:Seljuk dynasty

The Seljuks originated from the Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks,Concise Britannica Online [http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9378199/Seljuq-dynasty Seljuq Dynasty] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114233201/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9378199/Seljuq-dynasty |date=2007-01-14 }} articleThe History of the Seljuq Turks: From the Jami Al-Tawarikh ([https://books.google.com/books?id=jmMpaJZemk0C&pg=PA3 LINK])Shaw, Stanford. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey ([https://books.google.com/books?id=UVmsI0P9RDUC&pg=PA7 LINK])Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 209 who in the 8th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world; north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Oghuz Yabgu StateWink, Andre, Al Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World Brill Academic Publishers, 1996, {{ISBN|978-90-04-09249-5}} p. 9 in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan.Islam: An Illustrated History, p. 51 During the 10th century, Oghuz had come into close contact with Muslim cities. When Seljuk, the leader of the Seljuk clan, had a falling out with Yabghu, the supreme chieftain of the Oghuz, he split his clan from the bulk of the Oghuz Turks and set up camp on the west bank of the lower Syr Darya. Around 985, Seljuk converted to Islam.Michael Adas, Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, (Temple University Press, 2001), 99.

In the 11th century, the Seljuks migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia, in the province of Khurasan, where they encountered the Ghaznavids. The Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Nasa in 1035. Seljuk's grandsons, Tughril and Chaghri, received the insignias of governor, grants of land, and were given the title of dehqan.Bosworth, C.E. The Ghaznavids: 994–1040, Edinburgh University Press, 1963, 242. At the Battle of Dandanaqan, they defeated a Ghaznavid army, and after a successful siege of Isfahan by Tughril in 1050/51,Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F–O, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 476. established the Great Seljuk Empire. The Seljuks mixed with the local population and adopted the Persian culture and Persian language in the following decades.M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311062248/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_shahrbanu_20050131.html LINK]}}): "... here one might bear in mind that Turco-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."F. Daftary, "Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times", in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol 4, pt. 1; edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth; UNESCO Publishing, Institute of Ismaili Studies: "... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..."

After arriving in Persia, the Seljuks adopted the Persian culture and used the Persian language as the official language of the government,Bosworth, C.E.; Hillenbrand, R.; Rogers, J.M.; Blois, F.C. de; Bosworth, C.E.; Darley-Doran, R.E., "Saldjukids," Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009: "Culturally, the consisting of the Seljuq Empire marked a further step in the dethronement of Arabic from being the sole lingua franca of educated and polite society in the Middle East. Coming as they did through a Transoxania which was still substantially Iranian and into Persia proper, the Seljuqs with no high-level Turkish cultural or literary heritage of their own – took over that of Persia, so that the Persian language became the administration and culture in their land of Persia and Anatolia. The Persian culture of the Rum Seljuqs was particularly splendid, and it was only gradually that Turkish emerged there as a parallel language in the field of government and adab; the Persian imprint in Ottoman civilization was to remain strong until the 19th century.Ehsan Yarshater, "Iran" in Encyclopedia Iranica: "The ascent of the Saljuqids also put an end to a period which Minorsky has called "the Persian intermezzo" (see Minorsky, 1932, p. 21), when Iranian dynasties, consisting mainly of the Saffarids, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids, the Kakuyids, and the Bavandids of Tabarestan and Gilan, ruled most of Iran. By all accounts, weary of the miseries and devastations of never-ending conflicts and wars, Persians seemed to have sighed with relief and to have welcomed the stability of the Saljuqid rule, all the more so since the Saljuqids mitigated the effect of their foreignness, quickly adopting the Persian culture and court customs and procedures and leaving the civil administration in the hand of Persian personnel, headed by such capable and learned viziers as ‘Amid-al-Molk Kondori and Nezam-al-Molk."C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish expansion towards the west", in UNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV: From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century, UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, 2000. p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose Mathnawī, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature." and played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition which features "Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers".Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, p. 79. Exact statement: "In Short, the Turko-Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers." Today, they are remembered as great patrons of Persian culture, art, literature, and language.O. Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120122005207/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_pers_mss_ott_20050106.html LINK]}})Encyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, ([http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066688 LINK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219231803/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066688 |date=2007-12-19 }}): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25–26 (2005), pp. 157–169

File:Male_royal_figure,_12-13th_century,_from_Iran.jpg. Carved and drilled stone with Iranian craftsmanship. Kept at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.]]

File:Borj-toghrul.jpg, a 12th-century monument south of Tehran commemorating Toğrül]]

File:Kharaghan.jpg, built in Iran in 1053 to house the remains of Seljuk princes]]

The "Great Seljuks" were heads of the family; in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines, although in practice this often was not the case. Turkic custom called for the senior member of the family to be the Great Seljuk, although usually the position was associated with the ruler of western Persia.

• Muhammad's son Mahmud II succeeded him in western Persia, but Ahmad Sanjar, who was the governor of Khurasan at the time being the senior member of the family, became the Great Seljuk Sultan.

File:Seljuk Empire locator map.svg in 1092, upon the death of Malik Shah I{{Cite book|last=Black|first=Jeremy|title=The Atlas of World History|publisher=Covent Garden Books|year=2005|location=American Edition, New York|pages=65, 228|isbn=978-0-7566-1861-2}} This map varies from other maps which are slightly different in scope, especially along the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.]]

The rulers of western Persia, who maintained a very loose grip on the Abbasids of Baghdad. Several Turkic emirs gained a strong level of influence in the region, such as the Eldiguzids.

• Mahmud II 1118–1131
• 1131–1133 disputed between:
• Dawud 1131–1132
• Mas'ud (in Jibal and Iranian Azerbaijan) 1132
• Toghrul II, 1132–1133
• Mas'ud 1133–1152
• Malik Shah III 1152–1153
• Muhammad II 1153–1159
• Suleiman-Shah 1159–1161
• Arslan-Shah 1161–1177
• Toghrul III 1177–1194

In 1194, Toghrul III was killed in battle with the Khwarezm Shah, who annexed Hamadan.

{{Main|Kerman Seljuk Sultanate}}

Kerman was a province in southern Persia. Between 1053 and 1154, the territory also included Umman.

• Qavurt 1041–1073 (great-grandson of Seljuq, brother of Alp Arslan)
• Kerman Shah 1073–1074
• Sultan Shah 1074–1075 or 1074–1085
• Hussain Omar 1075–1084

or 1074 (before Sultan Shah)

• Turan Shah I 1084–1096 or 1085–1097
• Iranshah ibn Turanshah 1096–1101 or 1097–1101
• Arslan Shah I 1101–1142
• Muhammad I 1142–1156
• Tuğrul Shah 1156–1169 or 1156–1170
• Bahram-Shah 1169–1174 or 1170–1175
• Arslan Shah II 1174–1176 or 1175–1176
• Turan Shah II 1176–1183
• Muhammad II Shah 1183–1187 or 1183–1186

Muhammad abandoned Kerman, which fell into the hands of the Oghuz chief Malik Dinar. Kerman was eventually annexed by the Khwarezmid Empire in 1196.

• Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1085–1086
• Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk 1086–1087
• Qasim ad-Dawla Abu Said Aq Sunqur al-Hajib 1087–1094
• Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I (second time) 1094–1095
• Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan 1095–1113
• Tadj ad-Dawla Alp Arslan al-Akhras 1113–1114
• Sultan Shah 1114–1123

To the Artuqids

Sultans/Emirs of Damascus:

• Aziz ibn Abaaq al-Khwarazmi 1076–1079
• Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1079–1095
• Abu Nasr Shams al-Muluk Duqaq 1095–1104
• Tutush II 1104
• Muhi ad-Din Baktāsh (Ertaş) 1104

Damascus seized by the Burid Toghtekin

{{Main|Sultanate of Rûm}}

File:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 1190 Locator Map.svg in 1190, before the Third Crusade]]

The Seljuk line, already having been deprived of any significant power, effectively ended in the early 14th century.

{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}}

• Kutalmish 1060–1077
• Suleyman I (Suleiman) 1077–1086
• Dawud Kilij Arslan I 1092–1107
• Malik Shah 1107–1116
• Rukn ad-Din Mesud I 1116–1156
• Izz ad-Din Kilij Arslan II 1156–1192
• Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw I 1192–1196
• Suleyman II (Suleiman) 1196–1204
• Kilij Arslan III 1204–1205
• Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw I (second time) 1205–1211
• Izz ad-Din Kaykaus I 1211–1220
• Ala ad-Din Kayqubad I 1220–1237
• Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw II 1237–1246
• Izz ad-Din Kaykaus II 1246–1260
• Rukn ad-Din Kilij Arslan IV 1248–1265
• Ala ad-Din Kayqubad II 1249–1257
• Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw III 1265–1282
• Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II 1282–1284
• Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III 1284
• Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II (second time) 1284–1293
• Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III (second time) 1293–1294
• Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II (third time) 1294–1301
• Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III (third time) 1301–1303
• Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II (fourth time) 1303–1307

File:Chess Set MET DP170393.jpg|Shatranj chess set, glazed fritware, 12th-century Iran. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.

File:Eskişehir Archaeological Museum 1270.jpg|Seljuk sarcophagus at the Eskişehir Eti Archaeology Museum

{{Great Seljuk sultans family tree}}

• Khatun Seljuk princess
• Seljuk Empire
• Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
• Seljuk (warlord)

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Dietrich |first1=Richard |title=The Names of Seljuk's Sons as Evidence for the Pre-Islamic Religion of the Seljuks |journal=Turkish Historical Review |date=2018 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=54–70 |doi=10.1163/18775462-00901002|hdl=11511/41747 |hdl-access=free }}
• {{Cite book |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia |location=New Brunswick |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1988 |page=147 |isbn=978-0-8135-0627-2}}
• Peacock, A.C.S. (2010). Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation. New York: Routledge. {{ISBN?}}
• {{Cite book |last=Previté-Orton |author-link=Charles William Previté-Orton |first=C. W. |year=1971 |title=The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}

{{Seljuk dynasty}}{{Iran topics}}{{History of Turkey topics}}

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