Álvaro Alcalá-Galiano y Osma

File:Conde de Casa Valencia.jpg was ambassador in London and minister of state in 1875.]]

He was born in Madrid on 29 April 1886 as an heir to the {{ill|County of Casa-Valencia|es|Condado de Casa-Valencia}}.{{cite magazine |date=May–October 1931 |title=Castel Bravo, (Marquesado de)

|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0026684884&page=98 |language=es |magazine=Revista de Historia y de Genealogía Española |location=Madrid|issn=0211-2280|issue=27–28–29|volume=5|access-date=28 August 2024}}{{sfn|Rivera|2009|p=425}}{{sfn|Nieto|1913}} His father, Emilio Alcalá-Galiano had been minister of state and would later hold the post of Spanish ambassador to the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Peiró Martín|2015|p=102}} His mother was Ana de Osma y Zavala, a native of Lima, cousin of {{ill|Guillermo de Osma y Scull|es}}, and a noblewoman of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa.{{sfn|Rojas Juárez|de Andrés Díaz|2015|p=287}}{{sfn|Ramírez Jerez|2015|p=754}} The other children born to the marriage of the Counts of Casa Valencia were Consuelo,{{refn|group=lower-alpha|{{ill|Queen's lady|es|Dama de la reina}}. Married to {{ill|Jesús Bernaldo de Quirós|es}}. Grandmother of Carlos Espinosa de los Monteros y Bernaldo de Quirós and great-grandmother of Iván Espinosa de los Monteros y de Simón.}} María Teresa, {{ill|Juan Alcalá-Galiano y Osma|lt=Juan|es|Juan Alcalá-Galiano y Osma}}, and {{ill|Emilio Alcalá-Galiano y Osma|lt=Emilio|es|Emilio Alcalá-Galiano y Osma}}.{{cite magazine |last=Retortillo |first=Agustín|date=5 May 1901 |title=Noticias de sociedad |url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/viewer?oid=0000479722&page=5 |language=es |magazine=La Correspondencia de España |location=Madrid|access-date=28 August 2024|page=5|volume=52|issue=15796|issn= 1137-1188}} On his father's side, Álvaro was the great-grandson of {{ill|Vicente Alcalá Galiano|es}}, who served as general treasurer during the War of Independence (1807–1814).{{sfn|Ramírez Jerez|2015|p=754}} Meanwhile, on his mother's side, he was the grandson of {{ill|Joaquín José de Osma y Ramírez de Arellano|es}}, the Peruvian foreign minister.{{sfn|Rojas Juárez|de Andrés Díaz|2015|p=287}}

Starting in 1915, he would develop a letter-writing relationship with his cousin, Peruvian nationalist José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma, {{ill|Marquisate of Montealegre de Aulestia|lt=marquis of Montealegre de Aulestia|es|Marquesado de Montealegre de Aulestia}}, whom he would have met in 1913.{{sfn|Rivera|2009|p=425}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|In his letters, he disagreed with his cousin about the First World War, as the latter argued that Germany, at the time, represented el empuje de juvenil de la conquista y el principio de orden y autoridad en lo político. (English: The youthful drive of conquest and the principle of order and authority in the political sphere.) {{sfn|Gómez Acuña|1999|p=102}}}} He was a member of the Ateneo de Madrid and also a fan of wrestling in his youth.{{sfn|Nieto|1913}}{{cite web|date=1909|title=Lista de señores socios |location= Madrid|website=Ateneo Científico, Literario y Artístico de Madrid|language=es |page=23|url=https://old.ateneodemadrid.com/biblioteca_digital/folletos/Socios-1909.pdf}} Around 1915, he was living in the {{ill|Palace of the County of Casa Valencia|lt=palace built by his parents|es|Palacio de los Condes de Casa Valencia}}, located at number 5 Paseo de la Castellana in Madrid.{{sfn|Martínez Ruiz|1915|p=4}}{{sfn|Peiró Martín|2015|p=98}}

{{Multiple image

| align = left

| direction = vertical

| image1 = Portada de la obra 'España ante el conflicto europeo, 1914-1915.jpg

| caption1 = Front cover of España ante el conflicto europeo, 1914–1915, published in 1916.

| image2 = Portada de Junto al Volcán 1917.jpg

| caption2 = Front cover of Junto al Volcán: impresiones del frente occidental, published in 1917.

}}

Alcalá-Galiano was a staunch defender of the Allied cause during the First World War{{sfn|Meaker|1988|p=30}}{{sfn|Jiménez Torres|2013|p=1297}}

—a rarity in Spanish aristocratic circles, where Germanophilia ran rampant.{{sfn|Peiró Martín|2015|pp=102–103}} He authored four books on the conflict, published between 1915 and 1919. Around this time, he also wrote compilations of literary studies.{{sfn|Hernández Barral|2014|p=50}}

Apart from his inclination as a supporter of the Allies, the categorization of Alcalá-Galiano's ideologies during this period varies depending on the author. According to historian {{ill|Maximiliano Fuentes Codera|es}}, he would have conceptualized the war at first in rigid terms as a conflict between the right and the left.{{sfn|Hernández Barral|2014|p=50}}{{sfn|Fuentes Codera|2013|p=92}} Back then, according to historian {{ill|Ignacio Peiró Martín|es}}, Alcalá-Galiano would have been un escritor cosmopolita, monárquico y liberal. {{refn|group=lower-alpha|English: A cosmopolitan, monarchist, and liberal writer}}{{sfn|Peiró Martín|2015|p=102}} Meanwhile, historian Javier Moreno Luzón identifies his brand of opinion journalism during the conflict as that of an uncategorizable proaliado a fuer de maurrasiano. {{refn|group=lower-alpha|English: Pro-Allied [individual] by dint of his Maurrassisme}}{{sfn|Moreno Luzón|2015}} Alternatively, his contemporary Emilia Pardo Bazán, who reviewed several of his works, described him in 1915 as intelectual de sangre azul y conservador abolengo. {{refn|group=lower-alpha|English: [A] blue-blood intellectual with a conservative lineage}}{{sfn|Ruiz-Ocaña Dueñas|2014–2015|p=40}} By royal decree of 23 May 1918, the nobility title of {{ill|Marquisate of Castel Bravo|lt=marquis of Castel Bravo del Rivero|es|Marquesado de Castel Bravo}} was reinstated for him and his descendants.{{cite journal |title=Real decreto rehabilitando a favor de D. Alvaro Alcalá Galiano y Osma, sin perjuicio de tercero de mejor derecho, el Título de Marqués de Castel Bravo del Rivero, para sí, sus hijos y sucesores legítimos |journal=Gaceta de Madrid |date=25 May 1918 |issue=145 |page=512 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1918/145/A00512-00512.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Justice (Spain) |location=Madrid |language=Spanish}} {{refn|group=lower-alpha|In 1922, the name of the title was changed to the simpler Marquis of Castel Bravo.{{cite news |title=Firma del Rey |url=https://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1922/06/20/pagina-19/33284292/pdf.html |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=La Vanguardia |date=20 June 1922 |page=19 |language=Spanish|url-access= subscription}}}}

After the rise of Bolshevism in Russia, Alcalá-Galiano changed his geopolitical vision, replacing Mitteleuropa with Russia as the main focus of concern for Spain.{{sfn|Hernández Barral|2014|p=51}}

As an admirer of the political doctrine of French intellectual Charles Maurras—leader the so-called "integral nationalism"—Alcalá-Galiano criticized the Vatican for having turned its back on him.{{sfn|González Cuevas|1990|p=356}}{{sfn|González Cuevas|2000|p=226}}{{sfn|Saz Campos|2003|p=85}} During the 1920s and from the pages of newspaper ABC, Alcalá-Galiano spread his anti-Semitic ideas stemming from Maurrassisme, as well as his favorable opinions on Italian fascism and viscerally anti-parliamentary positions.{{sfn|Álvarez Chillida|2002|p=290}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Regarding fascism, the following articles—all published in ABC—are worthy of note: La "reacción" contra la anarquía (8 November 1922); El fascismo redentor (7 March 1923); De la anarquía a la resurrección (16 March 1923); El triunfo de una dictadura (21 March 1923); Dictadura y revolución (2 June 1923); Ante el golpe de estado (22 September 1923); Renovación política de España. I. Un Gobierno que gobierna (30 September 1923); Italia y España (21 November 1923); La democracia contra el fascismo (10 July 1924); El ocaso de Europa, I (6 August 1924); El ocaso de Europa, II (13 August 1924); Crisis de la civilización (28 August 1924); El comunismo y la revolución'' (21 November 1924).{{sfn|Peloille|2009}}}} He became an advocate of repression against the "red threat" in the press, and by the start of the decade he was already adhering to the conspiracy theories of the extreme right and recalcitrant anti-communism.{{sfn|García|2005|p=9}} Moreover, he was an unconditional admirer of Benito Mussolini and, after the coup by Miguel Primo de Rivera in September 1923, he referred to the differences between both dictatorships, as follows:

{{blockquote|text=En España al fin ha sonado la hora. No ha sido tal como hubiéramos deseado; es decir, un Mussolini español, un fascismo civil, ajeno a la política oficial, que ocupase repentinamente los ministerios, los ayuntamientos y las oficinas del Estado. Pero no había opción. España, como indiqué en estas columnas a principios del actual verano, se hallaba ante el siguiente dilema: o dictadura, o revolución. Por desgracia, a falta de dictador que anhelaba la parte sana del país, ha tenido que ser el elemento militar el encargado de dar realidad a los anhelos nacionales.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|English: In Spain, the time has finally come. It has not been as we would have wanted it to be; that is, a Spanish Mussolini, a civil fascism, far from official politics, which would suddenly occupy the ministries, the town halls, and the state offices. But there was no option. Spain, as I said in these columns at the start of this summer, was facing the following dilemma: either we have a dictatorship or a revolution. Unfortunately, in the absence of the dictator that the sane part of the country longed for, the military has had to be the one in charge of realizing the national aspirations.}}|author=Alcalá-Galiano (22 September 1923){{sfn|Seco Serrano|1986|p=195}}}}

Alcalá-Galiano was a contributor to newspaper ABC and a sympathizer and collaborator of magazine {{ill|Acción Española (Spain, 1931–1936)|lt=Acción Española |es|Acción Española (revista)}} during the Second Republic, as well as a member of political party Spanish Renovation.{{sfn|González Cuevas|2000|p=226}}{{sfn|Luis Martín|1990|pp=122–124}}{{sfn|González Calleja|2011|p=104}}{{sfn|Morodo Leoncio|1978|p=37}}{{sfn|Dewaele Valderrábano|2009|p=174}} Furthermore, he stood out as an antisemita de pluma,{{refn|group=lower-alpha|English: Anti-Semitic writer}}{{sfn|Rozenberg|2010|p=111}} since he published La caída de un trono in 1933—in which he blamed the fall of the Bourbon monarchy on a conspiración judeomasónica {{refn|group=lower-alpha|English: Judeo-Masonic conspiracy}}—and in the pages of ABC, he also praised the anti-Semitic measures taken by Adolf Hitler in Germany.{{sfn|Martín Gijón|2010|p=64}} He would also insist on the idea of a Masonic infiltration in Spain during the Second Republic.{{sfn|Martín Sánchez|1996|pp=665–666}} After the failed Sanjurjada military coup in August 1932 and the resulting closure of {{ill|Acción Española (Spain, 1931–1936)|lt=Acción Española |es|Acción Española (revista)}} by the government, he was sent to the Cárcel Modelo prison for a while, along with other collaborators of the magazine.{{sfn|Badía Collados|1983|p=838}}

In February 1934, disillusioned with the ups and downs in the evolution of the nascent fascist movement of Falange Española (FE) and unable to effectively exercise violence on the workers' movement, Alcalá-Galiano did not hesitate to refer to Spanish fascism—contrary to its European counterparts—as platónico.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|English: Platonic}}{{sfn|González Cuevas|1996|pp=106–107}}{{sfn|González Cuevas|2011|p=505}} Also, while meddling with the FE and coinciding with the burial of Falangist {{ill|Matías Montero (Spanish Falangist)|lt=Matías Montero|es|Matías Montero}}, he reproached it for its inaction in the face of the attacks it was being subjected to.{{sfn|Grégorio|2000}}{{sfn|González Calleja|2011|p=207}}{{sfn|Narbona|2015}} He suggested that the FE should carry out a plan of indiscriminate violence.{{sfn|González Calleja|2011|p=207}} Moreover, amid the controversy, he maintained that:

{{blockquote|text=Un fascismo teórico, sin la violencia como medio táctico, será lo que se quiera, pero no es fascismo. {{refn|group=lower-alpha|English: A theoretical fascism, without violence as a tactical means, is anything but fascism.}}|author=Alcalá-Galiano (ABC, 13 February 1934){{sfn|González Calleja|2011|p=207}}{{sfn|Narbona|2015}}{{sfn|González Cuevas|2011|pp=505–507}}}}

FE leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera would end up accusing Alcalá-Galiano of incitement to murder.{{sfn|González Calleja|2011|p=207}}

In July 1934, in reaction to Catalan nationalism and from the pages of ABC, Alcalá-Galiano would call on the creation of a patriotic league for the defense of unity in Spain.{{sfn|Luis Martín|1994|p=150}} Later, in 1935, he took part in the strategy to discredit the CEDA, attempting to make it seem that this party had wasted time while in power, which had allowed the left to recover and get reorganized.{{sfn|Gil Pecharromán|1984|p=118}} In late 1935, he was appointed chairperson of the Spanish-English Committee, coinciding with the entry in the board of directors of Henry Chilton, the new British ambassador.{{sfn|Ribagorda|2008|p=277}}

On the occasion of the elections of February 1936, Alcalá-Galiano stated that Spain was facing a dilemma: revolución o contrarrevolución, Patria o Antipatria. {{refn|group=lower-alpha|English: Either revolution or counterrevolution; either patriotism or anti-patriotism}} Thus, he advocated for:{{sfn|Viñas|2019|p=133}}

{{blockquote|[L]a unión sagrada de todos los valores auténticamente nacionales frente a la formidable coalición de la Antipatria, dirigida por los agentes de la Internacional revolucionaria (…) para salvar la existencia misma de España (…) {{refn|group=lower-alpha|English: [T]he sacred union of all authentically national values against the formidable coalition of anti-patriotism led by the agents of the revolutionary International (…) in order to save the very existence of Spain itself.}}}}

According to Alcalá-Galiano, it had all started with the Pact of San Sebastián, which had led to reparto y despojo de España entre masones, marxistas y separatistas.(…) {{refn|group=lower-alpha|English: The plundering of Spain among Freemasons, Marxists, and separatists}} In turn, he said, this had led to four years of a Republic during which there had been:{{sfn|Viñas|2019|p=133}}

{{blockquote|[A]tropellos, crímenes, desastres políticos, económicos y sociales... huelgas, atracos y crímenes sociales a granel [coronados por] la revolución de octubre de 1934 con sus 2.500 muertos y sus millares de víctimas, cuyos culpables siguen vivos y algunos de ellos hasta en libertad. {{refn|group=lower-alpha|English: Abuse; crime; political, economic, and social debacles… strikes, muggings, and social crime in abundance [topped with] the Revolution of October 1934 with its 2,500 deaths and its thousands of victims, the culprits of which are still alive and some of them are even free.}}}}

At the beginning of the Civil War, Alcalá-Galiano was arrested at his home by members of checa number 1 of Radio Comunista and taken to Vallecas with his {{ill|Juan Alcalá-Galiano y Osma|lt=brother|es|Juan Alcalá-Galiano y Osma}}, the {{ill|County of Romilla|lt=count of Romilla|es|Condado de Romilla}}. They were both executed on 28 July 1936 after having been subjected to a summary trial, due to their fascist ideology.{{sfn|Bullón de Mendoza|2000|p=83}}

• —— (1908) Impresiones de arte (prologue by Emilia Pardo Bazán) {{Cite book|author=García Rico y Cía.|url=https://archive.org/details/bibliotecahisp01garcuoft/page/8/mode/2up|title=Biblioteca Hispánica. Catálogo de libros españoles o relativos a España, antiguos y modernos, puestos en venta a los precios marcados por García Rico y Compañía Libreros. Suplemento primero.|page=9|location=Madrid|publisher=Librería Universal de ocasión|year=1920|language=es}}
• —— (1912) Del Ideal y de la Vida {{sfn|Nieto|1913}}{{Cite magazine

| author=P.E.N.

| title=Álvaro Alcalá Galiano; Del Ideal y de la Vida. Madrid, MCMXII. Imprenta artística de J. Blass y Compañía, San Mateo, 1

| location=Madrid

|language=es

| volume=12

| issue=7

| date=1 April 1913

| magazine=España y América

| page=270

| url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/viewer?oid=0005100087&page=272

| issn=0211-898X}}

• —— (1914) El Príncipe Iván 
• —— (1915) La Verdad sobre la Guerra. Origen y aspectos del conflicto europeo (with translations into English and French) {{Sfn|Peiró Martín|2015|pp=101-102}}
• —— (1916) España ante el Conflicto Europeo, 1914–1915 {{Sfn|Tenreiro|1916|pp=422-425}}
• —— (1917) Junto al volcán: impresiones del frente occidental {{Sfn|Jiménez Torres|2013|p=1295}}
• —— (1919) El fin de la tragedia: la Entente victoriosa y la España neutral {{Sfn|Hernández Barral|2014|p=51}}
• —— (1921) Una voz... en el desierto {{Sfn|Gómez de Baquero|1921}}
• —— (1926) Fuego y Cenizas {{Sfn|Araujo-Costa|1926}}
• —— (1928) Entre dos mundos, seguido de un ensayo sobre la decadencia de Europa {{Sfn|Artola Blanco|2013|pp=310, 412}}{{Cite magazine

| title=Correo literario

| location=Madrid

| volume=L

| issue=17192

| date=22 July 1928

| magazine=El Liberal

|language=es

| page=2

| url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/viewer?oid=0031942522&page=2

| issn=2174-6648}}

• —— (1933) La caída de un Trono {{sfn|Martín Gijón|2010|p=64}}{{sfn|Royo Villanova|1933|p=24}}{{Cite magazine

| title=Crítica y noticias de libros

| location=Madrid

| date=8 March 1933

| magazine=ABC

| page=8

| url=https://www.abc.es/archivo/periodicos/abc-madrid-19330308-8.html

|url-access= subscription |language=es}}

• —— (1934) Renovación Española ante la sociedad.{{sfn|Artola Blanco|2014|pp=39–45}}

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |last1=Álvarez Chillida |first1=Gonzalo |author1-link=Gonzalo Álvarez Chillida |title=El Antisemitismo en España. La imagen del judío (1812–2002) |date=2002 |publisher=Marcial Pons Ediciones de Historia |location=Madrid |isbn=84-95379-44-9 |language=Spanish}}
• {{cite news |last1=Araujo-Costa |first1=Luis |title=Fuego y Cenizas |url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/viewer?oid=0001010802&page=5 |work=La Época (Madrid) |date=10 April 1926 |location=Madrid |language=Spanish|issn=2254-559X}}
• {{cite journal |first=Javier |last=Badía Collados |title=Acción Española: una aproximación histórico-ideológica |journal=Verbo |number=217–218 |date=1983 |location=Madrid |publisher=Fundación Speiro| url=http://fundacionspeiro.org/verbo/1983/V-217-218-P-827-847.pdf |url-status= |issn=0210-4784 |pages=827–847 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515050047/http://fundacionspeiro.org/verbo/1983/V-217-218-P-827-847.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2017}}
• {{cite thesis |last=Artola Blanco|first=Miguel |date=2013|title=Las clases altas en la sociedad de masas. Capital, poder y estatus: Madrid, 1900–1950 |degree=PhD |publisher=Autonomous University of Madrid|location=Madrid |language=Spanish|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10486/661872|others=Thesis advisor: Pro Ruiz, Juan |hdl=10486/661872 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Artola Blanco |first1=Miguel |author-mask=1|title=Las clases altas en la sociedad de masas. Capital, poder y estatus: Madrid, 1900–1950 |journal=Journal of Iberoamerican Population Studies |date=2014 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=21–50 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5243871 |language=Spanish |issn=1696-702X}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Bullón de Mendoza |first1=Alfonso |title=Aristócratas muertos en la Guerra Civil Española |journal=Aportes |date=2000 |volume=15 |issue=44 |pages=77–106 |url=https://www.actashistoria.com/aportes.php?catalog=6&go=2&aportes=44 |language=Spanish |issn=0213-5868 |oclc=15262886|url-access= subscription}}
• {{cite book |last1=Conde y Díaz-Rubín |first1=José Ignacio |last2=Sanchiz Ruiz |first2=Javier |title=Historia genealógica de los títulos y dignidades nobiliarias en Nueva España y México. Volumen II. Casa de Austria (siglos XVI-XVII) |date=2012 |publisher=National Autonomous University of Mexico |location=Mexico City |isbn=978-607-02-3522-1 |pages=187–252 |url=http://www.historicas.unam.mx/publicaciones/publicadigital/libros/577/577_01_04_08_Notas.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815102654/http://www.historicas.unam.mx/publicaciones/publicadigital/libros/577/577_01_04_08_Notas.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2019 |language=Spanish |chapter=Notas}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Dewaele Valderrábano |first1=Hélène |title=La culture politique et historique des droites autoritaires espagnoles de 1931 a 1939 |journal=Bulletin d'histoire contemporaine de l'Espagne |date=2009 |issue=44 |pages=163–178 |publisher=Université de Provence |language=French |issn=0987-4135}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Fuentes Codera |first1=Maximiliano |title=Germanófilos y neutralistas: proyectos tradicionalistas y regeneracionistas para España (1914–1918) |journal=Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea |date=2013 |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=63–92 |url=https://www.revistasmarcialpons.es/revistaayer/article/view/Fuentes-Germanofilos-y-neutralistas.pdf |publisher=Marcial Pons Ediciones de Historia |language=Spanish |issn=1134-2277}}
• {{cite book |last1=Fuentes Codera |first1=Maximiliano |title=España en la Primera Guerra Mundial: Una movilización cultural |date=2014 |publisher=Ediciones Akal |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-460-4026-2 |language=Spanish}}
• {{cite journal |last1=García |first1=Hugo |title=Historia de un mito político: el peligro comunista en el discurso de las derechas españolas (1918–1936) |journal=Historia Social |date=2005 |issue=51 |pages=3–20 |publisher=Fundación Instituto de Historia Social |location=Valencia, Spain |language=Spanish |issn=0214-2570|jstor=40340928}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Gil Pecharromán |first1=Julio |author1-link=Julio Gil Pecharromán |title=El alfonsismo radical en las elecciones de febrero de 1936 |journal=Revista de Estudios Políticos |date=1984 |issue=42 |pages=101–136 |url=https://www.cepc.gob.es/publicaciones/revistas/revista-de-estudios-politicos/numero-42-noviembrediciembre-1984/el-alfonsismo-radical-en-las-elecciones-de-febrero-de-1936-1 |publisher=Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies |location=Madrid |language=Spanish |issn=0048-7694 |oclc=1589742}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Gómez Acuña |first1=Luis |title=Ideología y política en José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma. Breves apuntes e hipótesis de estudios. |journal=Histórica |date=1999 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=79–109 |url=https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/historica/article/view/8700/9072 |publisher=Pontifical Catholic University of Peru |location=Lima |doi=10.18800/historica.199901.003 |language=Spanish |issn=0252-8894}}
• {{cite news |last1=Gómez de Baquero |first1=Eduardo "Andrenio" |title=Dos libros de periodistas |url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/viewer?oid=0000955890&page=5 |work=La Época (Madrid) |date=22 October 1921|location=Madrid |language=Spanish|issn=2254-559X}}
• {{cite book |last1=González Calleja |first1=Eduardo |author1-link=Eduardo González Calleja |title=Contrarrevolucionarios. Radicalización violenta de las derechas durante la Segunda República, 1931–1936 |date=2011 |publisher=Alianza Editorial |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-206-6455-2 |language=Spanish}}
• {{cite journal |last1=González Cuevas |first1=Pedro Carlos |title=La recepción del pensamiento maurrasiano en España (1914–1930) |journal=Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie V, Historia Contemporánea |date=1990 |issue=3 |pages=343–356 |doi=10.5944/etfv.3-1.1990.2716 |publisher=National University of Distance Education |location=Madrid |doi-broken-date=2024-11-18 |language=Spanish |issn=1130-0124|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=González Cuevas |first1=Pedro Carlos |author-mask=1|title="Habitus" e ideología. El pensamiento político de Francisco Moreno y Herrera, Marqués de la Eliseda|journal=Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea |date=1996 |volume=18 |pages=83–114 |issn=0214-400X |publisher=Servicio de Publicaciones (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) |location=Madrid |language=Spanish |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815005852/http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CHCO/article/view/CHCO9696110083A/7049|archive-date=15 August 2016|url=http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CHCO/article/view/CHCO9696110083A/7049}}
• {{cite journal |last1=González Cuevas |first1=Pedro Carlos |author-mask=1|title=La recepción del pensamiento conservador radical europeo en España (1913–1930) |journal=Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea |date=2000 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=211–231 |url=https://www.revistasmarcialpons.es/revistaayer/article/view/gonzalez-recepcion-pensamiento-conservador-radical-europeo-espan |publisher=Marcial Pons Ediciones de Historia |location=Madrid |language=Spanish |issn=1134-2277}}
• {{cite journal |last1=González Cuevas |first1=Pedro Carlos|author-mask=1 |title=Las tradiciones ideológicas de la extrema derecha española |journal=Hispania. Revista Española de Historia |date=2001a |volume=61 |issue=207 |pages=99–141 |doi=10.3989/hispania.2001.v61.i207.308 |url=https://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/view/308/308 |publisher=Spanish National Research Council |location=Madrid |language=Spanish |issn=0018-2141}}
• {{cite journal |last1=González Cuevas |first1=Pedro Carlos |author-mask=1|title=Antonio Goicoechea. Político y doctrinario monárquico |journal=Historia y política: Ideas, procesos y movimientos sociales |date=2001b |issue=6 |pages=161–189 |url=https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/Hyp/article/view/44885 |publisher=Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies |location=Madrid |language=Spanish |issn=1575-0361}}
• {{cite book |last1=González Cuevas |first1=Pedro Carlos |editor1-last=del Rey |editor1-first=Fernando |author-mask=1|title=Palabras como puños: la intransigencia política en la Segunda República española |date=2011 |publisher=Tecnos Editorial |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-309-5217-5 |pages=480–520 |language=Spanish |chapter=8. La trayectoria de un recién llegado. El fracaso del fascismo español.}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Grégorio |first1=Pierre-Paul |title=1933-1936 : Falange Española dans ABC de Madrid |journal=Cahiers d'études romanes |date=2000 |issue=4 |pages=115–154 |doi=10.4000/etudesromanes.3547 |publisher=Centre Aixois d'Études Romanes (CAER) |language=French |issn=2271-1465|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Hernández Barral |first1=José Miguel |title=La nobleza española ante la Gran Guerra: ¿el Gran Cambiazo? |journal=Rúbrica contemporánea |date=2014 |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=47–56 |url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/rubrica/article/view/v3n6_hernandez/377682 |publisher=Autonomous University of Barcelona |doi=10.5565/rev/rubrica.67 |language=Spanish |issn=2014-5748}}
• {{cite journal |last=Jiménez Torres |first=David |title=Journalists at the Front: Ramiro de Maeztu, Inglaterra en armas and Spanish Intellectuals during the First World War |journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies: Hispanic Studies and Researches on Spain, Portugal and Latin America |date=2013 |volume=90 |issue=8 |pages=1291–1311 |doi=10.1080/14753820.2013.847158 |publisher=University of Glasgow |location=Glasgow |issn=1475-3820|url-access= subscription|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14753820.2013.847158}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Luis Martín |first1=Francisco de |title=Aproximación al liberalismo monárquico en la Segunda República Española |journal=Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea. |date=1990 |volume=8 |pages=121–141 |url=https://revistas.usal.es/uno/index.php/0213-2087/article/view/5765/5797 |publisher=University of Salamanca |location=Salamanca |language=Spanish |issn=0213-2087}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Luis Martín |first1=Francisco de |author-mask=1|title="Hermanos o extranjeros": la postura de ABC ante el nacionalismo catalán durante la Segunda República

|journal=Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea. |date=1994|volume=12 |pages=129–156

|url=https://revistas.usal.es/uno/index.php/0213-2087/article/view/5807/5834 |publisher=University of Salamanca |location=Salamanca |language=Spanish |issn=0213-2087}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Martín Gijón |first1=Mario |author1-link=Mario Martín Gijón |title=Nazismo y antisemitismo en la literatura falangista. En torno a poemas de la Alemania eterna (1940) |journal=Vanderbilt e-Journal of Luso-Hispanic Studies |date=2010 |volume=6 |pages=63–84 |url=https://ejournals.library.vanderbilt.edu/index.php/lusohispanic/article/view/3253/1469 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |location=Nashville, Tennessee |language=Spanish |issn=1547-5743|url-access= subscription }}
• {{cite book |last1=Martín Sánchez |first1=Isabel |editor1-last=Ferrer Benimeli |editor1-first=José Antonio |title=La masonería en la España del siglo XX |date=1996 |publisher=University of Castilla–La Mancha |isbn=84-89492-47-6 |pages=655–670 |language=Spanish |chapter=La visión de la masonería desde ABC durante el primer bienio de la II República Española. Vol. 2}}
• {{cite news |last1=Martínez Ruiz |first1=José "Azorín" |author1-link=José Martínez Ruiz |title=Un francófilo |url=https://www.abc.es/archivo/periodicos/abc-madrid-19150316-4.html |work=ABC |date=16 March 1915 |location=Madrid |pages=4–5 |language=Spanish|url-access= subscription}}
• {{cite book |last1=Meaker |first1=Gerald H. |editor1-last=Schmitt |editor1-first=Hans A. |title=Neutral Europe Between War and Revolution, 1917-23 |date=1988 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |location=Charlottesville, Virginia |isbn=0-8139-1153-2 |pages=1–65 |chapter=A Civil War of Words: The Ideological Impact of the First World War on Spain, 1914–18}}
• {{cite book |last1=Medina |first1=Jaume |author1-link=Jaume Medina |title=L'anticatalanisme del diari ABC (1916–1936) |date=1995 |publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat |location=Barcelona |isbn=84-7826-606-2 |language=Catalan}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Moreno Luzón |first1= Javier|author-link1=Javier Moreno Luzón|date=23 February 2015 |title= Una guerra no declarada|url= http://www.revistadelibros.com/articulo_imprimible.php?art=742&t=blogs|magazine=Revista de Libros |language= es|issn=1137-2249 |oclc= 885841796 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305150506/http://www.revistadelibros.com/articulo_imprimible.php?art=742&t=blogs |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Morodo Leoncio |first1=Raúl |title=La formalización de Acción Española |journal=Revista de Estudios Políticos |date=1978 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |url=https://www.cepc.gob.es/publicaciones/revistas/revista-de-estudios-politicos/numero-1-enerofebrero-1978/la-formalizacion-de-accion-espanola-1 |publisher=Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies |language=Spanish |issn=0048-7694 |oclc=1589742}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Narbona |first1= Rafael|date=17 April 2015|title= José Antonio Primo de Rivera: mi fascista favorito|url= https://www.revistadelibros.com/jose-antonio-primo-de-riverami-fascista-favorito/|magazine=Revista de Libros |language= es|issn=1137-2249 |oclc= 885841796 }}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Nieto|first1= Ernesto|date=22 May 1913|title= La personalidad literaria de Don Álvaro Alcalá Galiano|url= https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/viewer?oid=0001704118&page=17|magazine=Nuevo Mundo |language= es|page=17|issn=1699-8677 |oclc= 733283152}}
• {{cite book |last1=Peiró Martín |first1=Ignacio |editor1-last=Gamarra Chopo |editor1-first=Yolanda |editor2-last=Fernández Liesa |editor2-first=Carlos R. |title=Los orígenes modernos del Derecho internacional. Estudios conmemorativos del centenario de la Primera Guerra Mundial |date=2015 |publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico |location=Zaragoza |isbn=978-84-9911-368-5 |pages=71–126 |language=Spanish |chapter=La gran guerra de los historiadores: la encuesta francesa de Alfred Morel-Fatio sobre la neutralidad, la beligerancia y el pacifismo de los intelectuales españoles|chapter-url= http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/35/22/04peiro.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515030030/http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/35/22/04peiro.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-15 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Peloille |first1=Manuelle |title=Recensement des articles d'opinion sur l'Italie fasciste, dans les quotidiens espagnols : ABC, El Debate, La Época, Heraldo de Madrid, La Libertad et El Sol, du 25 octobre 1922 au 28 février 1929 |journal=Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine (De 1808 au temps présent). Histoire politique, économique, sociale et culturelle |date=2009 |volume=5 |issue=5 |doi=10.4000/ccec.3168 |publisher=University of Angers |location=Angers |language=French |issn=1957-7761|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Ramírez Jerez |first1=Pablo |title=Emilio Alcalá-Galiano y Valencia, conde de Casa Valencia: Semblanza bio-bibliográfica |journal=Hidalguía |date=2015 |volume=62 |issue=370 |pages=753–770 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295636389 |publisher=Real Asociación de Hidalgos de España |location=Madrid |language=Spanish |issn=0018-1285}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Ribagorda |first1=Álvaro |title=El Comité Hispano-Inglés y la Sociedad de Cursos y Conferencias de la Residencia de Estudiantes (1923–1936) |journal=Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea |date=2008 |volume=30 |pages=273–291 |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CHCO/article/view/CHCO0808110273A/6736 |publisher=Servicio de Publicaciones (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) |location=Madrid |language=Spanish |issn=0214-400X |oclc=803141148}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Rivera |first1=Víctor Samuel |title=El Marqués de Montealegre de Aulestia: biografía española de un nacionalista peruano |journal=Escritos |date=2009 |volume=17 |issue=39 |pages=410–449 |doi=10.18566/escr |url=https://revistas.upb.edu.co/index.php/escritos/article/viewFile/226/188

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807073641/https://revistas.upb.edu.co/index.php/escritos/article/viewFile/226/188 |publisher=Pontifical Bolivarian University |location=Medellín |language=Spanish |issn=0120-1263|archive-date=7 August 2016|doi-access=free }}

• {{cite book |last1=Rojas Juárez |first1=José Rafael |last2=de Andrés Díaz |first2=Rosana |title=Ministerio del Interior. Dos siglos de historia. |date=2015 |publisher=Ministry of the Interior (Spain) |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-8150-316-6 |url=http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/4854067/Ministerio_del_Interior_Dos_siglos_de_historia_126150530.pdf/7c72fb1c-daf1-4306-9a09-c40cad7105d2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324154846/http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/4854067/Ministerio_del_Interior_Dos_siglos_de_historia_126150530.pdf/7c72fb1c-daf1-4306-9a09-c40cad7105d2 |archive-date=24 March 2016 |language=Spanish}}
• {{cite news |last1=Royo Villanova |first1=Antonio |title=La caída de un trono|url=https://www.abc.es/archivo/periodicos/abc-madrid-19330226-24.html |work=ABC |date=26 February 1933 |location=Madrid |page=24 |language=Spanish|url-access= subscription}}
• {{cite book |last1=Rozenberg |first1=Danielle |title=La España contemporánea y la cuestión judía: retejiendo los hilos de la memoria y de la historia |date=2010 |publisher=Centro Sefarad-Israel |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-92820-20-7|language=es}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Ruiz-Ocaña Dueñas |first1=Eduardo |title=La Primera Guerra Mundial contada por Emilia Pardo Bazán en La Ilustración Artística |journal=La Tribuna: Cadernos de Estudos da Casa Museo Emilia Pardo Bazán |date=2014–2015 |issue=10 |pages=29–50 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5825177 |publisher=Royal Galician Academy |language=Spanish |issn=1697-0810}}
• {{cite book |last1=Saz Campos |first1=Ismael |author1-link=Ismael Saz |title=España contra España: los nacionalismos franquistas |date=2003 |publisher=Marcial Pons Historia |location=Madrid |isbn=84-95379-57-0 |language=Spanish}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Seco Serrano |first1=Carlos |author1-link=Carlos Seco Serrano |title=El cerco de la monarquía. La ruptura de los partidos dinásticos con Alfonso XIII durante la dictadura de Primo de Rivera |journal=Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia |date=1986 |volume=183 |issue=2 |pages=161–270 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=16719 |publisher=Royal Academy of History |location=Madrid |language=Spanish |issn=0034-0626 |oclc=1460620}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Tenreiro |first1=Ramón María |title=España ante el conflicto europeo (1914-1915), por Álvaro Alcalá Galiano, Madrid, 1916 |journal=La Lectura. Revista de Ciencias y Artes. |date=January 1916 |volume=XVI |issue=181 |pages=422–425 |url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/viewer?oid=0004838122&page=432 |location=Madrid |language=Spanish |issn=2171-0384}}
• {{cite book |last1=Viñas |first1=Ángel |author1-link=Ángel Viñas |title=¿Quién quiso la guerra civil? Historia de una conspiración. |date=2019 |publisher=Editorial Crítica |location=Barcelona |isbn=978-84-9199-090-1 |language=Spanish}}

{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:1886 births

Category:1936 deaths

Category:People from Madrid

Category:Writers from Madrid

Category:Antisemitism in Spain

Category:Fascism in Spain

Category:People killed by the Second Spanish Republic

Category:20th-century Spanish historians

Category:Spanish anti-communists

Category:Marquesses of Spain

Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour

Category:Renovación Española politicians