} She was launched on August 20, 1872, as hull number #12.{{sfnp|Toronto Marine Historical Society|1993|p=12}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2)|1872}} Russia was the third of five sister ships built between 1872 and 1873. She was preceded in construction by Cuba,{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1)|1872}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (1)|2020}} Java{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (2)|2020}} and was succeeded in construction by Scotia{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (4)|2020}} and Arabia, although, some sources do not acknowledge Arabia as one of Russia{{'s}} sister ships.{{sfnp|Berry (1)|2020}}{{sfnp|Swayze|2001}}

Russia{{'s}} hull had an overall length of {{convert|246|ft|m}} and a length between perpendiculars of {{convert|231.58|ft|m}} (some sources state {{convert|231|ft|m}}, {{convert|231.7|ft|m}} or {{convert|232|ft|m}}).{{sfnp|Berry (2)|2020}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}}{{sfnp|Swayze|2001}} Her beam was {{convert|35.58|ft|m}} (some sources state {{convert|35.6|ft|m}}, {{convert|35.7|ft|m}} or {{convert|36|ft|m}}) wide. Her hull was {{convert|13.35|ft|m}} (some sources state {{convert|13|ft|m}} or {{convert|13.3|ft|m}}) deep. Russia had a gross register tonnage of 1,501.77 (one source states 1,501 and another states 1,502) tons and a net register tonnage of 1,334.57 (one source states 1,335) tons.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2)|1872}}{{sfnp|Swayze|2001}}{{sfnp|University of California|1909}}

Russia was powered by two, two-cylinder {{convert|600|hp|lk=on|abbr=on}} 72 rpm Steeple compound engines; the cylinders of these engines were {{convert|20|in|cm}} and {{convert|40|in|cm}} in diameter, and had a stroke of {{convert|36|in|cm}}.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2)|1872}} Steam for the engines was produced by two {{convert|8|foot|m}} × {{convert|16|foot|m}} 75 psi firebox boilers.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}} The engine and boilers were manufactured by the King Iron Works.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (1)|2020}} She was propelled by two fixed pitch propellers.{{sfnp|Berry (2)|2020}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Wrecksite|2017}}

Russia{{'s}} hull was made of iron only up to her upper deck. Her upper works were made of wood.{{sfnp|Toronto Marine Historical Society|1972}} She had double bottom ballast tanks, two watertight bulkheads, a steel boilerhouse, two decks, cabins capable of accommodating up to 50 passengers, six cargo hatches and originally one, later two mast(s). She originally had two funnels.{{sfnp|Berry (2)|2020}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}}{{sfnp|Brand|2019}} Russia had a cargo capacity of 100,000 bushels.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}

Russia was built for Charles Ensign of Buffalo, New York, and was operated as part of the Holt & Ensign Commercial Line, also of Buffalo. She received her first enrollment in Buffalo on August 26, 1872; her first home port was Buffalo.{{sfnp|Berry (2)|2020}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2)|1872}} She originally ran between Buffalo, Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Chicago, Illinois.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}

On December (one source states November) 6/7, 1872, at around 9:00 A.M., while bound for Buffalo with a cargo of grain, Russia struck a rock and sank at Bar Point, Lake Erie, near Amherstburg, Ontario. She sustained severe bottom damage. On December 9, she was raised and towed to Detroit, Michigan. The total loss amounted to $69,000.{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (3)|1872}} In July 1873, Russia{{'s}} machinery became disabled, causing $600 worth of damage. In August of that same year, Russia struck a boulder at Lime Kiln crossing in the Detroit River, near Amherstburg.{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}}{{sfnp|Balfour|2020}} She was repaired for $9,070. On September 12, 1873, while bound from Chicago for Buffalo with a cargo of wheat, Russia collided with the steamer John A. Dix in the Detroit River, receiving $3,000 worth of damage. She was repaired when she reached Buffalo.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1873}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (5)|2020}} On February 1, 1874, Russia was damaged by freshet in Buffalo, sustaining $300 worth of damage.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1)|1874}} On September 16, 1874, Russia ran aground in Buffalo Harbor opposite Central Wharf.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2)|1874}} In November of that same year, Russia lost part of her rigging, including her gaff rig, on Lake Erie.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (3)|1874}} In October 1876, Russia{{'s}} machinery became disabled on Lake Erie. She was towed to Port Colborne, Ontario, by the steamer Granite State.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}

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In 1884, following the death of Charles Ensign, Russia was sold to James Ash of Buffalo (one source also gives several co-owners: P. P. Pratt, F. L. Danforth and G. B. Rich).{{sfnp|Berry (2)|2020}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}} In 1886, Russia ran between Buffalo and Green Bay, Wisconsin.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}} On June 1, 1886, Russia collided with and sank the schooner Thomas P. Sheldon in Lake George. The damage she sustained in the collision was repaired in Buffalo.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1)|1886}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2)|1886}} In 1888 (one source states 1890), Russia was sold to the Lackawanna Transportation Company of Buffalo, which was managed by Drake & Maytham. At this time, she ran between Lake Erie, Milwaukee and Chicago.{{sfnp|Berry (2)|2020}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}}

On May 1/3, 1892, at around 6:00 P.M., while bound from Buffalo for Chicago with a cargo of coal, Russia collided with the steamer Celtic in a dense fog about {{convert|15|mi|km}} off Rondeau, Ontario. Celtic struck Russia on her port bow, near the waterline. Celtic sank in less than ten minutes, taking one of her crew of 18 with her. After rescuing Celtic{{'s}} crew, Russia was beached to prevent her from sinking. She was raised, and with the help of the tug Balize, made it to Buffalo where her coal was unloaded.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1892}} On June 5/9 1893, Russia ran aground on Beaver Island, Michigan, in fog, and was eventually released.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}}

On July 11, 1893, Russia was in Buffalo, loading a cargo of baled jute, rags, French clay and wood pulp. As the bales of jute were being loaded into her hold, two of the bales spontaneously combusted near the third bulkhead, just forward of the engine room.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}} When the crew members in the hold became aware of the fire, they rushed to the deck and gave the alarm.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1)|1893}} Russia{{'s}} fire hose was turned on in her hold, but failed to have much of an impact on the fire. Russia began warning other ships in the area of the fire using her whistle. By the time the fireboat John M. Hutchinson reached Russia, the fire had already burned through two of Russia{{'s}} decks, damaged her forward cabins and her engine room. John M. Hutchinson and several fire engines began pumping water into her hold. By noon, after two hours of fighting the fire, Russia{{'s}} hull had been filled with water, finally extinguishing the fire and causing her to list {{convert|18|ft|m}} to port. She was repaired in Buffalo, with the repairs costing $15,000.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1)|1893}}

On July 31, 1893, as soon as Russia left drydock, she collided with the freighter Thomas W. Palmer. Her bow made contact with Thomas W. Palmer{{'s}} hull, damaging her aft upper works and breaking several stanchions. Russia sustained no damage.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2)|1893}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes (3)|1893}} On August 9, 1895/1896 (most sources state the 1895, but some also state 1896), Russia was upbound without cargo in the Detroit River. At around 4:00 P.M., she sighted the freighter Britannic, which was downbound with a cargo of iron ore.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1895}} The vessels signaled each other, but just as they were about to pass each other, Britannic suddenly veered to port, putting her directly in Russia{{'s}} path. The bow of Russia sliced into Britannic{{'s}} hull, amidships on her starboard side. Britannic sank with the loss of one life into {{convert|30|ft|m}} of water off Wyandotte, Michigan; Russia had a hole punched in her bow and was eventually repaired in Buffalo.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1895}} Sometime in 1897, Russia became trapped in ice in Green Bay. She was freed by the steamer Algomah.{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}} On May 13, 1897, at 5:30 A.M. while downbound, Russia ran aground on Mackinac Point in dense fog. She was freed at 3:30 P.M. on the same day by the wrecking tug Favorite.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1897}}File:Russia ship.jpg

In the summer of 1900, Russia was sold to the Lake Transit Company of Duluth, Minnesota (one source states Buffalo), managed by John J. McWilliams. Her home port was changed to Duluth.{{sfnp|Berry (2)|2020}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}} In 1905/1907, Russia was sold to the Port Huron & Duluth Steamship Company of either Port Huron, Michigan, or Duluth. The company was owned and managed by Charles O. Duncan.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1909}}{{sfnp|Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3)|2020}}{{sfnp|Bowling Green State University|2010}}

On April 29, 1909, Russia was in Alpena, Michigan, loading a cargo of 1,000 bags of cement. She was already loaded with two train cars filled with wire fencing, 1000 pairs of galoshes, barrels of various dry goods and rumoured 1909 motorcycles destined for Duluth, Minnesota. As she was loading her cargo, a steady breeze began to build.{{sfnp|Brand|2019}}{{sfnp|Della-Mattia|2019}} In the evening of April 29, Russia left Alpena for Duluth under the command of Captain John McLean of Port Huron, Michigan, for what was to be her first trip of the shipping season. As well as Captain McLean, there were 21 crewmen and one unidentified passenger onboard.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1909}}{{sfnp|Brand|2019}}{{sfnp|Della-Mattia|2019}} As Russia headed out into the open lake, towards the DeTour Passage, the breeze began to strengthen. Around the time she passed Middle Island, the breeze grew into strong gale. Due to the gale and her heavy deck load, Russia began to roll severely.{{sfnp|Brand|2019}} An eventual lull in the storm convinced Captain John to continue towards Point DeTour, instead of turning back. However, Russia{{'s}} cargo shifted, causing her to list to port.{{sfnp|Berry (2)|2020}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1909}}{{sfnp|Brand|2019}} In order to counteract the list, Russia{{'s}} crew began moving the {{convert|64|lb|kg|adj=on}} bags of cement. After about two hours of what Captain McLean described as "back-breaking labour", she righted herself. However, Russia suddenly rolled over to port, caught herself, and rolled over to starboard. The crew once again tried to counteract the list, but this time they were unsuccessful.{{sfnp|Brand|2019}} After the fruitless efforts to counteract the list, Captain McLean ordered the crew to begin throwing the bags of cement into Lake Huron. When this effort to save Russia also failed, Captain McLean gave the order to abandon her early in the morning of April 30. The crew of 22 and the one passenger boarded the lifeboats, rowing {{convert|12|mi|km}} to the DeTour Point Light.{{sfnp|Berry (2)|2020}}{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1909}}{{sfnp|Brand|2019}} The crew arrived back in Detroit, Michigan on May 2, 1909.{{sfnp|Maritime History of the Great Lakes|1909}}

For several years, Russia was sought by shipwreck hunters. Paul Ehorn of Waukegan, Illinois, spent twenty summers on Lake Huron trying to find her wreck. Although unsuccessful in finding Russia, Ehorn managed to find the wreck of the schooner barge Celtic, lost with all hands on November 29, 1902.{{sfnp|Brand|2019}}{{sfnp|Della-Mattia|2019}}

File:Russia sonar image.jpg]]

Tom Farnquist, founding member and Director Emeritus of the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society (GLSHS) had had aspirations of locating Russia for several years, saying that she had "been on his bucket list since his late teens".{{sfnp|Brand|2019}}{{sfnp|Della-Mattia|2019}} Over the years, he had gathered several old newspaper accounts to help him track down her wreck.{{sfnp|Brand|2019}}{{sfnp|Della-Mattia|2019}}

In the winter of 2018/2019, Farnquist contacted veteran ship hunters Jerry Eliason and Ken Merryman (of Cloquet, Minnesota, and Fridley, Minnesota, respectively), requesting their assistance in finding Russia{{'s}} wreck. Ehorn shared the GPS coordinates for the wreck of Celtic with Farnquist, helping significantly reduce the search area for Russia.{{sfnp|Brand|2019}}{{sfnp|Della-Mattia|2019}}{{sfnp|Krueger|2020}} Farnquist, Eliason and Merryman set out to find her wreck in July 2019, beginning the search operations on July 22. On July 23, the second day of their search operations, they managed to locate the wreck of Russia in {{convert|220|ft|m}} of water, just outside the boundary of the 1,440 square mile (3,700 km²) Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Ironically, Russia{{'s}} wreck was discovered only {{convert|1200|ft|m}} from where Ehorn located the wreck of Celtic.{{sfnp|Brand|2019}}{{sfnp|Della-Mattia|2019}}

Farnquist invited technical divers John Janzen and John Scoles (of Madison, Wisconsin and Minneapolis, Minnesota respectively) to capture footage of her wreck.{{sfnp|Brand|2019}}{{sfnp|Della-Mattia|2019}} Archaeologists from the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources conducted sonar imaging of the wreck. The Michigan State Police were also invited to capture additional video footage of the wreck, using a Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to capture it.{{sfnp|Brand|2019}}{{sfnp|Della-Mattia|2019}}{{sfnp|Sault Ste. Marie Evening News|2019}}File:Russia wreck.jpg rendering of Russia{{'}}s wreck]]

The wreck of Russia rests on an even keel in {{convert|220|ft|m}} of water near the De Tour Passage, mostly intact. Her wooden cabins broke away when she sank, leaving only her steel aft cabins, boiler house and galley area intact.{{sfnp|Brand|2019}}{{sfnp|Della-Mattia|2019}}{{sfnp|Eliason|2019}} Her mizzen mast remains in place. There are dozens of unopened wooden crates stored below her decks which are visible through the exposed cargo hatches. Her wooden stock anchors are still in place on her starboard bow. There is a large field of debris surrounding her wreck.{{sfnp|Brand|2019}}{{sfnp|Della-Mattia|2019}}

As the wreck of Russia rests in Michigan waters, all artefacts on board are the property of the state and as such cannot be brought to the surface without its permission.{{sfnp|Brand|2019}}{{sfnp|Della-Mattia|2019}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite web |author = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (1) |year = 2020 |title = Cuba (1872, Package Freighter) |url = https://greatlakeships.org/details.asp?ID=2902242&n=3 |access-date = November 28, 2020 |publisher = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library |location = Alpena, Michigan }}
• {{cite web |author = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (2) |year = 2020 |title = Java (1873, Package Freighter) |url = https://greatlakeships.org/details.asp?ID=2901304&n=2 |access-date = November 28, 2020 |publisher = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library |location = Alpena, Michigan }}
• {{cite web |author = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (3) |year = 2020 |title = Russia (1873, Package Freighter) |url = https://greatlakeships.org/details.asp?ID=2891268&n=1 |access-date = November 28, 2020 |publisher = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library |location = Alpena, Michigan }}
• {{cite web |author = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (4) |year = 2020 |title = Scotia (1873, Package Freighter) |url = https://greatlakeships.org/details.asp?ID=2900066&n=6 |access-date = November 28, 2020 |publisher = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library |location = Alpena, Michigan }}
• {{cite web |author = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (5) |year = 2020 |title = USRC John A. Dix (1865, Revenue Cutter) |url = https://greatlakeships.org/details.asp?ID=2898693&n=1 |access-date = December 1, 2020 |publisher = Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library |location = Alpena, Michigan }}
• {{cite web |last = Balfour |first = David |year = 2020 |title = The Actions of the H.P. Bope, L.C. Hanna, J.G. Munro, and the Tragedy of the Clarion on December 8, 1909 |url = https://nmgl.org/the-actions-of-the-h-p-bope-l-c-hanna-j-g-munro-and-the-tragedy-of-the-clarion-on-december-8-1909-fall-2014/ |access-date = |publisher = National Museum of the Great Lakes |location = Toledo, Ohio }}
• {{cite web |last = Berry (1) |first = Sterling |year = 2020 |title = Arabia |url = https://www.greatlakesvesselhistory.com/histories-by-name/a/arabia |access-date = November 28, 2020 |publisher = Great Lakes Vessel Histories of Sterling Berry |location = Detroit, Michigan }}
• {{cite web |last = Berry (2) |first = Sterling |year = 2020 |title = Russia |url = https://www.greatlakesvesselhistory.com/histories-by-name/r/russia |access-date = November 28, 2020 |publisher = Great Lakes Vessel Histories of Sterling Berry |location = Detroit, Michigan }}
• {{cite web |author = Bowling Green State University |year = 2010 |title = Russia |url = https://greatlakes.bgsu.edu/item/438956 |access-date = November 28, 2020 |publisher = Bowling Green State University |location = Bowling Green, Ohio }}
• {{cite book |last = Bowlus |first = W. Bruce |year = 2010 |title = Iron Ore Transport on the Great Lakes: The Development of a Delivery System to Feed American Industry |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nyGjHG1PaUEC&q=merchant&pg=PA109 |access-date = March 3, 2021 |publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc. |location = Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn = 9780786486557 }}
• {{cite web |last = Bugbee (1) |first = Gordon P. |year = 1962 |title = Iron Merchant Ships: An Upper Lakes Centennial - Part One |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/images/MHGL0001219491T.PDF |access-date = February 21, 2021 |publisher = Great Lakes Maritime Institute |location = Detroit, Michigan }}
• {{cite web |last = Bugbee (2) |first = Gordon P. |year = 1962 |title = Iron Merchant Ships: An Upper Lakes Centennial - Part Two |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/images/MHGL0001219501T.PDF |access-date = February 21, 2021 |publisher = Great Lakes Maritime Institute |location = Detroit, Michigan }}
• {{cite web |last = Brand |first = Scott |year = 2019 |title = 110-year-old Great Lakes Shipwreck Mystery Solved |url = https://www.sooeveningnews.com/news/20191012/110-year-old-great-lakes-shipwreck-mystery-solved |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923192357/https://www.sooeveningnews.com/news/20191012/110-year-old-great-lakes-shipwreck-mystery-solved#close |access-date = November 28, 2020 |archive-date = September 23, 2020 |publisher = Sault Ste. Marie Evening News |location = Sault Ste Marie, Michigan }}
• {{cite web |last = Della-Mattia |first = Ellen |year = 2019 |title = Elusive 110-year-old shipwreck discovered on Lake Huron |url = https://www.saultstar.com/news/local-news/elusive-110-year-old-shipwreck-discovered-on-lake-huron |access-date = November 28, 2020 |publisher = The Sault Star |location = Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario }}
• {{cite web |last = Eliason |first = Jerry |year = 2019 |title = Shipwreck Russia |url = https://3dshipwrecks.org/shipwreck-russia/ |access-date = November 29, 2020 |publisher = Great Lakes Shipwreck Preservation Society - 3D Shipwrecks |location = Fridley, Minnesota }}
• {{cite web |last = Krueger |first = Andrew |year = 2020 |title = Minnesota shipwreck hunters locate long-sought Lake Michigan wreck |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/09/08/minnesota-shipwreck-hunters-locate-longsought-lake-michigan-wreck |access-date = December 6, 2020 |publisher = Minnesota Public Radio |location = Minnesota }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1) |year = 1872 |title = Cuba (Propeller), 10 May 1872 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/28256/data?n=18 |access-date = November 28, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2) |year = 1872 |title = Russia (Propeller), U110063, 20 Aug 1872 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/31572/data?n=1 |access-date = November 28, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (3) |year = 1872 |title = Russia (Propeller), U110063, aground, 7 Dec 1872 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/56934/data?n=2 |access-date = November 29, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |year = 1873 |title = Russia (Propeller), U110063, collision, 1 Sep 1873 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/57027/data?n=3 |access-date = December 1, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1) |year = 1874 |title = Russia (Propeller), U110063, freshet, 1 Feb 1874 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/44308/data?n=4 |access-date = November 29, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2) |year = 1874 |title = Russia (Propeller), U110063, aground, 1 Sep 1874 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/56865/data?n=5 |access-date = November 29, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (3) |year = 1874 |title = Russia (Propeller), U110063, lost gaff and outfit, 1 Nov 1874 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/49518/data?n=6 |access-date = November 29, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1) |year = 1886 |title = Russia (Propeller), U110063, collision, 1 Jun 1886 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/54913/data?n=9 |access-date = December 3, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2) |year = 1886 |title = Thomas P. Sheldon (Schooner), U24871, sunk by collision, 1 Jun 1886 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/54911/data?n=4 |access-date = December 3, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |year = 1892 |title = Russia (Propeller), U110063, collision & aground, 1 May 1892 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/53501/data?n=10 |access-date = December 3, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1) |year = 1893 |title = Russia (Propeller), U110063, collision, 31 Jul 1893 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/52966/data?n=12 |access-date = December 4, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (2) |year = 1893 |title = Russia (Propeller), U110063, collision, 31 Jul 1893 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/52966/data?n=12 |access-date = December 4, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes (3) |year = 1893 |title = Thomas W. Palmer (Propeller), collision, 31 Jul 1893 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/52967/data?n=6 |access-date = December 4, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |year = 1895 |title = Russia (Propeller), U110063, collision, 9 Aug 1895 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/57435/data?n=13 |access-date = December 4, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |year = 1897 |title = Russia (Propeller), U110063, aground, 13 May 1897 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/57610/data?n=14 |access-date = December 4, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |year = 1909 |title = Russia (Propeller), sunk, 30 Apr 1909 |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/46729/data?n=17 |access-date = November 28, 2020 |publisher = Maritime History of the Great Lakes |location = Ontario, Canada }}
• {{cite web |author = Sault Ste. Marie Evening News |year = 2019 |title = Team uncovers long-lost Great Lakes shipwreck |url = https://www.sooeveningnews.com/news/20191012/team-uncovers-long-lost-great-lakes-wreck |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191022085848/https://www.sooeveningnews.com/news/20191012/team-uncovers-long-lost-great-lakes-wreck |access-date = November 28, 2020 |archive-date = October 22, 2019 |publisher = |location = Sault Ste Marie, Michigan }}
• {{cite web |last = Swayze |first = David D. |year = 2001 |title = Great Lakes Shipwrecks - R |url = http://www.boatnerd.com/swayze/shipwreck/r.htm |access-date = November 28, 2020 |publisher = Boatnerd |location = Port Huron, Michigan }}
• {{cite book |last = Thompson |first = Mark L. |year = 1994 |title = Queen of the Lakes |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=irtD2o_uQ88C&q=merchant |access-date = February 24, 2021 |publisher = Wayne State University Press |location = Detroit, Michigan |isbn = 0-8143-2393-6 }}
• {{cite web |author = Toronto Marine Historical Society |year = 1972 |title = Ship of the Month No.22 Maplebranch |url = https://www.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca//Documents/Scanner/04/08/default.asp?ID=c006#p042 |access-date = November 29, 2020 |publisher = Toronto Marine Historical Society |location = Toronto, Ontario }}
• {{cite web |author = Toronto Marine Historical Society |year = 1993 |title = Ship of the Month No.203 Celtic |url = https://images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/page.asp?ID=115861&po=9 |access-date = December 28, 2020 |publisher = Toronto Marine Historical Society |location = Toronto, Ontario }}
• {{cite book |author = University of California |year = 1909 |title = Merchant vessels of the United States. 1908-09. |series = 1936/37-1939/41: Report series, no.[1], 4, 8, 11 |url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3330073&view=1up&seq=408&size=150 |access-date = November 29, 2020 |publisher = University of California |location = Oakland, California }}
• {{cite web |author = Wrecksite |year = 2017 |title = SS Russia (+1909) |url = https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?256934 |access-date = December 5, 2020 |publisher = Wrecksite |location = Affligem, Belgium }}

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Category:1872 ships

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Category:Maritime incidents in 1893

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