:Single-payer healthcare#United States

Within single-payer healthcare systems, a single government or government-related source pays for all covered healthcare services.Medical Subject Headings thesaurus, National Library of Medicine.[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2008/MB_cgi?mode=&index=17627&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input= "Single-Payer System"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075925/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2008/MB_cgi?mode=&index=17627&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input=|date=March 4, 2016}} Year introduced: 1996, (From Slee and Slee, Health Care Reform Terms, 1993, p. 106) Governments use this strategy to achieve several goals, including universal healthcare, decreased economic burden of health care, and improved health outcomes for the population. In 2010, the World Health Organization's member countries adopted universal healthcare as a goal;{{Cite web|title=Health systems financing: the path to universal coverage|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2010/en/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021141619/http://www.who.int/whr/2010/en/|archive-date=October 21, 2017|access-date=2017-10-31|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|df=mdy-all}} this goal was also adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.{{Cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld|title=Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org|language=en|access-date=2017-11-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205210925/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld|archive-date=December 5, 2017|df=mdy-all}}

A single-payer health system establishes a single risk pool, consisting of the entire population of a geographic or political region. It also establishes a single set of rules for services offered, reimbursement rates, drug prices, and minimum standards for required services.{{Cite journal|last1=Hsiao|first1=William C.|last2=Cheng|first2=Shou-Hsia|last3=Yip|first3=Winnie|title=What can be achieved with a single-payer NHI system: The case of Taiwan|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=233|pages=265–271|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.006|pmid=29054594|year=2016|s2cid=29973659}}

In wealthy nations, single-payer healthcare is typically available to all citizens and legal residents. Examples include the United Kingdom's National Health Service, Australia's Medicare, Canada's Medicare, Spain's National Health System, Taiwan's National Health Insurance and Italy's National Health System (SSN Servizio Sanitario Nazionale).

The term was coined in the 1990s to characterize the differences between the Canadian healthcare system with those such as the United Kingdom's NHS. In the Canadian healthcare system, the government pays private agencies to provide healthcare for qualifying individuals. In other systems, the government both funds and delivers care.Liu, J. L., & Brook, R. H. (2017). What is single-payer health care? A review of definitions and proposals in the U.S. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 32(7), 822-831.

Typically, "single-payer healthcare" refers to health insurance provided as a public service and offered to citizens and legal residents; it does not usually refer to delivery of healthcare services. The fund can be managed by the government directly or as a publicly owned and regulated agency. Single-payer contrasts with other funding mechanisms like "multi-payer" (multiple public and/or private sources), "two-tiered" (defined either as a public source with the option to use qualifying private coverage as a substitute, or as a public source for catastrophic care backed by private insurance for common medical care), and "insurance mandate" (citizens are required to buy private insurance which meets a national standard and which is generally subsidized). Some systems combine elements of these four funding mechanisms.{{cite web|url=http://www.40thdems.org/blog/2017/5/15/single-payer-is-great-but-its-not-the-only-option|title=Single-payer is great but it's not the only option|access-date=December 12, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022193522/http://www.40thdems.org/blog/2017/5/15/single-payer-is-great-but-its-not-the-only-option|archive-date=October 22, 2017|df=mdy-all}}

In contrast to the standard usage of the term, some writers describe all publicly administered systems as "single-payer plans", and others have described any system of healthcare which intends to cover the entire population, such as voucher plans, as "single-payer plans", although these usages generally do not meet strict definitions of the term.Frank, Robert H. (2007-02-15). "A Health Care Plan So Simple, Even Stephen Colbert Couldn't Simplify It." New York Times, Retrieved from {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/15/business/15scene.html |title=A Health Care Plan So Simple, Even Stephen Colbert Couldn't Simplify It |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2007 |access-date=2017-09-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903055357/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/15/business/15scene.html |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |df=mdy-all |last1=Frank |first1=Robert H. }}.

{{Main|Health system#International comparisons}}

Several nations worldwide have single-payer health insurance programs. These programs generally provide some form of universal health care, which is implemented in a variety of ways. In some cases doctors are employed and hospitals are run by the government, such as in the UK or Spain.{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/08/03/158020882/in-british-emergency-room-theres-no-card-to-show-there-are-no-bills|title=In British Emergency Room, 'There's No Card To Show; There Are No Bills'|publisher=NPR|last=Aguirre|first=Jessica Camille|date=August 6, 2012|access-date=August 9, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808224307/http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/08/03/158020882/in-british-emergency-room-theres-no-card-to-show-there-are-no-bills|archive-date=August 8, 2012|df=mdy-all}}{{cite web|last1=Socolovsky|first1=Jerome|title=What Makes Spain's Health Care System The Best?|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112014770|website=NPR|access-date=21 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319212430/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112014770|archive-date=March 19, 2014|df=mdy-all}} Alternatively, the government may purchase healthcare services from outside organizations, such as the approach taken in Canada.

{{Main|Healthcare in Canada}}

{{See also|Medicare (Canada)|Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States}}

Healthcare in Canada is delivered through a publicly funded health care system, which is mostly free at the point of use and has most services provided by private entities.Public vs. private health care CBC, December 1, 2006. The system was established by the provisions of the Canada Health Act of 1984.{{cite web |url = http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/medi-assur/cha-lcs/overview-apercu-eng.php |title=Overview of the Canada Health Act |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414052008/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/medi-assur/cha-lcs/overview-apercu-eng.php |archive-date=April 14, 2009 |df=mdy-all }} The government assures the quality of care through federal standards. The government does not participate in day-to-day care or collect any information about an individual's health, which remains confidential between a person and their physician.

Canada's provincially based Medicare systems are cost-effective partly because of their administrative simplicity. In each province, every doctor handles the insurance claim against the provincial insurer. There is no need for the person who accesses healthcare to be involved in billing and reclaim.

In general, costs are paid through funding from income taxes. A health card is issued by the Provincial Ministry of Health to each individual who enrolls for the program and everyone receives the same level of care.{{cite web |url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/delivery-prestation/ptrole/index-eng.php |title=Provincial/Territorial Role in Health |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206214055/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/delivery-prestation/ptrole/index-eng.php |archive-date=February 6, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}

There is no need for a variety of plans because virtually all essential basic care is covered, including maternity and infertility problems. Depending on the province, dental and vision care may not be covered but are often insured by employers through private companies. In some provinces, private supplemental plans are available for those who desire private rooms if they are hospitalized.

Cosmetic surgery and some forms of elective surgery are not considered essential care and are generally not covered. These can be paid out-of-pocket or through private insurers. Health coverage is not affected by loss or change of jobs, and there are no lifetime limits or exclusions for pre-existing conditions.

Pharmaceutical medications are covered by public funds, privately out-of-pocket or through employment-based private insurance.CIHI p. 91 Drug prices are negotiated with suppliers by the federal government to control costs.

Family physicians (often known as general practitioners or GPs in Canada) are chosen by individuals. If a patient wishes to see a specialist or is counseled to see a specialist, a referral can be made by a GP.

Canadians do wait for some treatments and diagnostic services. The median wait time for diagnostic services such as MRI and CAT scans{{NoteTag|Diagnostic tests defined as the following: non-emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices; computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans; and angiographies that use X-rays to examine the inner opening of blood-filled structures such as veins and arteries.}} is two weeks, with 86.4% waiting less than three months.{{Cite web|url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/pubs/system-regime/2006-fed-comp-indicat/2006-fed-comp-indicat-3-eng.php#a1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604194222/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/pubs/system-regime/2006-fed-comp-indicat/2006-fed-comp-indicat-3-eng.php#a1|url-status=dead|title=Section from Healthy Canadians: A Federal report on Comparable Health Indicators|archive-date=June 4, 2008}} The median wait time for surgery is four weeks, with 82.2% waiting less than three months.{{cite journal |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/content/161/8/1028 |title=How bad is the brain drain?|first=Charlotte|last=Gray|date=October 19, 1999 |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=161|issue=8|pages=1028–1029|access-date=December 12, 2017|via=www.cmaj.ca|pmid=10551204|pmc=1230682|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213081819/http://www.cmaj.ca/content/161/8/1028 |archive-date=December 13, 2017|df=mdy-all}}

While physician income initially boomed after the implementation of a single-payer program, a reduction in physician salaries followed, which many feared would be a long-term result of government-run healthcare. However, by the beginning of the 21st century, medical professionals were again among Canada's top earners.{{Cite journal|last=Duffin|first=Jacalyn|date=2016-11-17|title=The Impact of Single-Payer Health Care on Physician Income in Canada, 1850–2005|journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=1198–1208 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2010.300093 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=3110239|pmid=21566029}}

{{Main|Healthcare in Taiwan}}

Healthcare in Taiwan is administered by the Department of Health of the Executive Yuan. As with other developed economies, Taiwanese people are well-nourished but face such health problems as chronic obesity and heart disease.

In 2002, Taiwan had nearly 1.6 physicians and 5.9 hospital beds per 1,000 population, and there were a total of 36 hospitals and 2,601 clinics in the island.{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Taiwan.pdf|title=Taiwan country profile|publisher=Library of Congress Federal Research Division|date=March 2005|access-date=2008-05-04|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512172454/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Taiwan.pdf|archive-date=May 12, 2008|df=mdy-all}} This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Health expenditures constituted 5.8% of the GDP in 2001, 64.9% of which coming from public funds.

Despite the initial shock on Taiwan's economy from increased costs of expanded healthcare coverage, the single-payer system has provided protection from greater financial risks and has made healthcare more financially accessible for the population, resulting in a steady 70% public satisfaction rating.{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Jui-Fen Rachel|last2=Hsiao|first2=William C.|date=2003-05-01|title=Does Universal Health Insurance Make Health Care Unaffordable? Lessons From Taiwan|journal=Health Affairs|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=77–88|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.22.3.77|issn=0278-2715|pmid=12757274|df=mdy-all}}

The current healthcare system in Taiwan, known as National Health Insurance (NHI), was instituted in 1995. NHI is a single-payer compulsory social insurance plan which centralizes the disbursement of health care funds. The system promises equal access to health care for all citizens, and the population coverage had reached 99% by the end of 2004.Fanchiang, Cecilia.[http://taiwanjournal.nat.gov.tw/site/Tj/ct.asp?xItem=20439&CtNode=122 "New IC health insurance card expected to offer many benefits"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606010447/http://taiwanjournal.nat.gov.tw/site/Tj/ct.asp?xItem=20439&CtNode=122 |date=June 6, 2008 }}, Taiwan Journal, January 2, 2004, Accessed March 28, 2008

NHI is mainly financed through premiums, which are based on the payroll tax, and is supplemented with out-of-pocket payments and direct government funding. In the initial stage, fee-for-service predominated for both public and private providers. Most health providers operate in the private sector and form a competitive market on the health delivery side. However, many healthcare providers took advantage of the system by offering unnecessary services to a larger number of patients and then billing the government.

In the face of increasing loss and the need for cost containment, NHI changed the payment system from fee-for-service to a global budget, a kind of prospective payment system, in 2002. Taiwan's success with a single-payer health insurance program is owed, in part, to the country's human resources and the government's organizational skills, allowing for the effective and efficient management of the government-run health insurance program.

{{Main|Healthcare in South Korea}}

South Korea used to have a multipayer social health insurance universal healthcare system, similar to systems used in countries like Japan and Germany, with healthcare societies providing coverage for the whole populace. Prior to 1977, the country had voluntary private health insurance, but reforms initiated in 1977 resulted in universal coverage by 1989.{{cite journal|title=Health Care Reform in South Korea: Success or Failure?|first=Jong-Chan|last=Lee|date=January 1, 2003|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=93|issue=1|pages=48–51|pmid=12511383|pmc=1447690|doi=10.2105/ajph.93.1.48}} A major healthcare financing reform in 2000 merged all medical societies into the National Health Insurance Service. This new service became a single-payer healthcare system in 2004.{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhic.or.kr/static/html/wbd/g/a/wbdga0101.html|title=h-well NHIS|website=www.nhic.or.kr|access-date=2016-12-03}}

{{See also|Beveridge Report}}

The Nordic countries are sometimes considered to have single-payer health care services, as opposed to single-payer national health care insurance like Taiwan or Canada. This is a form of the "Beveridge Model" of health care systems that features public health providers in addition to public health insurance.{{cite web|url=http://www.pnhp.org/single_payer_resources/health_care_systems_four_basic_models.php|title=Health Care Systems - Four Basic Models - Physicians for a National Health Program|website=www.pnhp.org|access-date=December 12, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031123300/http://www.pnhp.org/single_payer_resources/health_care_systems_four_basic_models.php|archive-date=October 31, 2017|df=mdy-all}}

The term "Scandinavian model" or "Nordic model" of health care systems has a few common features: largely public providers, limited private health coverage, and regionally-run, devolved systems with limited involvement from the central government.{{cite web |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/98417/E93429.pdf |title=WHO/Europe | Home |access-date=2017-10-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809195038/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/98417/E93429.pdf |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |df=mdy-all }} Due to this third characteristic, they can also be argued to be single-payer only on a regional level, or to be multi-payer systems, as opposed to the nationally run health coverage found in Taiwan and South Korea.

{{Main|Healthcare in the United Kingdom}}

Healthcare in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter, meaning that England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland all have their own system of private and publicly funded healthcare, generally referred to as the National Health Service (NHS). With largely public or government-owned providers, this also fits into the "Beveridge Model" of health care systems, sometimes considered to be single-payer, with relatively little private involvement compared to other universal systems. Each country's having different policies and priorities has resulted in a variety of differences existing between the systems.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7586147.stm 'Huge contrasts' in devolved NHS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216225814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7586147.stm |date=February 16, 2009 }} BBC News, 28 August 2008[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7149423.stm NHS now four different systems] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403211931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7149423.stm |date=April 3, 2009 }} BBC 2 January 2008 That said, each country provides public healthcare to all UK permanent residents that is free at the point of use, being paid for from general taxation.

In addition, each also has a private sector which is considerably smaller than its public equivalent, with provision of private healthcare acquired by means of private health insurance, funded as part of an employer funded healthcare scheme or paid directly by the customer, though provision can be restricted for those with conditions such as HIV/AIDS.[http://www.bupa.co.uk/heartbeat/html/not_covered.html BUPA exclusions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131160104/http://www.bupa.co.uk/heartbeat/html/not_covered.html |date=January 31, 2009 }} bupa.co.uk, accessed 23 February 2009{{cite web| url=http://thehealthcareblog.com/blog/2012/01/16/the-awkward-world-of-private-insurance-in-the-uk/| author=Bob Wachter, MD| title=The Awkward World of Private Insurance in the UK| publisher=The Health Care Blog| date=January 16, 2012| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164308/http://thehealthcareblog.com/blog/2012/01/16/the-awkward-world-of-private-insurance-in-the-uk/| archive-date=November 16, 2016| df=mdy-all}}

The individual systems are:

• England: National Health Service (NHS)
• Scotland: NHS Scotland
• Wales: NHS Wales
• Northern Ireland: Health and Social Care (HSC)

In England, funding from general taxation is channeled through NHS England, which is responsible for commissioning mainly specialist services and primary care, and Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs), which manage 60% of the budget and are responsible for commissioning health services for their local populations.{{cite web|url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/commissioning/|title=NHS Commissioning|first=NHS|last=Commissioning|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216223927/https://www.england.nhs.uk/commissioning/|archive-date=December 16, 2015|df=mdy-all}}

These commissioning bodies do not provide services themselves directly, but procure these from NHS Trusts and Foundation Trusts, as well as private, voluntary, and social enterprise sector providers.{{Cite web|title = The structure of the NHS in England|url = http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/nhsstructure.aspx|website = www.nhs.uk|access-date = 2016-02-23|first = NHS|last = Choices|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160220171503/http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/nhsstructure.aspx|archive-date = February 20, 2016|df = mdy-all}}

{{Main|Health care in Australia}}

Healthcare in Australia is provided by both private and government institutions. Medicare is the publicly funded universal health care venture in Australia. It was instituted in 1984 and coexists with a private health system. For example, Medicare covers all of the cost for an Australian citizen in a public hospital, while it only covers 75% of the cost in a private hospital. Medicare is funded partly by a 2% income tax levy (with exceptions for low-income earners), but mostly out of general revenue. An additional levy of 1% is imposed on high-income earners without private health insurance.{{cite web|title=Medicare levy increase to fund DisabilityCare Australia|url=https://www.ato.gov.au/General/New-legislation/In-detail/Direct-taxes/Income-tax-for-individuals/Medicare-Levy-increase-to-fund-DisabilityCare/|website=www.ato.gov.au|access-date=28 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123923/https://www.ato.gov.au/General/New-legislation/In-detail/Direct-taxes/Income-tax-for-individuals/Medicare-Levy-increase-to-fund-DisabilityCare/|archive-date=April 2, 2015|df=mdy-all}}

As well as Medicare, there is a separate Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme that considerably subsidises a range of prescription medications. The Minister for Health administers national health policy, elements of which (such as the operation of hospitals) are overseen by individual states.

{{Main|Healthcare in India}}

India has a universal multi-payer health care model that is paid for by a combination of public and private health insurances along with the element of almost entirely tax-funded public hospitals.{{cite journal |last1=Zodpey |first1=Sanjay |last2=Farooqui |first2=Habib Hasan |title=Universal Health Coverage in India: Progress achieved & the way forward |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=2018 |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=327–329 |doi=10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_616_18 |pmid=29998865 |pmc=6057252 |doi-access=free }} The public hospital system is essentially free for all Indian residents except for small, often symbolic co-payments in some services.{{Cite web|url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/countries/india|title=India | Commonwealth Fund|website=www.commonwealthfund.org| date=June 5, 2020 }} At the federal level, a national health insurance program was launched in 2018 by the Government of India, called Ayushman Bharat. This aimed to cover the bottom 50% (500 million people) of the country's population working in the unorganized sector (enterprises having less than 10 employees) and offers them free treatment even at private hospitals. For people working in the organized sector (enterprises with more than 10 employees) and earning a monthly salary of up to Rs 21000 are covered by the social insurance scheme of Employees' State Insurance which entirely funds their healthcare (along with pension and unemployment benefits), both in public and private hospitals.{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/covid-india-pension-scheme-health-insurance-7282123/|title=Covid is an opportunity to make structural changes to our largest health insurance and pension schemes|date=April 21, 2021}}{{cite web | title=Coverage | website=esic.gov.in| date=31 March 2022 | url=https://www.esic.gov.in/coverage | access-date=25 September 2023}} People earning more than that amount are provided health insurance coverage by their employers through the many public or private insurance companies. As of 2020, 300 million Indians are covered by insurance bought from one of the public or private insurance companies by their employers as group or individual plans.{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/why-you-should-not-miss-out-on-your-health-insurance-renewal-7281399/|title=Why you should not miss out on your health insurance renewal|date=April 20, 2021}} Unemployed people without coverage are covered by the various state insurance schemes if they do not have the means to pay for it.{{Cite web|url=https://www.godigit.com/content/godigit/directportal/en/health-insurance/government-health-insurance-schemes.html|title=17 Government Health Insurance Schemes in India: Govt Mediclaim Policy|website=Digit Insurance}}

In 2019, the total net government spending on healthcare was $36 billion or 1.23% of its GDP.₹2.6 trillion Since the country's independence, the public hospital system has been entirely funded through general taxation.

{{Main|Healthcare in Israel}}

Healthcare in Israel is universal and participation in a medical insurance plan is compulsory. All Israeli residents are entitled to basic health care as a fundamental right. The Israeli healthcare system is based on the National Health Insurance Law of 1995, which mandates all citizens who are residents of the country to join one of four official health insurance organizations, known as Kupat Holim (קופת חולים - "Sick Funds") which are run as not-for-profit organizations and are prohibited by law from denying any Israeli resident membership. Israelis can increase their medical coverage and improve their options by purchasing private health insurance.{{cite web | url=http://www.physiciansnews.com/2009/10/01/can-universal-healthcare-work-a-look-at-israels-successful-model/ | title=Can universal healthcare work? A look at Israel's successful model |author=Sharon Segel | date=October 2009 | publisher=Physicians News Digest |access-date=3 August 2015}} In a survey of 48 countries in 2013, Israel's health system was ranked fourth in the world in terms of efficiency, and in 2014 it ranked seventh out of 51.{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/infographics/most-efficient-health-care-around-the-world.html|title=Most Efficient Health Care 2014: Countries - Bloomberg Best (and Worst)|date=25 August 2014|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=3 August 2015}} In 2020, Israel's health system was ranked third most efficient in the world.{{Cite news|date=2020-12-18|title=Asia Trounces U.S. in Health-Efficiency Index Amid Pandemic|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-18/asia-trounces-u-s-in-health-efficiency-index-amid-pandemic|access-date=2021-02-07}} In 2015, Israel was ranked sixth-healthiest country in the world by Bloomberg rankings{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/singapore-ranked-worlds-healthiest-country-uk-fails-to-make-top-20-a6716281.html|title=Singapore ranked world's healthiest country, UK fails to make top 20|date=31 October 2015|work=The Independent}} and ranked eighth in terms of life expectancy.

{{Main|Spanish National Health System}}

Building upon less structured foundations, in 1963 the existence of a single-payer healthcare system in Spain was established by the Spanish government.{{cite web|url=http://www.seg-social.es/Internet_1/LaSeguridadSocial/HistoriadelaSegurid47711/index.htm|title=Seguridad Social:Conócenos|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103055711/http://www.seg-social.es/Internet_1/LaSeguridadSocial/HistoriadelaSegurid47711/index.htm|archive-date=January 3, 2013|df=mdy-all}} The system was sustained by contributions from workers, and covered them and their dependants.{{cite web|url=http://www.revista-portalesmedicos.com/revista-medica/historia-de-la-sanidad-publica-espanola-revision-bibliografica/2/|title=Historia de la Sanidad Pública española. Revisión bibliográfica – Revista Médica Electrónica PortalesMedicos.com|date=November 23, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224170219/http://www.revista-portalesmedicos.com/revista-medica/historia-de-la-sanidad-publica-espanola-revision-bibliografica/2/|archive-date=December 24, 2014|df=mdy-all}}

The universality of the system was established later in 1986. At the same time, management of public healthcare was delegated to the different autonomous communities in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.msssi.gob.es/organizacion/sns/docs/proteccion08.pdf|title=La protección de la salud en España|website=msssi.gob.es|access-date=May 5, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918015821/http://www.msssi.gob.es/organizacion/sns/docs/proteccion08.pdf|archive-date=September 18, 2017|df=mdy-all}} While previously this was not the case, in 1997 it was established that public authorities can delegate management of publicly funded healthcare to private companies.{{cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1997-9021|title=Documento BOE-A-1997-9021|pages=13449–13450 |publisher=BOE.es|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224164536/https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1997-9021|archive-date=December 24, 2014|df=mdy-all}}

Additionally, in parallel to the single-payer healthcare system there are private insurers, which provide coverage for some private doctors and hospitals. Employers will sometimes offer private health insurance as a benefit, with 14.8% of the Spanish population being covered under private health insurance in 2013.{{cite news|url=http://www.elblogsalmon.com/entorno/muface-y-la-sanidad-privada-de-verdad-tiene-sentido|title=Muface y la sanidad privada, ¿de verdad tiene sentido?|first=Alejandro Nieto|last=González|date=September 22, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224172439/http://www.elblogsalmon.com/entorno/muface-y-la-sanidad-privada-de-verdad-tiene-sentido|archive-date=December 24, 2014|df=mdy-all}}{{cite web|url=http://www.fundacionidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/AnalisisSituacion_2013.pdf|title=Informe IDIS, Análisis de situación 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224164343/http://www.fundacionidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/AnalisisSituacion_2013.pdf|archive-date=December 24, 2014|df=mdy-all}}

In 2000, the Spanish healthcare system was rated by the World Health Organization as the 7th best in the world.

Spain's healthcare system ranks 19th in Europe according to the 2018 Euro health consumer index.{{cite web|title= 2018 European Health Consumer Index|url=https://healthpowerhouse.com/media/EHCI-2018/EHCI-2018-report.pdf |access-date=9 April 2020}}

{{Main|Healthcare in the United States}}

{{Redirect|Medicare for All|the United States Congressional bill|Medicare for All Act|the US Congressional caucus|Medicare for All Caucus}}

{{redirect|M4A|MPEG 4 filename extension for audio|MPEG-4 Part 14#Filename extensions}}

Medicare in the United States is a public healthcare system, but is restricted to persons age 65 and older, people under 65 who have specific disabilities, and anyone with end-stage renal disease.HealthCare.gov: [http://www.healthcare.gov/using-insurance/medicare-long-term-care/medicare/index.html#whatmedicare What is Medicare?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220211708/http://www.healthcare.gov/using-insurance/medicare-long-term-care/medicare/index.html |date=February 20, 2013 }}. A number of proposals have been made for a universal single-payer healthcare system in the United States, among them the Medicare for All Act originally introduced in the House in February 2003 and repeatedly since.{{Cite journal|last1=Galvani|first1=Alison P.|last2=Parpia|first2=Alyssa S.|last3=Foster|first3=Eric M.|last4=Singer|first4=Burton H.|last5=Fitzpatrick|first5=Meagan C.|date=2020-02-15|title=Improving the prognosis of health care in the USA|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=395|issue=10223|pages=524–533|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33019-3|pmid=32061298|pmc=8572548|s2cid=211105345|issn=0140-6736}} On July 18, 2018, it was announced that over 60 U.S. House Democrats would be forming a Medicare for All Caucus.{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/exclusive-over-60-house-democrats-are-forming-a-medicare-for-all-caucus/|title=Exclusive: Over 60 House Democrats are forming a Medicare for All Caucus|work=VICE News|access-date=2018-07-19|language=en}} On March 17, 2021, exactly a year after COVID-19 had appeared in every U.S. state,{{Cite web|title=Jayapal, Dingell to Unveil Medicare for All Act Exactly One Year After 1st Covid Cases Confirmed in Every State|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/03/13/jayapal-dingell-unveil-medicare-all-act-exactly-one-year-after-1st-covid-cases|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Common Dreams|language=en}} House Democrats introduced the Medicare for All Act of 2021 with 112 supporters.{{Cite web|title='Everyone In, Nobody Out': Jayapal, Dingell Introduce Medicare for All Act With 112 Co-Sponsors|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/03/17/everyone-nobody-out-jayapal-dingell-introduce-medicare-all-act-112-co-sponsors|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Common Dreams|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Progressive Democrats Revive Medicare-for-All Campaign|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/medicare-for-all-gets-renewed-push-after-pandemic-devastation/ar-BB1eGtlY|access-date=2021-03-18|website=www.msn.com}}{{Cite web|title=House Democrats bring back Medicare-for-all, seeking to push Biden left|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/house-democrats-bring-back-medicare-for-all-seeking-to-push-biden-left/ar-BB1eEOdh|access-date=2021-03-18|website=www.msn.com}}{{Cite web|last=Henney|first=Megan|date=2021-03-17|title=House Dems renew push for 'Medicare-for-all,' pressure Biden to move left|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/house-dems-renew-push-for-medicare-for-all|access-date=2021-03-18|website=FOXBusiness|language=en-US}}

Advocates argue that preventive healthcare expenditures can save several hundreds of billions of dollars per year because publicly funded universal healthcare would benefit employers and consumers, that employers would benefit from a bigger pool of potential customers and that employers would likely pay less, would be spared administrative costs, and inequities between employers would be reduced. Prohibitively high cost is the primary reason Americans give for problems accessing health care.{{cite web|url=http://dpeaflcio.org/programs-publications/issue-fact-sheets/the-u-s-health-care-system-an-international-perspective/|title=The U.S. Health Care System: An International Perspective - DPEAFLCIO|website=dpeaflcio.org|date=August 15, 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328093811/http://dpeaflcio.org/programs-publications/issue-fact-sheets/the-u-s-health-care-system-an-international-perspective/|archive-date=March 28, 2018|df=mdy-all}} At over 27 million, the number of people without health insurance coverage in the United States is one of the primary concerns raised by advocates of health care reform. Lack of health insurance is associated with increased mortality – about sixty thousand preventable deaths per year, depending on the study.{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/6/22/15857482/atul-gawande-gop-health-plan-bcra|title="There will be deaths": Atul Gawande on the GOP plan to replace Obamacare|date=June 22, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731190845/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/6/22/15857482/atul-gawande-gop-health-plan-bcra|archive-date=July 31, 2017|df=mdy-all}} A study done at Harvard Medical School with Cambridge Health Alliance showed that nearly 45,000 annual deaths are associated with a lack of patient health insurance. The study also found that uninsured, working Americans have a risk of death about 40% higher compared to privately insured working Americans.{{Cite news|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/09/new-study-finds-45000-deaths-annually-linked-to-lack-of-health-coverage/|title=New study finds 45,000 deaths annually linked to lack of health coverage|date=2009-09-17|work=Harvard Gazette|access-date=2018-02-28|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228161632/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/09/new-study-finds-45000-deaths-annually-linked-to-lack-of-health-coverage/|archive-date=February 28, 2018|df=mdy-all}}

Backers of single-payer or Medicare for All note that minorities and the poor, as well as rural residents in general, are less able to afford private health insurance, and that those who can must pay high deductibles and co-payments that threaten families with financial ruin.{{Cite web|title=Health Care In Rural America|url=https://www.cfra.org/Healthcare|date=2007-08-22|website=Center for Rural Affairs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}{{Cite web|title=Single-Payer Health Reform: A Step Toward Reducing Structural Racism in Health Care {{!}} Harvard Public Health Review: A Student Publication|url=http://harvardpublichealthreview.org/single-payer-health-reform-a-step-toward-reducing-structural-racism-in-health-care/|website=harvardpublichealthreview.org|date=July 17, 2015 |access-date=2020-06-01}} Advocates have estimated a long-term savings amounting to 40% of all national health expenditures due to the extended preventive health care, although estimates from the Congressional Budget Office and The New England Journal of Medicine have found that preventive care is more expensive due to increased utilization.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1186/1472-6963-5-20 | last1 = Hogg | first1 = W. | last2 = Baskerville | year = 2005 | first2 = N | last3 = Lemelin | first3 = J | title = Cost savings associated with improving appropriate and reducing inappropriate preventive care: cost-consequences analysis | journal = BMC Health Services Research | volume = 5 | issue = 1| page = 20 | pmid = 15755330 | pmc = 1079830 | doi-access = free }}PolitiFact: [http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2012/feb/10/barack-obama/barack-obama-says-preventive-care-saves-money/ Barack Obama says preventive care 'saves money'.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619030404/http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2012/feb/10/barack-obama/barack-obama-says-preventive-care-saves-money/ |date=June 19, 2014 }} February 10, 2012.

Any national system would be paid for in part through taxes replacing insurance premiums, but advocates also believe savings would be realized through preventive care and the elimination of insurance company overhead and hospital billing costs.{{cite web |last=Krugman |first=Paul |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/13/opinion/13krugman.html |title=One Nation, Uninsured |website=The New York Times |date=June 13, 2005 |access-date=December 4, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113102609/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/13/opinion/13krugman.html |archive-date=November 13, 2013 |df=mdy-all }} A 2008 analysis of a single-payer bill by Physicians for a National Health Program estimated the immediate savings at $350 billion per year.Physicians for a National Health Program (2008) [http://www.pnhp.org/facts/single_payer_system_cost.php?page=all "Single Payer System Cost?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206190254/http://www.pnhp.org/facts/single_payer_system_cost.php?page=all |date=December 6, 2010 }} PNHP.org The Commonwealth Fund believes that, if the United States adopted a universal health care system, the mortality rate would improve and the country would save approximately $570 billion a year.{{cite journal|last=Friedman|first=Gerald|authorlink=Gerald Friedman (economist)|title=Funding a National Single-Payer System "Medicare for All" Would save Billions, and Could Be Redistributive|publisher=Dollars & Sense}}

Government is increasingly involved in U.S. health care spending, paying about 45% of the $2.2 trillion the nation spent on individuals' medical care in 2004. However, studies have shown that the publicly administered share of health spending in the U.S. may be closer to 60% as of 2002.Health Affairs, July 2002. Woolhandler, Steffi

According to Princeton University health economist Uwe Reinhardt, U.S. Medicare, Medicaid, and State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) represent "forms of 'social insurance' coupled with a largely private health-care delivery system" rather than forms of "socialized medicine". In contrast, he describes the Veterans Administration healthcare system as a pure form of socialized medicine because it is "owned, operated and financed by government."[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118411829790962883 "Letters: For Children's Sake, This 'Schip' Needs to Be Relaunched"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710035107/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118411829790962883 |date=July 10, 2017 }}, Wall Street Journal, July 11, 2007, Uwe Reinhardt and others.

In a peer-reviewed paper published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, researchers of the RAND Corporation reported that the quality of care received by Veterans Administration patients scored significantly higher overall than did comparable metrics for patients currently using United States Medicare.{{cite journal |vauthors=Asch SM, McGlynn EA, Hogan MM, et al |title=Comparison of quality of care for patients in the Veterans Health Administration and patients in a national sample |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=141 |issue=12 |pages=938–45 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15611491 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-141-12-200412210-00010 |s2cid=35973709 |df=mdy-all |doi-access= }}

The Medicare for All Act is a perennial piece of legislation introduced many times in the United States House of Representatives by then Representative John Conyers (D-MI).[http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/racs-/-icd-9-/-icd-10/house-reps-introduce-medicare-for-all-bill.html "House Reps Introduce Medicare-for-All Bill"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302043547/http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/racs-/-icd-9-/-icd-10/house-reps-introduce-medicare-for-all-bill.html |date=March 2, 2013 }} Becker's Hospital Review, Feb. 14, 2013 The act would establish a universal single-payer health care system in the United States, the rough equivalent of Canada's Medicare, the United Kingdom's National Health Service, and Taiwan's Bureau of National Health Insurance, among other examples. The bill was first introduced in 2003 and has been reintroduced in each Congress since. During the 2009 health care debates over the bill that became the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, H.R. 676 was expected to be debated and voted upon by the House in September 2009, but was never debated.{{cite news | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dc/2009/07/single-payer-gets-a-vote.html | location=New York | work=Daily News | title=Single Payer Gets A Vote (Updated) | date=July 31, 2009 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904022040/http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dc/2009/07/single-payer-gets-a-vote.html | archive-date=September 4, 2009 | df=mdy-all }}{{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-676|title=H.R. 676: United States National Health Care Act or the Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act (Govtrack.us)|access-date=December 1, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131101240/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-676|archive-date=January 31, 2010|df=mdy-all}} In the wake of Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign, in which a push for universal healthcare featured prominently, single-payer proposals gained traction. Conyers reintroduced his bill in the House of Representatives in January 2017. Four months later, the bill was supported by 112 co-sponsors, surpassing for the first time the 25% mark of co-sponsorship.{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/676?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22John+conyers%22%5D%7D&r=12|title=H.R.676 - Expanded & Improved Medicare For All Act|access-date=September 18, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155538/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/676?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22John+conyers%22%5D%7D&r=12|archive-date=September 18, 2017|df=mdy-all}} In September of the same year, Sanders himself, together with 16 co-sponsors, introduced a Medicare-for-all bill in the Senate (S. 1804).{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/1804?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Bernard+Sanders%22%5D%7D|title=S.1804 - A bill to establish a Medicare-for-all health insurance program|date=September 13, 2017|access-date=September 18, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505224729/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/1804?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Bernard+Sanders%22%5D%7D|archive-date=May 5, 2018|df=mdy-all}}

An analysis of a Mercatus Center study of the 2017 proposal by economist Jeffrey Sachs found that "it rightfully and straightforwardly concludes that M4A would provide more health care coverage at lower cost than the status quo, projecting a net reduction in national health expenditures of roughly $2 trillion over a 10-year period (2022-2031), while also enabling increased health care coverage."{{cite news |last= Sachs|first=Jeffrey|date=August 4, 2018 |title=Medicare for All makes a lot of sense|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/04/opinions/medicare-for-all-makes-a-lot-of-sense-sachs/index.html|work=CNN |access-date=August 24, 2018 }} However, Mercatus scholar Robert Graboyes pointed out that the study had deliberately taken for granted the assumptions of the bill’s advocates for the sake of argument: “If M4A yielded every benefit and saving Sanders foresees, how would federal government finances change?” He went on: “Sanders assumes we can slam doctors, nurses, hospitals, drug companies, and others with enormous pay cuts, and yet expect them to happily provide even more services and products than they do now. He also assumes federal bureaucrats … will be paragons of efficient management.“{{cite news |last= Graboyes|first=Robert|date=August 8, 2018 |title=No, Medicare for All Won't Lower Health-Care Costs|url=https://www.realclearpolicy.com/articles/2018/08/06/medicare_for_all_unlikely_to_lower_health_care_costs_110748.html|work=RealClearPolicy|access-date=December 7, 2024 }}

The Congressional Budget Office and related government agencies scored the cost of a single-payer health care system several times since 1991. The Government Accountability Office published a report in 1991 noting that "[I]f the US were to shift to a system of universal coverage and a single payer, as in Canada, the savings in administrative costs [10 percent of health spending] would be more than enough to offset the expense of universal coverage."[http://archive.gao.gov/d20t9/144039.pdf "Canadian Health Insurance: Lessons for the United States,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529114235/http://archive.gao.gov/d20t9/144039.pdf |date=May 29, 2005 }} General Accounting Office, June 1991.

The CBO scored the cost in 1991, noting that "the population that is currently uninsured could be covered without dramatically increasing national spending on health" and that "all US residents might be covered by health insurance for roughly the current level of spending or even somewhat less, because of savings in administrative costs and lower payment rates for services used by the privately insured."[http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/76xx/doc7652/91-CBO-039.pdf Universal Health Insurance Coverage Using Medicare's Payment Rates] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111233222/http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/76xx/doc7652/91-CBO-039.pdf |date=November 11, 2011 }}, Congressional Budget Office, December 1991.

A CBO report in 1993 stated that "[t]he net cost of achieving universal insurance coverage under this single payer system would be negative" in part because "consumer payments for health would fall by $1,118 per capita, but taxes would have to increase by $1,261 per capita" in order to pay for the plan.[http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/64xx/doc6442/93doc171.pdf "Single-Payer and All-Payer Health Insurance Systems Using Medicare's Payment Rates"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013135844/http://cbo.gov/ftpdocs/64xx/doc6442/93doc171.pdf |date=October 13, 2011 }} Congressional Budget Office, April 1993. A July 1993 scoring also resulted in positive outcomes, with the CBO stating that, "[a]s the program was phased in, the administrative savings from switching to a single-payer system would offset much of the increased demand for health care services.

Later, the cap on the growth of the national health budget would hold the rate of growth of spending below the baseline.""Estimates of Health Care Proposals from the 102nd Congress" Congressional Budget Office, July 1993. The CBO also scored Sen. Paul Wellstone's American Health and Security Act of 1993 in December 1993, finding that "by year five (and in subsequent years) the new system would cost less than baseline."[http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/79xx/doc7946/93doc07b.pdf S.491, American Health Security Act of 1993] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012203314/http://cbo.gov/ftpdocs/79xx/doc7946/93doc07b.pdf |date=October 12, 2011 }}, Congressional Budget Office, December 1993.

A 2014 study published in the journal BMC Medical Services Research by James Kahn, et al., found that the actual administrative burden of health care in the United States was 27% of all national health expenditures. The study examined both direct costs charged by insurers for profit, administration and marketing but also the indirect burden placed on health care providers like hospitals, nursing homes and doctors for costs they incurred in working with private health insurers including contract negotiations, financial and clinical record-keeping (variable and idiosyncratic for each payer).

Kahn, et al. estimate that the added cost for the private insurer health system in the US was about $471 billion in 2012 compared to a single-payer system like Canada's. This represents just over 20% of the total national healthcare expenditure in 2012. Kahn asserts that this excess administrative cost will increase under the Affordable Care Act with its reliance on the provision of health coverage through a multi-payer system.{{Cite journal|title = Billing and insurance-related administrative costs in US healthcare|last = Kahn|first = James|date = 2014 |volume=14 |page=556|journal = BMC Health Services Research|doi = 10.1186/s12913-014-0556-7|pmid = 25540104|pmc = 4283267 | doi-access=free }}

A February 2020 study published in The Lancet found that the proposed Medicare for All Act would save 68,000 lives and $450 billion in national healthcare expenditure annually.{{cite journal |last1= Galvani |first1=Alison P |last2=Parpia |first2=Alyssa S |last3=Foster |first3=Eric M |last4=Singer |first4=Burton H |last5=Fitzpatrick |first5=Meagan C |date=February 13, 2020|title=Improving the prognosis of health care in the USA|journal=The Lancet |volume=395 |issue=10223 |pages=524–533 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33019-3|pmid=32061298 |pmc=8572548 |s2cid=211105345 }} According to a 2022 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, a single payer universal healthcare system would have saved 212,000 lives and averted over $100 billion in medical costs during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States in 2020 alone. Roughly 16% of all COVID-19 deaths occurred in the US, despite having only 4% of the world's population.{{cite journal |last1= Galvani |first1=Alison P.|last2= Parpia|first2=Alyssa S.|display-authors=etal.|date=2022 |title=Universal healthcare as pandemic preparedness: The lives and costs that could have been saved during the COVID-19 pandemic|journal=PNAS |volume=119 |issue= 25|pages= e2200536119|doi=10.1073/pnas.2200536119|doi-access=free |pmid=35696578 |pmc=9231482 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11900536G |s2cid=249645274 }}

Several single-payer state referendums and bills from state legislatures have been proposed, but with the exception of Vermont, all have failed.[http://www.healthinsurance.org/blog/2011/05/12/vermont-moves-toward-single-payer/ Vermont moves toward single-payer | Arlene Karidis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010211151/http://www.healthinsurance.org/blog/2011/05/12/vermont-moves-toward-single-payer/ |date=October 10, 2013 }}. In December 2014, Vermont canceled its plan for single-payer health care.[http://www.startribune.com/governor-abandons-single-payer-health-care-plan/286150891/ "Governor abandons single-payer health care plan"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701141402/http://www.startribune.com/governor-abandons-single-payer-health-care-plan/286150891/ |date=July 1, 2017 }}, Associated Press, December 17, 2014

California attempted passage of a single-payer health system by initiative in 1994, as Proposition 186, which got 27% of the vote.{{Cite web|title=Proposition 186|url=https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_186,_Single_Payer_Healthcare_System_(1994)|website=Ballotpedia}}

Multiple legislative proposals have been proposed in the state legislature, one of the earliest by Senator Nicholas Petris. The first successful passage of legislation through the California State Legislature, SB 840 or "The California Universal Healthcare Act" (authored by Sheila Kuehl), occurred in 2006 and again in 2008.{{cite web|url=http://www.kff.org/statepolicy/1075-index.cfm|title=The California Single-Payer Debate, The Defeat of Proposition 186 – Kaiser Family Foundation|date=July 31, 1995|publisher=Kff.org|access-date=November 20, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222053834/http://www.kff.org/statepolicy/1075-index.cfm|archive-date=February 22, 2012|df=mdy-all}}{{cite web|url=http://www.eastcountymagazine.org/?q=health_care_for_all|title=Healthcare for All Bill Passes – Governor Threatens Veto|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722184149/http://www.eastcountymagazine.org/?q=health_care_for_all|archive-date=July 22, 2009|df=mdy-all}} Both times, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed the bill.Marin Independent Journal: "Leno reintroduces single-payer health plan." March 15, 2009. State Senator Mark Leno has reintroduced the bill in the legislative session afterwards.[http://sd11.senate.ca.gov/sb810/latest-news Latest News on SB 801 | Senator Mark Leno] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220083706/http://sd11.senate.ca.gov/sb810/latest-news |date=December 20, 2012 }}.

On February 17, 2017, SB 562, which is also known as "The Healthy California Act" was introduced to the California State Senate.{{Cite web|url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billHistoryClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB562|title=Bill History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103150134/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billHistoryClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB562|archive-date=November 3, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} This bill is a $400 billion plan that was sponsored by the California Nurses Association to implement single-payer healthcare in California.{{Cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/06/23/breaking-single-payer-health-care-put-on-hold-in-california-as-leader-calls-legislation-woefully-incomplete/|title=Single-payer health care put on hold in California as leaders calls bill 'woefully incomplete'|date=June 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031171427/http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/06/23/breaking-single-payer-health-care-put-on-hold-in-california-as-leader-calls-legislation-woefully-incomplete/|archive-date=October 31, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} Under this bill, which was co-authored by State Senators Ricardo Lara (D-Bell Gardens) and Toni Atkins (D-San Diego), Californians would have health coverage without having to pay any premiums, co-pays, or deductibles. Under this proposed bill, all California residents will be covered in the Healthy California Act SB 562 regardless of their immigration status.{{cite web|title=The Healthy California Act (SB 562): Executive Summary|url=http://www.healthreformtracker.org/the-healthy-california-act-sb-562-executive-summary/#III|website=Healthy Reform Tracker|date=May 10, 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030612/http://www.healthreformtracker.org/the-healthy-california-act-sb-562-executive-summary/#III|archive-date=November 7, 2017|df=mdy-all}} This bill will also include transient students that attend California institutions who purchased their healthcare program through the school. Services that will be covered by this bill will need to be determined as medically necessary by the patient's chosen health care provider. These services will range from preventive services to emergency services, in addition to prescription drugs services. SB 562 passed in the State Senate on June 1, 2017, with a vote of 23–14. When the bill was sent to the State Assembly, it was put on hold by Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon,{{Cite web|url=https://speaker.asmdc.org/press-releases/speaker-rendon-statement-health-care|title=Speaker Rendon Statement on Health Care|date=2017-06-23|website=Official Website - Speaker Anthony Rendon Representing the 63rd California Assembly District|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20|archive-date=April 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421044627/https://speaker.asmdc.org/press-releases/speaker-rendon-statement-health-care|url-status=dead}} who expressed concern over financing.{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-single-payer-shelved-20170623-story.html|title=California Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon shelves single-payer healthcare bill, calling it 'woefully incomplete'|last=Mason|first=Melanie|date=2017-06-23|work=Los Angeles Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624062312/http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-single-payer-shelved-20170623-story.html|archive-date=June 24, 2017|url-status=live|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|df=mdy-all}}

According to SB 562, a Healthy California Trust Fund would be established to provide funding for the bill. Currently, states receive funding from the federal government for certain healthcare services such as Medicaid and Medicare. In addition to taxes, these funds would be pooled into the new trust fund and provide the sources of funding needed to implement The Healthy California Act. However, California must first obtain a waiver from the federal government which would allow California to pool all the money received from these federal programs into one central fund. A new bill, AB 1400, proposed by Assemblymember Ash Kalra in 2021, would have established single-payer healthcare in California under the name of CalCare. The bill was ultimately withdrawn by Kalra before a floor vote could be held on it in January 2022 because AB 1400 did not have the votes to pass if one was to be held.{{cite news |last1=Koseff |first1=Alexei |title=Why single payer died in the California Legislature, again |url=https://calmatters.org/politics/2022/02/california-single-payer-legislature/ |newspaper=CalMatters |access-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706003739/https://calmatters.org/politics/2022/02/california-single-payer-legislature/ |archive-date=July 6, 2023 |date=February 1, 2022 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |last1=El-Sayed |first1=Abdul |title=Why California's Cowardly Democrats Scurried Away From Single-Payer |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165338/california-democrats-calcare-single-payer-health-care |magazine=The New Republic |access-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323141500/https://newrepublic.com/article/165338/california-democrats-calcare-single-payer-health-care |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |date=February 10, 2022 |url-status=live}}

In 2019, California Governor Gavin Newsom appointed a "Healthy California for All" (HCFA) commission to study the feasibility of adopting a universal health care system with unified financing, such as a single-payer system, in California.{{Cite web|url=https://politi.co/2EuREet|title=Newsom names picks for single-payer health care commission|last=Hart|first=Angela|website=Politico PRO|date=December 18, 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}

The Colorado State Health Care System Initiative, Amendment 69,{{cite web|title=Colorado State Health Care System Initiative, Amendment 69 (2016)|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Colorado_State_Health_Care_System_Initiative,_Amendment_69_(2016)|website=ballotpedia.org|access-date=April 29, 2016|format=wiki with restricted editing|publisher=Ballotpedia}} was a citizen-initiated constitutional amendment proposal in November 2016 to vote on a single-payer healthcare system called ColoradoCare. The system would have been funded by a 10% payroll tax split 2:1 between employers and employees. This would have replaced the private health insurance premiums currently paid by employees and companies.{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danmunro/2015/11/09/colorado-puts-single-payer-healthcare-on-2016-ballot/|title=Colorado Puts Single-Payer Healthcare On 2016 Ballot|first=Dan|last=Munro|website=Forbes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729211052/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danmunro/2015/11/09/colorado-puts-single-payer-healthcare-on-2016-ballot/|archive-date=July 29, 2017|df=mdy-all}} It would have begun operating in 2019 and was estimated to require revenue of $38 billion annually (from the Federal government and payroll taxes) and provide coverage for all residents, with no deductibles.{{cite news|author1=Jack Healy|title=Colorado Weighs Replacing Obama's Health Policy With Universal Coverage|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/29/us/colorado-weighs-replacing-obamas-health-policy-with-universal-coverage.html|access-date=April 29, 2016|work=The New York Times|date=April 28, 2016}}

The ballot measure was rejected by 79% of voters.{{cite web |url=http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/CO/63746/183105/Web01/en/summary.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-11-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114234307/http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/CO/63746/183105/Web01/en/summary.html |archive-date=November 14, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/9/14/16296132/colorado-single-payer-ballot-initiative-failure|title=Single-payer health care failed miserably in Colorado last year. Here's why.|work=Vox Media|date= Sep 14, 2017|first=Dylan|last=Matthews}}

In 2009, the Hawaii state legislature passed a single-payer healthcare bill that was vetoed by Republican Governor Linda Lingle. While the veto was overridden by the legislature, the bill was not implemented.RealClearPolitics: [http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/01/14/single-payer_is_not_dead_121220.html Single-Payer Is Not Dead] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116192529/http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/01/14/single-payer_is_not_dead_121220.html |date=January 16, 2014 }}. January 14, 2014.

In 2007, the Health Care for All Illinois Act was introduced and the Illinois House of Representatives' Health Availability Access Committee passed the single-payer bill favorably out of committee by an 8–4 vote. The legislation was eventually referred back to the House rules committee and not taken up again during that session.{{cite web|url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=311&GAID=9&DocTypeID=HB&LegId=27071&SessionID=51|title=Illinois General Assembly Bill Status: HB 311|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616104208/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocTypeID=HB&DocNum=311&GAID=9&SessionID=51&LegID=27071|archive-date=June 16, 2008|df=mdy-all}}

Massachusetts had passed a universal healthcare program in 1986, but budget constraints and partisan control of the legislature resulted in its repeal before the legislation could be enacted.[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/11/us/state-referendums-seeking-to-overhaul-health-care-system.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm New York Times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701092404/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/11/us/state-referendums-seeking-to-overhaul-health-care-system.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |date=July 1, 2017 }}: State Referendums Seeking to Overhaul Health Care System. June 11, 2000.

Question 4, a nonbinding referendum, was on the ballot in 14 state districts in November 2010, asking voters, "[S]hall the representative from this district be instructed to support legislation that would establish healthcare as a human right regardless of age, state of health or employment status, by creating a single payer health insurance system like Medicare that is comprehensive, cost effective, and publicly provided to all residents of Massachusetts?" The ballot question passed in all 14 districts that offered the question.{{cite web |url=https://www.boston.com/news/special/politics/2010/ballot_questions/results/ |title=Boston Globe: Ballot Questions (2010) |website=Boston Globe |access-date=November 20, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228112122/http://www.boston.com/news/special/politics/2010/ballot_questions/results/ |archive-date=December 28, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}[http://commonhealth.wbur.org/2010/11/single-payer-measure-passes WBUR] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106015556/http://commonhealth.wbur.org/2010/11/single-payer-measure-passes/ |date=November 6, 2010 }}: Non-Binding Measure On Single-Payer System Passes In All 14 Districts. November 4, 2010.

In June 2021 LD 1045 became law without the signature of Governor Janet Mills.{{cite web | url=https://legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/display_ps.asp?LD=1045&snum=130 | title=LD 1045, HP 773, Text and Status, 130th Legislature, First Special Session }} The law would establish a board called the Maine Healthcare Board which would be tasked to design, implement, and maintain a state health insurance plan called the Maine Healthcare Plan which would cover all residents of the state of Maine. However, neither the board of the Maine Healthcare Plan have been created because they are contingent on the passage of the federal legislation H.R.3775, the State-Based Universal Health Care Act.{{cite web | url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3775?s=1&r=3 | title=H.R.3775 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): State-Based Universal Health Care Act of 2021 | date=June 9, 2021 }}

In 2020 Maine AllCare, a statewide chapter of Physicians for a National Health Program organized as a 501(c)(3), launched a 501(c)(4) called Maine Healthcare Action to run a statewide ballot initiative directing the legislature to establish a universal, publicly funded health care system that covers everyone in the state by 2024. The campaign needed 63,000 valid signatures from registered Maine voters to get on the 2022 ballot. The campaign was suspended in April 2022 after collecting more than 41,150 signatures from voters across all 16 counties in Maine. In a blogpost Maine Healthcare Action said the reason was that they were not on track to collect the needed signatures by the June deadline.{{cite web | url=https://maineallcare.org/maine-healthcare-action-announces-suspension-of-universal-healthcare-ballot-measure-effort/ | title=Maine Healthcare Action announces suspension of universal healthcare ballot measure effort | date=April 9, 2022 }}

The Minnesota Health Act, which would establish a statewide single-payer health plan, has been presented to the Minnesota legislature regularly since 2009. The bill was passed out of both the Senate Health Housing and Family Security Committee and the Senate Commerce and Consumer Protection Committee in 2009, but the House version was ultimately tabled.[http://www.senate.leg.state.mn.us/schedule/hearing_minutes.php?ls=86&hearing_id=2637&type=minutes#header Committee on Health, Housing and Family Security] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607002317/http://www.senate.leg.state.mn.us/schedule/hearing_minutes.php?ls=86&hearing_id=2637&type=minutes |date=June 7, 2012 }} Minutes, January 16, 2009.[http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/comm/minutes1ls86.asp?comm=86139&id=1663&ls_year=86 Minutes of the House Health Care and Human Services Policy & Oversight Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907230616/http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/comm/minutes1ls86.asp?comm=86139&id=1663&ls_year=86 |date=September 7, 2012 }}, February 25, 2009.[http://www.senate.leg.state.mn.us/media/media_list.php?ls=86&archive_year=2009&archive_month=02&category=committee&type=video#cmte_comm_021009.rm Video of Senate committee session] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607001259/http://www.senate.leg.state.mn.us/media/media_list.php?ls=86&archive_year=2009&archive_month=02&category=committee&type=video |date=June 7, 2012 }} in which the bill was passed out of committee.

In 2010, the bill passed the Senate Judiciary Committee on a voice vote as well as the House Health Care & Human Services Policy and Oversight Committee.[http://www.senate.leg.state.mn.us/media/media_video_popup.php?flv=cmte_jud_021110.flv Video of Senate committee session] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607001512/http://www.senate.leg.state.mn.us/media/media_video_popup.php?flv=cmte_jud_021110.flv |date=June 7, 2012 }} in which the bill was passed on a voice vote.[http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/audio/ls86/healthpol022310.asx Audio of House Health Care & Human Services Policy and Oversight Committee proceedings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907230715/http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/audio/ls86/healthpol022310.asx |date=September 7, 2012 }}. In 2011, the bill was introduced as a two-year bill in both the Senate and House, but did not progress.[https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bin/bldbill.php?bill=H0051.0.html&session=ls87 House] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618003134/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bin/bldbill.php?bill=H0051.0.html&session=ls87 |date=June 18, 2012 }} – Bill number 0051.[https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bin/bldbill.php?bill=S0008.0.html&session=ls87 Senate] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618003131/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bin/bldbill.php?bill=S0008.0.html&session=ls87 |date=June 18, 2012 }} – Bill Number 0008. It has been introduced again in the 2013 session in both chambers.[http://www.senate.mn/bills/billinf.php?ls=88&all_sessions=Y Senate] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100317/http://www.senate.mn/bills/billinf.php?ls=88&all_sessions=Y |date=September 24, 2015 }} – File number 18.[http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/bills/billnum.asp?billnumber=76 House] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203045755/http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/bills/billnum.asp?billnumber=76 |date=February 3, 2014 }} – File number 76.

In September 2011, Governor Brian Schweitzer announced his intention to seek a waiver from the federal government allowing Montana to set up a single-payer healthcare system.[http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/article_2412d7d6-ea12-11e0-8f41-001cc4c002e0.html#ixzz1ZMD4PDML Missoulan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119173606/http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/article_2412d7d6-ea12-11e0-8f41-001cc4c002e0.html |date=January 19, 2014 }}: Schweitzer wants statewide universal health care program. September 28, 2011. Governor Schweitzer was unable to implement single-payer health care in Montana, but did make moves to open government-run clinics, and in his final budget as governor, increased coverage for lower-income Montana residents.[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/30/brian-schweitzer-montana-governor-health-clinic_n_1925745.html Reuters] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203081017/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/30/brian-schweitzer-montana-governor-health-clinic_n_1925745.html |date=February 3, 2014 }}: Brian Schweitzer, Montana Governor, Sees Big Savings With New State Health Clinic. September 30, 2012.[http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/schweitzer-s-final-budget-proposal-boosts-education-health-care/article_ade5a98e-2f8f-11e2-a799-001a4bcf887a.html Missoulan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203040741/http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/schweitzer-s-final-budget-proposal-boosts-education-health-care/article_ade5a98e-2f8f-11e2-a799-001a4bcf887a.html |date=December 3, 2012 }}: Schweitzer's final budget proposal boosts education, health care. November 15, 2012.

New York State has been attempting passage of the New York Health Act, which would establish a statewide single-payer health plan, since 1992. The New York Health Act passed the Assembly four times: once in 1992 and again in 2015, 2016, and 2017, but has not yet advanced through the Senate after referrals to the Health Committee. On all occasions, the legislation passed the Assembly by an almost two-to-one ratio of support.Wishnia, [http://www.villagevoice.com/news/to-save-lives-and-billions-of-dollars-new-york-state-must-pass-universal-health-care-9626315 "To Save Lives..." The Village Voice Jan 31, 2017] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054734/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/to-save-lives-and-billions-of-dollars-new-york-state-must-pass-universal-health-care-9626315 |date=March 17, 2017 }}{{cite web|url=http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?default_fld=&bn=A05062&term=2015&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Votes=Y&Memo=Y&Text=Y|title=New York State Assembly – Bill Search and Legislative Information|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613073046/http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?default_fld=&bn=A05062&term=2015&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Votes=Y&Memo=Y&Text=Y|archive-date=June 13, 2015|df=mdy-all}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthcare-now.org/blog/new-york-assembly-passes-universal-healthcare-legislation/|title=New York Assembly Passes Universal Healthcare Bill!|website=www.healthcare-now.org|access-date=2017-05-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204012441/https://www.healthcare-now.org/blog/new-york-assembly-passes-universal-healthcare-legislation/|archive-date=February 4, 2017|df=mdy-all}}

The state of Oregon attempted to pass single-payer healthcare via Oregon Ballot Measure 23 in 2002, and the measure was rejected by a significant majority.{{Cite web|url=http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6873550|title=Content Manager WebDrawer - 2002 General Election Official Results|website=records.sos.state.or.us}}

The Family Business and Healthcare Security Act has been introduced in the Pennsylvania legislature numerous times, but has never been able to pass.[http://centralpennbusiness.com/article/20111013/CPBJ01/111019899/State-senator-introduces-Pa-health-care-plan Central Penn Business Journal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215065908/http://centralpennbusiness.com/article/20111013/CPBJ01/111019899/State-senator-introduces-Pa-health-care-plan |date=December 15, 2011 }}: State senator introduces Pa. health care plan. October 13, 2011.[http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/CSM/2011/0/9351_X.pdf Co-sponsorship Memo Family and Business Health Care Security Act] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109032707/http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/CSM/2011/0/9351_X.pdf |date=January 9, 2016 }}. Office of Representative Tony Payton, June 20, 2012.[https://archive.today/20130411061203/http://lancasteronline.com/article/local/215092_Universal-interest-in-health-care.html Lancaster Online]: Universal interest in health care. January 13, 2008.

{{Main|Vermont health care reform}}

Vermont passed legislation in 2011 creating Green Mountain Care.{{cite web |url=http://www.wcax.com/story/14518224/vt-senate-approves-single-payer-plan |title=Vt. Senate approves single-payer plan – WCAX.COM Local Vermont News, Weather and Sports |publisher=Wcax.com |date=April 26, 2011 |access-date=November 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309154850/http://www.wcax.com/story/14518224/vt-senate-approves-single-payer-plan |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |df=mdy-all }} When Governor Peter Shumlin signed the bill into law, Vermont became the first state to functionally have a single-payer health care system.[http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0912/81267.html Politico] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108050927/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0912/81267.html |date=January 8, 2014 }}: Vermont could be first in line for single payer. September 17, 2012. While the bill is considered a single-payer bill, private insurers can continue to operate in the state indefinitely, meaning it does not fit the strict definition of single-payer.

Representative Mark Larson, the initial sponsor of the bill, has described Green Mountain Care's provisions "as close as we can get [to single-payer] at the state level."American Medical News: [http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2011/05/16/gvsa0516.htm Vermont approves universal health program.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302025018/http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2011/05/16/gvsa0516.htm |date=March 2, 2013 }} May 16, 2011.{{cite journal| title =US Health Reforms: America's first single payer system| journal =BMJ| date =10 January 2014| author =Owen Dyer| volume =348| page =g102| url =http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g102| doi =10.1136/bmj.g102| pmid =24415734| s2cid =5142801| url-status =live| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140110193809/http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g102| archive-date =January 10, 2014| df =mdy-all}} Vermont abandoned the plan in 2014, citing costs and tax increases as too high to implement.

There have been multiple campaigns for statewide single payer in Washington state. In 2018 a 501(c)(4) called Whole Washington ran an initiative to the people (I-1600){{cite web|url=https://www.sos.wa.gov/_assets/elections/initiatives/finaltext_1441.pdf|title=Initiative Measure No. 1600|website=wa.gov|access-date=25 September 2023}} for a statewide single payer plan called the Whole Washington Health Trust - they did not collect enough signatures to make it onto the ballot.{{Cite web | url=https://ballotpedia.org/Washington_Universal_Healthcare_Coverage_and_Funding_through_Payroll,_Income,_and_Capital_Gains_Taxes_Initiative_(2018) | title=Washington Universal Healthcare Coverage and Funding through Payroll, Income, and Capital Gains Taxes Initiative (2018) }} Washington has also passed legislation to create a universal healthcare work group that is tasked with creating a statewide universal healthcare plan by 2026.{{Cite web | url=https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=5399&Initiative=false&Year=2021#documentSection | title=Washington State Legislature }} In 2021, Senate Bill 5204, a legislative version of Whole Washington's ballot initiative, was introduced into the state legislature by Senator Bob Hasegawa. It has seven cosponsors, though it has never been introduced into the Washington House of Representatives.{{Cite web | url=https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=5204&Initiative=false&Year=2021 | title=Washington State Legislature }}

Advocates for single-payer healthcare point out support in polls, although the polling is mixed depending on how the question is asked.{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2009/oct/01/michael-moore/michael-moore-claims-majority-favor-single-payer-h/ |title=Michael Moore claims a majority favor a single-payer health care system |publisher=PolitiFact |access-date=November 20, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012193451/http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2009/oct/01/michael-moore/michael-moore-claims-majority-favor-single-payer-h/ |archive-date=October 12, 2011 |df=mdy-all }} Polls from Harvard University in 1988, the Los Angeles Times in 1990, and the Wall Street Journal in 1991 all showed strong support for a health care system comparable to the system in Canada.Harvard/Harris poll: Robert J. Blendon et al., “Views on health care: Public opinion in three nations,” Health Affairs, Spring 1989; 8(1) 149–57.Los Angeles Times poll: “Health Care in the United States,” Poll no. 212, Storrs, Conn.: Administered by the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, March 1990Wall Street Journal-NBC poll: Michael McQueen, “Voters, sick of the current health-care systems, want federal government to prescribe remedy,” Wall Street Journal, June 28, 1991

A 2001 article in the public health journal Health Affairs studied fifty years of American public opinion of various health care plans and concluded that, while there appears to be general support of a "national health care plan", poll respondents "remain satisfied with their current medical arrangements, do not trust the federal government to do what is right, and do not favor a single-payer type of national health plan."

Between 2001 and 2013, however, polling support declined.Health Affairs, Volume 20, No. 2. "Americans' Views on Health Policy: A Fifty-Year Historical Perspective." March/April 2001. {{cite web |url=http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/20/2/33.full.pdf+html |title=Americans' Views on Health Policy: A Fifty-Year Historical Perspective |access-date=2013-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028031154/http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/20/2/33.full.pdf+html |archive-date=October 28, 2014 |df=mdy-all }} A 2007 Yahoo/AP poll showed 54% of respondents considered themselves supporters of "single-payer health care", and 49% of respondents in a 2009 poll for Time magazine showed support for "a national single-payer plan similar to Medicare for all."AP/Yahoo poll: Administered by Knowledge Networks, December 2007: {{cite web |url=http://surveys.ap.org/data/KnowledgeNetworks/AP-Yahoo_2007-08_panel02.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003222/http://surveys.ap.org/data/KnowledgeNetworks/AP-Yahoo_2007-08_panel02.pdf |archive-date=October 5, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}Time Magazine/ABT SRBI – July 27–28, 2009 Survey: {{cite web |url=http://www.srbi.com/Research-Impacts/Polls/Time-Abt-SRBI-Poll-Most-Americans-Eager-for-Health.aspx |title=Abt SRBI - Time/Abt SRBI Poll: Most Americans Eager for Healthcare Reform |access-date=2013-12-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212170551/http://www.srbi.com/Research-Impacts/Polls/Time-Abt-SRBI-Poll-Most-Americans-Eager-for-Health.aspx |archive-date=December 12, 2013 |df=mdy-all }} Polls by Rasmussen Reports in 2011 and 2012 showed 49% opposed to single-payer healthcare.[http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/healthcare/october_2011/49_oppose_single_payer_health_care_system Rasmussen Reports] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115005201/http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/healthcare/october_2011/49_oppose_single_payer_health_care_system |date=November 15, 2012 }}: Rasmussen Reports. January 1, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2011.[http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/questions/pt_survey_questions/december_2012/questions_health_care_exchanges_december_10_11_2012 Rasmussen Reports] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218085225/http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/questions/pt_survey_questions/december_2012/questions_health_care_exchanges_december_10_11_2012 |date=December 18, 2012 }}: Rasmussen Reports. Retrieved December 30, 2012. In April 2019, a Kaiser Family Foundation poll showed 56% of Americans favor "a national health plan, sometimes called Medicare-for-all",{{Cite web|url=https://www.kff.org/slideshow/public-opinion-on-single-payer-national-health-plans-and-expanding-access-to-medicare-coverage/|title=Public Opinion on Single-Payer, National Health Plans, and Expanding Access to Medicare Coverage|date=2019-04-24|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|language=en-us|access-date=2019-05-07}} with support remaining steady over the previous two years.{{Cite web|url=https://www.kff.org/interactive/tracking-public-opinion-on-national-health-plan/|title=Tracking Public Opinion on National Health Plan: Interactive|date=2019-04-24|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|language=en-us|access-date=2019-05-07}}

A majority of Democratic Party voters support Medicare for all.{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/87-democrats-support-medicare-all-though-joe-biden-doesnt-1522833|title=87% of Democrats support "Medicare for All," though Joe Biden doesn't|date=August 4, 2020|website=Newsweek}} From 2010 to 2020, all House members who supported Medicare for All won reelection including those in Republican-leaning districts.{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/BernieSanders/status/1341525056996962305|title=Bernie Sanders (@BernieSanders) on X}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/12/21/no-co-sponsor-medicare-all-has-lost-reelection-past-decade-even-gop-leaning|title=Opinion | No Co-Sponsor of 'Medicare for All' Has Lost Reelection in the Past Decade (Even in GOP-Leaning Districts) | Common Dreams|website=www.commondreams.org}}

Physicians for a National Health Program, National Nurses United, the American Medical Student Association, Healthcare-NOW!, Public Citizen,{{Cite web |title=Public Citizen's Plan to Win Medicare for All |url=https://www.citizen.org/news/public-citizens-plan-to-win-medicare-for-all/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Public Citizen |date=June 2019 |language=en}} and the California Nurses Association are among advocacy groups that have called for the introduction of a single-payer healthcare program in the United States.{{cite web| url = http://www.pnhp.org/publications/proposal_of_the_physicians_working_group_for_singlepayer_national_health_insurance.php| title = Proposal of the Physicians' Working Group for Single-Payer National Health Insurance| publisher = Physicians for a National Health Program| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090221080001/http://www.pnhp.org/publications/proposal_of_the_physicians_working_group_for_singlepayer_national_health_insurance.php| archive-date = February 21, 2009| df = mdy-all}}{{Cite news| last = Goodnough| first = Abby| title = On the Doorstep With a Plea: Will You Support Medicare for All?| work = The New York Times| access-date = 2019-09-22| date = 2019-06-15| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/15/us/politics/medicare-for-all-democrats.html}}{{Cite web| title = Medicare For All |work=medicare4all.org |publisher = National Nurses United | access-date = 2019-09-22| url = https://medicare4all.org/}}{{citation | last = Chua | first = Kao-Ping | title = Single Payer 101 | publisher = American Medical Student Association | place = Reston, Virginia | year = 2006 | url = http://www.vt4singlepayer.org/images/userfiles/SinglePayer101-1%5B1%5D.pdf | access-date = 11 April 2012 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140302201744/http://www.vt4singlepayer.org/images/userfiles/SinglePayer101-1%5B1%5D.pdf | archive-date = March 2, 2014 | df = mdy-all }}[https://web.archive.org/web/20071225014520/http://www.calnurses.org/media-center/in-the-news/2007/september/page.jsp?itemID=32125992 Single-payer, or Medicare for all, is the way to go] from the California Nurses Association / National Nurses Organizing Committee.

A 2007 study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine found that 59% of physicians "supported legislation to establish national health insurance" while 9% were neutral on the topic, and 32% opposed it.{{cite journal |vauthors=Carroll AE, Ackerman RT |title=Support for National Health Insurance among U.S. Physicians: 5 years later |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=148 |issue=7 |pages=566–67 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18378959 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-148-7-200804010-00026 |df=mdy-all }} In January 2020, The American College of Physicians endorsed the concept of single-payer system for the US and published a series of articles supporting this in the Annals of Internal Medicine.{{cite web|url=https://www.acponline.org/acp-newsroom/internists-call-for-comprehensive-reform-of-us-health-care|title=Internists call for comprehensive reform of U.S. health care|publisher=American College of Physicians|date=2020-01-20|access-date=2020-02-23}}

• All-payer rate setting
• Global health
• Health care
• Health equity
• Health care reform debate in the United States
• International comparisons of health care systems – tabular comparisons of the US, Canada, and other countries not shown above
• Medical deserts in the United States
• National health insurance
• Public health insurance option ("the public option")

{{NoteFoot}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Single-Payer Health Care}}

Category:Health economics

Category:Health care reform

Category:Publicly funded health care

Category:Universal health care

Category:Health care brands

Category:Health

Category:Public health