Vatican City

The name {{linktext|Vatican City}} was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city-state named after Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state within the city of Rome. "Vatican" itself is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, {{lang|la|Vatica}} or {{lang|la|Vaticum}}, located in the general area the Romans called Ager Vaticanus, "Vatican territory".{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=L. |title=New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome |date=October 1992 |page=405 |isbn=0-8018-4300-6 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore}}

The Italian name of the city is {{lang|it|Città del Vaticano}} or, more formally, {{lang|it|Stato della Città del Vaticano}}, meaning 'State of Vatican City'. Its Latin name is {{lang|la|Status Civitatis Vaticanae}};{{cite web |url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19451208_vacantis-apostolicae-sedis.html |title=Apostolic Constitution |language=la |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912234026/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19451208_vacantis-apostolicae-sedis.html |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Letter to John Cardinal Lajolo |author=Pope Francis |date=8 September 2014 |publisher=The Vatican |url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/letters/2014/documents/papa-francesco_20140908_lettera-card-giovanni-lajolo.html |language=la |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418013034/http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/letters/2014/documents/papa-francesco_20140908_lettera-card-giovanni-lajolo.html |url-status=live}} this is used in official documents by the Holy See, the Church and the pope.

{{further|History of the Papacy|Holy See#History}}

File:Obelisk of St. Peter.jpg in St. Peter's Square was brought to Rome from Egypt by Caligula.]]

The name "Vatican" was already in use in the time of the Roman Republic for the Ager Vaticanus, a marshy area on the west bank of the Tiber across from the city of Rome, located between the Janiculum, the Vatican Hill and Monte Mario, down to the Aventine Hill and up to the confluence of the Cremera creek.{{harvnb|Liverani |2016|p=21}} The toponym Ager Vaticanus is attested until the 1st century AD: afterwards, another toponym appeared, Vaticanus, denoting an area much more restricted: the Vatican Hill, today's St. Peter's Square, and possibly today's Via della Conciliazione. Because of its vicinity to Rome's archenemy, the Etruscan city of Veii (another naming for the Ager Vaticanus was Ripa Veientana or Ripa Etrusca), and for being subjected to the floods of the Tiber, the Romans considered this originally uninhabited part of Rome dismal and ominous.{{harvnb|Petacco|2016|p=11}}

The particularly low quality of Vatican wine, even after the reclamation of the area, was commented on by the poet Martial (AD 40 – {{circa}} AD 102).{{Cite web |url=https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/8100/research.pdf?sequence=3 |title=Damien Martin, "Wine and Drunkenness in Roman Society"|access-date=27 August 2013|archive-date=18 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918040152/https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/8100/research.pdf?sequence=3|url-status=live}} Tacitus wrote that in AD 69, the Year of the Four Emperors, when the northern army that brought Vitellius to power arrived in Rome, "a large proportion camped in the unhealthy districts of the Vatican, which resulted in many deaths among the common soldiery; and the Tiber being close by, the inability of the Gauls and Germans to bear the heat and the consequent greed with which they drank from the stream weakened their bodies, which were already an easy prey to disease".Tacitus, The Histories, II, 93, translation by Clifford H. Moore (The Loeb Classical Library, first printed 1925)

File:Plan of Circus Neronis and St. Peters.gif and current Basilicas of St. Peter]]

File:Circus of Nero.png

During the Roman Empire, many villas were constructed there, after Agrippina the Elder (14 BC – 18 October AD 33) drained the area and laid out her gardens in the early 1st century AD. In AD 40, her son, Emperor Caligula (31 August AD 12 – 24 January AD 41; r. 37–41) built in her gardens a circus for charioteers (AD 40) that was later completed by Nero, the {{lang|la|Circus Gaii et Neronis}},Lanciani, Rodolfo (1892). [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/3*.html#sec16 Pagan and Christian Rome] {{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Houghton, Mifflin. usually called, simply, the Circus of Nero.{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/storia/la-citta-del-vaticano-nel-tempo.html |title=Vatican City in the Past |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528110717/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/storia/la-citta-del-vaticano-nel-tempo.html |url-status=live}}

The Vatican obelisk in St. Peter's Square is the last visible remnant from the Circus of Nero. It was brought from Heliopolis in Egypt by Emperor Caligula. The obelisk originally stood at the centre of the spina (median) of the Roman circus.Pliny the Elder, Natural History XVI.76. The circus became the site of martyrdom for many Christians after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64. Tradition states that it was in this circus that Saint Peter was crucified upside-down.{{cite web |title=St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11744a.htm#IV |publisher=Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date=12 August 2013 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915021152/http://newadvent.org/cathen/11744a.htm#IV |url-status=live}} In 1586, the obelisk was relocated to its current position by Pope Sixtus V using a method devised by Italian architect Domenico Fontana.[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/tafur.html#ch3 Travels and Adventures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629042823/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/tafur.html#ch3|date=29 June 2011}}, Chapter 3, Pero Tafur, digitized from The Broadway Travellers series, edited by Sir E. Denison Ross and Eileen Power, translated and edited with an introduction by Malcolm Letts (New York, London: Harper & brothers 1926)

Opposite the circus was a cemetery separated by the Via Cornelia. Funeral monuments and mausoleums, and small tombs, as well as altars to pagan gods of all kinds of polytheistic religions, were constructed lasting until before the construction of the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter in the first half of the 4th century. A shrine dedicated to the Phrygian goddess Cybele and her consort Attis remained active long after the ancient Basilica of St. Peter was built nearby.{{cite web |title=Altar dedicated to Cybele and Attis |url=https://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/x-Schede/MGEs/MGEs_Sala16_03_040.html |publisher=Vatican Museums |access-date=26 August 2013 |archive-date=24 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124211312/http://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/x-Schede/MGEs/MGEs_Sala16_03_040.html |url-status=live}}

Remains of this ancient necropolis were brought to light sporadically during renovations by various popes throughout the centuries, increasing in frequency during the Renaissance until it was systematically excavated by orders of Pope Pius XII from 1939 to 1941. The Constantinian basilica was built in 326 over what was believed to be the tomb of Saint Peter, buried in that cemetery.[https://books.google.com/books?id=37b9V9IXDsYC&dq=Gardner+%22reputed+grave%22&pg=PA126 Fred S. Kleiner, Gardner's Art through the Ages (Cengage Learning 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912151621/https://books.google.com/books?id=37b9V9IXDsYC&pg=PA126&dq=Gardner+%22reputed+grave%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=A3gQUqPdOYWThgeirYCgDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gardner%20%22reputed%20grave%22&f=false |date=12 September 2015 }} {{ISBN|978-1-13395479-8}}), p. 126

From then on, the land mass became more populated in connection with activity at the basilica. A palace was constructed nearby as early as the 5th century during the pontificate of Pope Symmachus (reigned 498–514).{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.bartleby.com/65/va/Vatican.html |title=Vatican |encyclopedia=Columbia Encyclopedia |edition=Sixth |date=2001–2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207064352/https://www.bartleby.com/65/va/Vatican.html |archive-date=7 February 2006}}

{{Main|Papal States}}

{{See also|History of the Papacy}}

File:Italy 1796.svg

Popes gradually came to have a secular role as governors of regions near Rome. They ruled the Papal States, which covered a large portion of the Italian peninsula, for more than a thousand years until the mid-19th century, when all the territory belonging to the papacy was seized by the newly created Kingdom of Italy.

For most of this time, the popes did not live at the Vatican. The Lateran Palace, on the opposite side of Rome, was their habitual residence for about a thousand years. From 1309 to 1377, they lived at Avignon in France. On their return to Rome, they chose to live at the Vatican. They moved to the Quirinal Palace in 1583, after work on it was completed under Pope Paul V (1605–1621), but on the capture of Rome in 1870 retired to the Vatican, and what had been their residence became that of the king of Italy.

{{Main|Roman Question}}

In 1870, the pope's holdings were left in an uncertain situation when Rome itself was annexed by Italian forces, thus bringing to completion the Italian unification, after a nominal resistance by the papal forces. Between 1861 and 1929 the status of the pope was referred to as the "Roman Question".

Italy made no attempt to interfere with the Holy See within the Vatican walls. However, it confiscated church property in many places. In 1871, the Quirinal Palace was confiscated by the king of Italy and became the royal palace. Thereafter, the popes resided undisturbed within the Vatican walls, and certain papal prerogatives were recognised by the Law of Guarantees, including the right to send and receive ambassadors. But the popes did not recognise the Italian king's right to rule in Rome, and they refused to leave the Vatican compound until the dispute was resolved in 1929; Pope Pius IX (1846–1878), the last ruler of the Papal States, was referred to as a "prisoner in the Vatican". Forced to give up secular power, the popes focused on spiritual issues.{{cite book |last=Wetterau |first=Bruce |title=World History: A Dictionary of Important People, Places, and Events, from Ancient Times to the Present |location=New York |publisher=Henry Holt & Co. |date=1994 |isbn=978-0-8050-2350-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistorydict00wett}}

{{Main|Lateran Treaty}}

This situation was resolved on 11 February 1929, when the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy was signed by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III and by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri for Pope Pius XI.{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/LateranTreaty.pdf |title=Preamble of the Lateran Treaty |access-date=21 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010175158/https://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/LateranTreaty.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html#TRATTATO_FRA_LA_SANTA_SEDE_E_L%E2%80%99ITALIA |title=Patti lateranensi, 11 febbraio 1929 – Segreteria di Stato, card. Pietro Gasparri |website=The Holy See|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131557/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html#TRATTATO_FRA_LA_SANTA_SEDE_E_L%E2%80%99ITALIA|url-status=live}} The treaty, which was ratified{{Cite book |last=Ekpo |first=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ow4IEQAAQBAJ&dq=%22ratified+on+June+7,+1929%22&pg=PA8 |title=The Roman Curia: History, Theology, and Organization |date=2024 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-64712-436-6 |location=Washington, DC |pages=8 |language=en}} and took effect on 7 June 1929,{{Cite web |title=Lateran Treaty |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Lateran-Treaty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318082705/https://www.britannica.com/event/Lateran-Treaty |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}} established the independent state of Vatican City and reaffirmed the special status of Catholic Christianity in Italy.

{{Main|Vatican City in World War II}}

File:The British Army in Italy 1944 NA16179.jpg's 38th (Irish) Brigade playing in front of St. Peter's Basilica in June 1944]]

The Holy See, which governed the Vatican City, pursued a policy of neutrality during World War II under the leadership of Pope Pius XII. Although German troops occupied Rome after the September 1943 Armistice of Cassibile, with Allied forces pushing them out in 1944, both sides respected the Vatican City's status as neutral territory.{{cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005446 |title=Rome |publisher=Ushmm.org |access-date=12 December 2013 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215103412/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005446 |url-status=live}} One of the main diplomatic priorities of Pius XII was to prevent the bombing of the city; a high level of sensitivity led him to protest even the dropping of pamphlets over Rome by the Royal Air Force, claiming that the few which landed within the Vatican City violated its neutrality.{{Sfn|Chadwick|1988|pp=222–232}} The British government's policy towards the Vatican, as expressed in the minutes of a Cabinet meeting, was "that we should on no account molest the Vatican City, but that our action as regards the rest of Rome would depend upon how far the Italian government observed the rules of war".{{Sfn|Chadwick|1988|pp=222–232}}

After the United States entered into the war, US officials were against bombing the Vatican City, fearful of offending Catholic members of the American military, but said that "they could not stop the British from bombing Rome if the British so decided". The US military even exempted Catholic servicemembers from air raids on Rome and other areas with a significant Catholic presence, unless they voluntarily agreed to participate. Notably, with the exception of Rome, and presumably the possibility of the Vatican, no Catholic US servicemember refused a mission within German-held Italy. On the other hand, the British insisted "they would bomb Rome whenever the needs of the war demanded".{{Sfn|Chadwick|1988|pp=232–236}}

In December 1942, the British envoy to the Holy See suggested that Rome be declared an open city, a suggestion that the Holy See took more seriously than was probably meant by the envoy, who did not want Rome to be an open city, but Mussolini rejected the suggestion when the Holy See put it to him. In connection with the Allied invasion of Sicily, 500 United States Army Air Forces aircraft bombed Rome on 19 July 1943, targeting the city's railway hub in particular. Approximately 1,500 people were killed, and Pius XII, who had been described in the previous month as "worried sick" about the possibility of Rome being bombed, toured the affected areas. Another Allied bombing raid took place on 13 August 1943, after Mussolini had been ousted from power.{{Sfn|Chadwick|1988|pp=236–244}} On the following day, the new Italian government declared Rome an open city, after consulting the Holy See on the wording of the declaration.{{Sfn|Chadwick|1988|pp=244–245}}

File:St Peter's Square, Vatican City - April 2007.jpg

Pius XII had refrained from creating cardinals during the war. By the end of World War II, there were several prominent vacancies: Cardinal Secretary of State, Camerlengo, Chancellor, and Prefect for the Congregation for the Religious among them.{{Sfn|Chadwick|1988|p=304}} Pius XII created 32 cardinals in early 1946, having announced his intention to do so in his preceding Christmas message.

The Pontifical Military Corps, except for the Swiss Guard, was disbanded by the will of Paul VI, as expressed in a letter of 14 September 1970. The Gendarmerie Corps was transformed into a civilian police and security force.

In 1984, a new concordat between the Holy See and Italy modified certain provisions of the earlier treaty, including the position of Catholic Christianity as the Italian state religion, a position given to it by a statute of the Kingdom of Sardinia of 1848.

Construction in 1995 of a new guest house, Domus Sanctae Marthae, adjacent to St Peter's Basilica was criticized by Italian environmental groups, backed by Italian politicians. They claimed the new building would block views of the Basilica from nearby Italian apartments.{{cite book |last=Thavis |first=John |title=The Vatican Diaries: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Power, Personalities and Politics at the Heart of the Catholic Church |url=https://archive.org/details/vaticandiariesbe0000thav|url-access=registration |year=2013 |publisher=Viking |location=NY |isbn=978-0-670-02671-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/vaticandiariesbe0000thav/page/121 121–122]}} For a short while the plans strained the relations between the Vatican and the Italian government. The head of the Vatican's Department of Technical Services robustly rejected challenges to the Vatican State's right to build within its borders.

John R. Morss writes in the European Journal of International Law that due to the terms of the Lateran Treaty, Vatican City's status as a sovereign state, and the Pope's status as a head of state, are problematic.{{clarify|date=February 2023}}{{cite journal |last1=Morss |first1=John R. |date=November 2015 |title=The International Legal Status of the Vatican/Holy See Complex |url=https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/26/4/927/2599610 |journal=European Journal of International Law |publisher=OUP |volume=26 |issue=4 |page=927 |doi=10.1093/ejil/chv062|access-date=6 February 2021|doi-access=free|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122174103/https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/26/4/927/2599610|url-status=live |hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30081648|hdl-access=free|issn=0938-5428}}

{{Main|Geography of Vatican City}}

File:Vatican City map EN.svg

The name "Vatican" was already in use in the time of the Roman Republic for the Ager Vaticanus, a marshy area on the west bank of the Tiber across from the city of Rome, located between the Janiculum, the Vatican Hill and Monte Mario, down to the Aventine Hill and up to the confluence of the Cremera creek. The territory of Vatican City is part of the Vatican Hill, and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields. It is in this territory that St. Peter's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city, on the west bank of the river Tiber, the area was an outcrop of the city that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV (847–855), and later expanded by the current fortification walls, built under Paul III (1534–1549), Pius IV (1559–1565), and Urban VIII (1623–1644).{{Citation |title=Holy See (Vatican City) |date=28 December 2022 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204237/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/ |url-status=live }}

File:VaticanCity Annex.jpg]]

When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that gave the state its form was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed.Lateran Treaty of 1929, Article 3

The territory includes St. Peter's Square, distinguished from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where it touches Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter's Square is reached through the Via della Conciliazione which runs from close to the Tiber to St. Peter's. This grand approach was constructed by Benito Mussolini after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty.

According to the Lateran Treaty, certain properties of the Holy See that are located in Italian territory, most notably the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo and the major basilicas, enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign embassies. These properties, scattered all over Rome and Italy, house essential offices and institutions necessary to the character and mission of the Holy See.Lateran Treaty of 1929, Articles 13–16

Castel Gandolfo and the named basilicas are patrolled internally by police agents of Vatican City State and not by Italian police. According to the Lateran Treaty (Art. 3) St. Peter's Square, up to but not including the steps leading to the basilica, is normally patrolled by the Italian police.

There are no passport controls for visitors entering Vatican City from the surrounding Italian territory. There is free public access to Saint Peter's Square and Basilica and, on the occasion of papal general audiences, to the hall in which they are held. For these audiences and for major ceremonies in Saint Peter's Basilica and Square, tickets free of charge must be obtained beforehand. The Vatican Museums, incorporating the Sistine Chapel, usually charge an entrance fee. There is no general public access to the gardens, but guided tours for small groups can be arranged to the gardens and excavations under the basilica. Other places are open to only those individuals who have business to transact there.{{Cite web |title=Useful Information |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/info.html |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=The Holy See |archive-date=21 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121054203/https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/info.html |url-status=live }}

{{Panorama

|image = File:Pano-P7264747-P7264763 (3189867).jpg

|height = 230

|alt = St. Peter's Square, the basilica and obelisk, from Piazza Pio XII

|caption = {{center|St. Peter's Square, the basilica and obelisk, from Piazza Pio XII}}

}}

Vatican City's climate is the same as Rome's: a temperate, Mediterranean climate Csa with mild, rainy winters from October to mid-May and hot, dry summers from May to September. Some minor local features, principally mists and dews, are caused by the anomalous bulk of St Peter's Basilica, the elevation, the fountains, and the size of the large paved square. The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|40.8|C|F|abbr=on}} on 28 June 2022.{{cite web | url=https://weatherspark.com/h/y/71896/2022/Historical-Weather-during-2022-in-Vatican-City | title=Vatican City 2022 Past Weather (Vatican City) - Weather Spark | access-date=18 December 2023 | archive-date=11 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211132538/https://weatherspark.com/h/y/71896/2022/Historical-Weather-during-2022-in-Vatican-City | url-status=live }}

{{Weather box

| location = Vatican City (data of Aeroporto Roma-Ciampino "Giovan Battista Pastine")

| metric first = yes

| single line = yes

| Jan record high C = 19.8

| Feb record high C = 21.2

| Mar record high C = 26.6

| Apr record high C = 27.2

| May record high C = 33.0

| Jun record high C = 37.8

| Jul record high C = 40.8

| Aug record high C = 40.7

| Sep record high C = 38.4

| Oct record high C = 30.0

| Nov record high C = 25.0

| Dec record high C = 20.2

| Jan high C = 11.9

| Feb high C = 13.0

| Mar high C = 15.2

| Apr high C = 17.7

| May high C = 22.8

| Jun high C = 26.9

| Jul high C = 30.3

| Aug high C = 30.6

| Sep high C = 26.5

| Oct high C = 21.4

| Nov high C = 15.9

| Dec high C = 12.6

| year high C = 20.4

| Jan mean C = 7.5

| Feb mean C = 8.2

| Mar mean C = 10.2

| Apr mean C = 12.6

| May mean C = 17.2

| Jun mean C = 21.1

| Jul mean C = 24.1

| Aug mean C = 24.5

| Sep mean C = 20.8

| Oct mean C = 16.4

| Nov mean C = 11.4

| Dec mean C = 8.4

| year mean C = 15.2

| Jan low C = 3.1

| Feb low C = 3.5

| Mar low C = 5.2

| Apr low C = 7.5

| May low C = 11.6

| Jun low C = 15.3

| Jul low C = 18.0

| Aug low C = 18.3

| Sep low C = 15.2

| Oct low C = 11.3

| Nov low C = 6.9

| Dec low C = 4.2

| year low C = 10.0

| Jan record low C = -11.0

| Feb record low C = -4.4

| Mar record low C = -5.6

| Apr record low C = 0.0

| May record low C = 3.8

| Jun record low C = 7.8

| Jul record low C = 10.6

| Aug record low C = 10.0

| Sep record low C = 5.6

| Oct record low C = 0.8

| Nov record low C = -5.2

| Dec record low C = -4.8

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 67

| Feb precipitation mm = 73

| Mar precipitation mm = 58

| Apr precipitation mm = 81

| May precipitation mm = 53

| Jun precipitation mm = 34

| Jul precipitation mm = 19

| Aug precipitation mm = 37

| Sep precipitation mm = 73

| Oct precipitation mm = 113

| Nov precipitation mm = 115

| Dec precipitation mm = 81

| year precipitation mm = 804

| Jan precipitation days = 7.0

| Feb precipitation days = 7.6

| Mar precipitation days = 7.6

| Apr precipitation days = 9.2

| May precipitation days = 6.2

| Jun precipitation days = 4.3

| Jul precipitation days = 2.1

| Aug precipitation days = 3.3

| Sep precipitation days = 6.2

| Oct precipitation days = 8.2

| Nov precipitation days = 9.7

| Dec precipitation days = 8.0

| year precipitation days = 79.4

| unit precipitation days = 1 mm

| Jan sun = 120.9

| Feb sun = 132.8

| Mar sun = 167.4

| Apr sun = 201.0

| May sun = 263.5

| Jun sun = 285.0

| Jul sun = 331.7

| Aug sun = 297.6

| Sep sun = 237.0

| Oct sun = 195.3

| Nov sun = 129.0

| Dec sun = 111.6

| year sun = 2472.8

| source 1 = Servizio Meteorologico, 1970–2000 data[https://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClimatico/pdf/(239)Roma%20Ciampino.pdf Tabelle climatiche 1971–2000 della stazione meteorologica di Roma-Ciampino Ponente dall'Atlante Climatico 1971–2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014759/http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClimatico/pdf/%28239%29Roma%20Ciampino.pdf |date=10 January 2019 }} – Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare data of sunshine hours{{cite web |url=https://clima.meteoam.it/web_clima_sysman/Clino6190/CLINO239.txt |title=Visualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Roma Ciampino |access-date=13 June 2011 |archive-date=19 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819073317/http://clima.meteoam.it/web_clima_sysman/Clino6190/CLINO239.txt |url-status=live}}

| date = April 2012

| source = https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/noaa-earth-had-its-third-warmest-year-record-2017 https://weatherspark.com/h/y/71896/2022/Historical-Weather-during-2022-in-Vatican-City

}}

In July 2007, the Vatican accepted a proposal by two firms based respectively in San Francisco and Budapest,{{cite web |url=https://www.thegwpf.com/vatican-footprint-wrong-footed/ |title=Vatican footprint wrong-footed |publisher=The Global Warming Policy Forum |date=26 May 2010 |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102201530/http://www.thegwpf.com/vatican-footprint-wrong-footed/ |url-status=live}} whereby it would become the first carbon neutral state by offsetting its carbon dioxide emissions with the creation of a Vatican Climate Forest in Hungary,{{cite news |url=https://www.physorg.com/news103554442.html |title=The Vatican to go carbon neutral |agency=United Press International |date=13 July 2007 |access-date=12 September 2009 |archive-date=12 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112190438/http://www.physorg.com/news103554442.html |url-status=live}} as a purely symbolic gesture[https://www.cathnews.com/news/707/76.php Vatican signs up for a carbon offset forest], Catholic News Service, published 13 July 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705173031/https://www.cathnews.com/news/707/76.php |date=5 July 2008 }} to encourage Catholics to do more to safeguard the planet.[https://www.wcr.ab.ca/news/2007/0723/carbon072307.shtml Climate forest makes Vatican the first carbon-neutral state], Western Catholic Reporter, published 23 July 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304130215/https://www.wcr.ab.ca/news/2007/0723/carbon072307.shtml |date=4 March 2008 }} Nothing came of the project.[https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2010/0420/Carbon-offsets-How-a-Vatican-forest-failed-to-reduce-global-warming "Carbon offsets: How a Vatican forest failed to reduce global warming"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801031710/https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2010/0420/Carbon-offsets-How-a-Vatican-forest-failed-to-reduce-global-warming |date=1 August 2020 }}. The Christian Science Monitor[https://www.ethicalcorp.com/environment/dangers-lurk-offset-investments "Dangers lurk in offset investments"], Ethical Corporation published 19 September 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2012 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427133116/https://www.ethicalcorp.com/environment/dangers-lurk-offset-investments |date=27 April 2012 }}

On 26 November 2008, the Vatican itself put into effect a plan announced in May 2007 to cover the roof of the Paul VI Audience Hall with solar panels.[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070612183543/https://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0702971.htm "Going green: Vatican expands mission to saving planet, not just souls"], Catholic News Service, published 25 May 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007Glatz, Carol (26 November 2008) [https://salt.claretianpubs.org/sjnews/2008/12/sjn081210a.html "Vatican wins award for creating rooftop solar-power generator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010164738/http://salt.claretianpubs.org/sjnews/2008/12/sjn081210a.html |date=10 October 2017 }}, Catholic News Service.

{{Main|Gardens of Vatican City}}

Within the territory of Vatican City are the Vatican Gardens ({{langx|it|Giardini Vaticani|links=no}}),{{cite web |url=https://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/vaticancity-map.htm |title=Map of Vatican City |publisher=saintpetersbasilica.org |access-date=11 October 2009 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104104919/http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/vaticancity-map.htm |url-status=live}} which account for about half of this territory. The gardens, established during the Renaissance and Baroque era, are decorated with fountains and sculptures.

The gardens cover approximately {{convert|23|ha|0}}. The highest point is {{convert|60|m|0}} above mean sea level. Stone walls bound the area in the north, south, and west.

The gardens date back to medieval times when orchards and vineyards extended to the north of the Papal Apostolic Palace.{{cite web |url=https://www.pellegrinocattolico.com/ctv/gardens.htm |title=Al Pellegrino Cattolico: The Vatican Gardens |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=2008 Al Pellegrino Cattolico s.r.l. Via di Porta Angelica 81\83 (S.Pietro) I- 00193 Roma, Italy|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413133503/https://www.pellegrinocattolico.com/ctv/gardens.htm |archive-date=13 April 2008}} In 1279, Pope Nicholas III (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, 1277–1280) moved his residence back to the Vatican from the Lateran Palace and enclosed this area with walls.{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Gardens/ |title=Official Vatican City State Website: A Visit to the Vatican Gardens |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=Uffici di Presidenza S.C.V. |date=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108134258/https://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Gardens/ |archive-date=8 November 2008}} He planted an orchard (pomerium), a lawn (pratellum), and a garden (viridarium).

{{Panorama

|image = File:Vatican panorama from St. Peters Basilica.jpg

|height = 240

|alt = A panorama of gardens and several buildings viewed from St. Peter's Basilica

|caption = {{center|Panorama of the gardens viewed from St. Peter's Basilica}}

}}

{{Main|Politics of Vatican City}}

The politics of Vatican City takes place in the context of an absolute elective monarchy and being governed by the Holy See, in which the head of the Catholic Church holds power. The Pope exercises principal legislative, executive, and judicial power over the State of Vatican City, which is a rare case of a non-hereditary monarchy.

The Vatican City State, created in 1929 by the Lateran Pacts, provides the Holy See with a temporal jurisdiction and independence within a small territory. It is distinct from the Holy See. The state can thus be deemed a significant but not essential instrument of the Holy See. The Holy See itself has existed continuously as a juridical entity since Roman Imperial times and has been internationally recognised as a powerful and independent sovereign entity since Late Antiquity to the present, without interruption even at times when it was deprived of territory (e.g. 1870 to 1929).

Vatican City is one of the few widely recognised independent states that has not become a member of the United Nations.{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56121#.WnNenpM-dsM |title=UN News – FEATURE: Diplomacy of the conscience – The Holy See at the United Nations |last=Section |first=United Nations News Service |date=7 February 2017 |website=UN News Service Section |language=en |access-date=1 February 2018 |archive-date=2 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202202155/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56121#.WnNenpM-dsM |url-status=live}} The Holy See, which is distinct from Vatican City State, has permanent observer status, with all the rights of a full member except for a vote in the UN General Assembly.

{{see also|Pontificate}}

File:Portrait of Pope Francis (2021).jpg in Vatican City, 2021]]

The government of Vatican City has a unique structure. As governed by the Holy See, the pope is the sovereign of the state, but he is supported by different bodies. While legislative authority is also managed, in the pope's name, by the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, a body of cardinals appointed by the pope for five-year periods, executive power is exercised by the president of that commission (who is consequently also the president of the governorate), assisted by the general secretary and the deputy general secretary.{{cite web |url= https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/note-generali/origini-natura.html|title=Origini e nature|date=21 December 2017 |publisher=Vatican City Directorate of Telecommunications and Computer Services|access-date=23 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Origins and nature}}{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/organi-stato/organi-dello-stato.html

|title=Organi dello Stato|date=3 July 2018 |publisher=Vatican City Directorate of Telecommunications and Computer Services|access-date=23 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=State bodies}} The state's foreign relations are entrusted to the Holy See's Secretariat of State and diplomatic service.

Nevertheless, the pope has absolute power in the executive, legislative, and judicial branches over Vatican City,{{cite web |url=https://www.catholic-pages.com/vatican/vatican_city.asp |access-date=4 March 2007 |title=Vatican City |publisher=Catholic-Pages.com |archive-date=4 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504093117/http://www.catholic-pages.com/vatican/vatican_city.asp |url-status=live}}

and is thus the only absolute monarch in Europe."[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Learning-with-the-Times-7-nations-still-under-absolute-monarchy/articleshow/3692953.cms Learning with the Times: 7 Nation Still Under Absolute Monarchy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212153657/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/learning-with-the-times-7-nations-still-under-absolute-monarchy/articleshow/3692953.cms |date=12 December 2023 }}", The Times of India, published 10 November 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2020.

Operationally, there are departments that deal with health, security, telecommunications and other matters.

The Cardinal Camerlengo presides over the Apostolic Camera, to which is entrusted the administration of the property and protection of other papal temporal powers and rights of the Holy See during the period of the empty throne or sede vacante (papal vacancy).{{cite book |title=Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires |chapter=The Pope's Household And Court In The Early Modern Age |publisher=BRILL |date=1 January 2011 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004206229.i-444.57 |first=Maria Antonietta |last=Visceglia |pages=237–264 |isbn=9789004206236 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004206236/Bej.9789004206229.i-444_012.xml |doi-access=free |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224233528/https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004206236/Bej.9789004206229.i-444_012.xml |url-status=live }} Those of the Vatican State remain under the control of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. Acting with three other cardinals chosen by lot every three days, one from each order of cardinals (cardinal bishop, cardinal priest, and cardinal deacon), he in a sense performs during that period the functions of head of state of Vatican City.{{Cite web |title=Universi Dominici Gregis (February 22, 1996) {{!}} John Paul II |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis.html |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=The Holy See |archive-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122152903/https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis.html |url-status=live }} All the decisions these four cardinals take must be approved by the College of Cardinals as a whole.

{{Main|Papal nobility}}

The nobility that was closely associated with the Holy See at the time of the Papal States continued to be associated with the Papal Court after the loss of these territories, generally with merely nominal duties (see Papal Master of the Horse, Prefecture of the Pontifical Household, Hereditary officers of the Roman Curia, Black Nobility). They also formed the ceremonial Noble Guard. In the first decades of the existence of the Vatican City State, executive functions were entrusted to some of them, including that of delegate for the State of Vatican City (now denominated president of the Commission for Vatican City). But with the motu proprio Pontificalis Domus of 28 March 1968,[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19680328_pontificalis-domus_lt.html Pontificalis Domus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112075641/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19680328_pontificalis-domus_lt.html |date=12 January 2014 }}, 3 Pope Paul VI abolished the honorary positions that had continued to exist until then, such as Quartermaster general and Master of the Horse.

{{Main|Pope|President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State}}

{{See also|List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State}}

File:20070610 Rome 29.jpg (Palazzo Apostolico), the official residence of the Pope. Here, Benedict XVI is at the window marked by a maroon banner hanging from the windowsill at centre.]]

As Vatican City is governed by the Holy See, the pope is ex officio head of stateOne of the titles of the Pope listed in the Annuario Pontificio is "Sovereign of Vatican City State" (page 23* in recent editions). of Vatican City, a function dependent on his primordial function as bishop of the diocese of Rome and head of the Catholic Church.{{Cite web |title=In Biden's visit with the pope, a page from Reagan's playbook? |url=https://theconversation.com/in-bidens-visit-with-the-pope-a-page-from-reagans-playbook-170077 |date=27 October 2021 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=www.theconversation.com |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507183342/https://theconversation.com/in-bidens-visit-with-the-pope-a-page-from-reagans-playbook-170077 |url-status=live }} The term "Holy See" refers not to the Vatican state but to the pope's spiritual and pastoral governance, largely exercised through the Roman Curia.{{cite web |url=https://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P19.HTM |title=Code of Canon Law: text – IntraText CT |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009091217/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P19.HTM |url-status=live}} His official title with regard to Vatican City is Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City.

Pope Francis, born Jorge Mario Bergoglio in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was elected on 13 March 2013. His principal subordinate government official for Vatican City as well as the country's head of government is the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, who since 1952 exercises the functions previously belonging to the Governor of Vatican City. Since 2001, the president of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State also has the title of president of the Governorate of the State of Vatican City. The president is Spanish cardinal Fernando Vérgez Alzaga, who was appointed on 1 October 2021.

The death of Pope Francis in April 2025 vacated the head of state position, and a papal conclave will be held in May 2025 to elect a new Pope.{{Cite web |date=2025-04-21 |title=The rites and rituals following the death of a pope, his funeral and burial, explained |url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-funeral-burial-rites-rituals-2eb13a689d09d3403f08027081fe3753 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}

{{See also|Politics of Vatican City|Law of Vatican City}}

File:Palace of the Governorate. Vatican City State..jpg]]

Legislative functions are administered by the pope but also delegated to the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, led by the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. Its members are cardinals appointed by the Pope for terms of five years. {{citation needed span|date=May 2024|Acts of the commission must be approved by the Pope, through the Holy See's Secretariat of State,}} and must be published in a special appendix of the Acta Apostolicae Sedis. {{citation needed span|date=May 2024|Most of the content of this appendix consists of routine executive decrees, such as approval for a new set of postage stamps.}}

Executive authority is delegated to the president of the Governorate of Vatican City, who is also the president of the Pontificial Commission. In addition, the Governorate include two immediate collaborators of the president: the general secretary and the deputy general secretary, members of the General Secretariat, {{citation needed span|date=May 2024|each appointed by the pope for five-year terms.}} {{citation needed span|date=May 2024|Important actions of the Governorate must be confirmed by the Pontifical Commission and by the Pope through the Secretariat of State.}} Both the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and the president of the Governorate of Vatican City can be assisted by the Councilors of Vatican City State in drafting legislation and other important issues. The president of the Governorate can convoke the members of the Council of Directors, together with external experts and people. The Governorate oversees the central governmental functions through several departments and offices.{{cite web |url= https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/struttura-del-governatorato/segreteria-generale.html|title= Segreteria Generale|publisher=Vatican City Directorate of Telecommunications and Computer Services|website=vaticanstate.va|date= 25 March 2019|access-date=23 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=General Secretariat}}{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/organi-stato/organi-potere-legislativo-ed-esecutivo.html |title=Organi del potere legislativo ed esecutivo|publisher=Vatican City Directorate of Telecommunications and Computer Services|website=vaticanstate.va|access-date=23 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Executive and legislative bodies}}{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/struttura-del-governatorato/consiglio-dei-direttori.html|title=Consiglio dei Direttori|publisher=Vatican City Directorate of Telecommunications and Computer Services|website=vaticanstate.va|date=25 March 2019 |access-date=23 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Council of Directors}} {{citation needed span|date=May 2024|The directors and officials of these offices are appointed by the Pope for five-year terms.}}

The Governorate is organized into central offices (one for law and another for personnel matters) and directorates with roles in the following matters:

• Infrastructures and services
• Telecommunications and computer services
• Security services and civil protection
• Health and hygiene
• Museums and cultural heritage
• Pontifical Villas{{cite web |url= https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/struttura-del-governatorato/uffici-centrali.html|title=Uffici centrali|publisher=Vatican City Directorate of Telecommunications and Computer Services|website=vaticanstate.va|date=25 March 2019 |access-date=23 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Central offices}}{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/struttura-del-governatorato/direzioni.html|title=Direzioni|publisher=Vatican City Directorate of Telecommunications and Computer Services|website=vaticanstate.va|date=11 July 2018 |access-date=23 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Directorates}}

There are also subsidiary bodies for monetary, disciplinary, personnel and personnel selection matters.{{cite web |url= https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/struttura-del-governatorato/organismi-scientifici.html|title=Organismi ausiliari|publisher=Vatican City Directorate of Telecommunications and Computer Services|website=vaticanstate.va|date=26 March 2019 |access-date=23 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Subsidiary bodies}}

In the pope's name, judiciary functions (Vatican judiciary) are exercised by four bodies: a Supreme Court, a Court of Appeal, a Tribunal and a Sole Judge, whose roles are established by the Vatican codes of criminal and civil procedure, and the 2013 "Motu Proprio On the Jurisdiction of Judicial Authorities of Vatican City State in Criminal Matters".{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/organi-stato/organi-potere-giudiziario.html|title=Organi del potere giudiziario|publisher=Vatican City Directorate of Telecommunications and Computer Services|website=vaticanstate.va|access-date=23 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Judiciary bodies}} At the Vatican's request, sentences imposed can be served in Italy (see the section on crime, below).

Due to obvious territorial constraints, many headquarters and offices of the Holy See are located on Italian territory, but they are granted the same immunity as diplomatic missions thanks to the Lateran Treaty and are commonly defined as "extraterritorial areas".{{cite web |url= https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/note-generali/geografia.html|title= Geografia|publisher=Vatican City Directorate of Telecommunications and Computer Services|website=vaticanstate.va|date= 21 December 2017|access-date=23 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Geography}}

{{Main|Military in Vatican City|Pontifical Swiss Guard|Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City|Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State}}

File:20160424 035 Roma - Città del Vaticano - Piazza San Pietro (26436304050).jpg

As Vatican City is an enclave within Italy, its military defence is provided by the Italian Armed Forces. However, there is no formal defence treaty with Italy, as Vatican City is a neutral state. Vatican City has no armed forces of its own, although the Swiss Guard is a military corps of the Holy See responsible for the personal security of the Pope, and residents in the state. Soldiers of the Swiss Guard are entitled to hold Vatican City State passports and nationality. Swiss mercenaries were historically recruited by Popes as part of an army for the Papal States, and the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the Pope's personal bodyguard and continues to fulfill that function. It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under "Holy See", not under "State of Vatican City". At the end of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland. All recruits must be Catholic, unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed their basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces with certificates of good conduct, be between the ages of 19 and 30, and be at least {{convert|174|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} in height. Members are equipped with small arms and the traditional halberd (also called the Swiss voulge), and trained in bodyguarding tactics. Together with the Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City, the Swiss Guard have roles in the Italy-Vatican border control. The Palatine Guard and the Noble Guard, the last armed forces of the Vatican City State, were disbanded by Pope Paul VI in 1970.{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/History/Vatican_City_today.htm |title=Vatican City Today |publisher=Vatican City Government |access-date=28 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211020340/https://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/History/Vatican_City_today.htm |archive-date=11 December 2007}}

As the entire territory of Vatican City has been listed on the International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection and, in 1984, among World Heritage Sites, the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict provides international legal protection against armed conflicts.{{cite book |last=Duursma |first=Jorri C. |date=1996 |title=Fragmentation and the International Relations of Micro-states: Self-determination and Statehood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgVDprXjkIYC&pg=PA396 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=396 |isbn=978-0-521-56360-4 |access-date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414053158/https://books.google.com/books?id=CgVDprXjkIYC&pg=PA396 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/note-generali/etraterritorialita.html|title=Extraterritorialità |publisher=Vatican City Directorate of Telecommunications and Computer Services|website=vaticanstate.va|date=3 July 2018 |access-date=23 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Extraterritoriality}} A large part of the historical documents of the very extensive Vatican Apostolic Archive is stored in the "Bunker", which was inaugurated in 1980, a two-storey reinforced concrete vault, under the Cortile della Pigna, equipped with systems for fire protection, climate and humidity control, and physical security.{{cite web |url=https://www.archivioapostolicovaticano.va/content/aav/en/l-archivio/ambienti/bunker-e-depositi.html|title=Bunker and storerooms|publisher=Vatican Apostolic Archive|access-date=24 May 2024}}

File:Vaticano_-_Smart_elettrica_Gendarmeria_20231230.jpg car]]

Civil defence is the responsibility of the Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State, the national fire brigade. Dating its origins to the early nineteenth century, the Corps in its present form was established in 1941. It is responsible for fire fighting, as well as a range of civil defence scenarios including flood, natural disaster, and mass casualty incident. The Corps is governmentally supervised through the Directorate for Security Services and Civil Defence, which is also responsible for the Gendarmerie (see below).

The Gendarmerie Corps (Corpo della Gendarmeria) is the gendarmerie, or police and security force, of Vatican City and the extraterritorial properties of the Holy See.{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/IT/Servizi/Direzione_SdS_VVFF/corpo_della_gendarmeria.htm |title=Corpo della Gendarmeria |publisher=Stato della Città del Vaticano |language=it |access-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225094441/https://www.vaticanstate.va/IT/Servizi/Direzione_SdS_VVFF/corpo_della_gendarmeria.htm |archive-date=25 December 2012}} The corps is responsible for security, public order, border control, traffic control, criminal investigation, and other general police duties in Vatican City including providing security for the Pope outside of Vatican City. The corps has 130 personnel and is a part of the Directorate for Security Services and Civil Defence (which also includes the Vatican Fire Brigade), an organ of the Governorate of Vatican City.{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/Structure_Governorate/Gendarme_Corps.htm |title=Gendarme Corps |publisher=Office of the President of Vatican City State |date=2007 |access-date=15 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023001945/https://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/Structure_Governorate/Gendarme_Corps.htm |archive-date=23 October 2007}}{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/Structure_Governorate/Administrations_and_Central_Offices.htm |title=Administrations and Central Offices |publisher=Office of the President of Vatican City State |date=2007 |access-date=15 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023001914/https://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/Structure_Governorate/Administrations_and_Central_Offices.htm |archive-date=23 October 2007}}

Even though St. Peter's Square is part of Vatican territory, it is normally safeguarded by Italian police forces.

{{Main|Crime in Vatican City}}

File:Crowds in St. Peter's Square.jpg are a target for pickpockets.]]

Crime in Vatican City consists largely of purse snatching, pickpocketing and shoplifting by outsiders.{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2639777.stm |title=Vatican crime rate 'soars' |publisher=BBC |access-date=28 November 2007 |date=8 January 2003 |archive-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108222354/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2639777.stm |url-status=live}} The tourist foot-traffic in St. Peter's Square is one of the main locations for pickpockets in Vatican City.[https://www.romereports.com/palio/vatican-surpasses-all-nations-in-pickpockets-english-3545.html#.UPt_Wc0hclk "Vatican surpasses all nations... in pickpockets?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115144215/https://www.romereports.com/palio/Vatican-surpasses-all-nations-in-pickpockets-english-3545.html |date=15 November 2012 }}. Rome Reports, 14 February 2011. If crimes are committed in Saint Peter's Square, the perpetrators may be arrested and tried by the Italian authorities, since that area is normally patrolled by Italian police.Glatz, Carol (19 December 2013) [https://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2013/man-seriously-injured-after-setting-self-on-fire-in-st-peter-s-square.cfm "Man seriously injured after setting self on fire in St. Peter's Square"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621003837/https://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2013/man-seriously-injured-after-setting-self-on-fire-in-st-peter-s-square.cfm |date=21 June 2019 }}. Catholic News Service

Under the terms of article 22 of the Lateran Treaty, Italy will, at the request of the Holy See, punish individuals for crimes committed within Vatican City and will itself proceed against the person who committed the offence, if that person takes refuge in Italian territory. Persons accused of crimes recognised as such both in Italy and in Vatican City that are committed in Italian territory will be handed over to the Italian authorities if they take refuge in Vatican City or in buildings that enjoy immunity under the treaty.{{cite web |last=Shea |first=Alison |title=Researching the Law of the Vatican City State |url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/vatican1.htm |work=Hauser Global Law School Program |publisher=New York University School of Law |date=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017130729/https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Vatican1.htm |archive-date=17 October 2013}}

Vatican City has no prison system, apart from a few detention cells for pre-trial detention.[https://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2012/05/paolo_gabriele_case_how_does_the_vatican_deal_with_criminals_.html How Does Vatican City Deal With Criminals?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824035613/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2012/05/paolo_gabriele_case_how_does_the_vatican_deal_with_criminals_.html |date=24 August 2018 }} Slate. 30 May 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2013. People convicted of committing crimes in the Vatican serve terms in Italian prisons (Polizia Penitenziaria), with costs covered by the Vatican."[https://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,460967,00.html Is the Vatican a Rogue State?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406122805/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,460967,00.html |date=6 April 2012 }}" Spiegel Online. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2010.

{{See also|Foreign relations of the Holy See|List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See}}

File:Vatican City - main entrance with Swiss Guard.jpg

Vatican City State is a recognised national territory under international law, but it is the Holy See that conducts diplomatic relations on its behalf, in addition to the Holy See's own diplomacy, entering into international agreements in its regard. Vatican City thus has no diplomatic service of its own.

Because of space limitations, Vatican City is one of the few countries in the world that is unable to host embassies. Foreign embassies to the Holy See are located in the city of Rome; only during the Second World War were the staff of some embassies accredited to the Holy See given what hospitality was possible within the narrow confines of Vatican City {{Ndash}}embassies such as that of the United Kingdom while Rome was held by the Axis Powers and Germany's when the Allies controlled Rome.

The size of Vatican City is thus unrelated to the large global reach exercised by the Holy See as an entity quite distinct from the state.[https://ukinholysee.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/news/2007/4485113/gregorian "The Holy See and Diplomacy"], Foreign and Commonwealth Office {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521105212/https://ukinholysee.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/news/2007/4485113/gregorian |date=21 May 2009 }}

However, Vatican City State itself participates in some international organizations whose functions relate to the state as a geographical entity, distinct from the non-territorial legal persona of the Holy See. These organizations are much less numerous than those in which the Holy See participates either as a member or with observer status. They include the following eight, in each of which Vatican City State holds membership:[https://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/Internationalrelations/Participation_with_international_Organizations.htm "Vatican City State: Participation in International Organizations"]. Vatican City State. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710054455/https://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/Internationalrelations/Participation_with_international_Organizations.htm |date=10 July 2010 }}See also appendix at end of [https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html "Bilateral Relations of the Holy See"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709142833/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html |date=9 July 2014 }}. vatican.va

• European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
• European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Eutelsat IGO)
• International Grains Council (IGC)
• International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS)
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
• International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
• Interpol{{cite web |url=https://www.interpol.int/Member-countries/Europe/Vatican-City-State |title=Membership Vatican City State |publisher=Interpol |access-date=5 June 2012 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010164743/https://www.interpol.int/Member-countries/Europe/Vatican-City-State |url-status=dead}}
• Universal Postal Union (UPU)

It also participates in:

• World Medical Association
• World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

File:United Nations members de facto borders.svg member state borders on a map]]

The Vatican City is not a member of the United Nations (UN), but the Holy See was granted observer status to the United Nations General Assembly in 1968; the only other country in a similar position is the partially recognised State of Palestine. Since it is not a member of the UN, the Vatican City is not subjected to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). It does, however, engage with various UN specialized agencies through its observer status including the Central Emergency Response Fund, to which it contributed US$20,000 between 2006 and 2022.{{Cite web |date= |title=Contributions by donor |url=https://cerf.un.org/our-donors/contributions-by-donor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807043845/https://cerf.un.org/our-donors/contributions-by-donor |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=Central Emergency Response Fund}}

The Vatican City State is not a member of the International Criminal Court (ICC). In Europe, only Belarus is also a non-party, non-signatory state, while Ukraine and Monaco are signatory states that have not ratified and Russia withdrew from it in 2016.

The Vatican City State is not a member of the European Court of Human Rights. Among European states, Belarus is also not a member, while Russia has ceased to be part of it after being expelled from the Council of Europe following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

The OECD's "Common Reporting Standard" (CRS), aiming at preventing tax evasion and money laundering, has also not been signed.{{Cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/AEOI-commitments.pdf |title=AEOI: STATUS OF COMMITMENTS|access-date=29 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629140220/https://www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/AEOI-commitments.pdf|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=Jurisdictions participating in the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters |url=https://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/Status_of_convention.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629140217/https://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/Status_of_convention.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=29 June 2019 |website=OECD}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/exchange-of-tax-information/MCAA-Signatories.pdf |title=SIGNATORIES OF THE MULTILATERAL COMPETENT AUTHORITY AGREEMENT ON AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNT INFORMATION AND INTENDED FIRST INFORMATION EXCHANGE DATE|access-date=29 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629140216/https://www.oecd.org/tax/exchange-of-tax-information/MCAA-Signatories.pdf|url-status=live}} The Vatican City State has been criticized for money laundering practises in the past decades.{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vatican-financial-evaluation-idUSKBN1E20X8 |title=Vatican should bring money-laundering cases to trial, watchdog... |date=8 December 2017 |work=Reuters |first1=Philip |last1=Pullella |access-date=29 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602095231/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vatican-financial-evaluation-idUSKBN1E20X8 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.europeanceo.com/finance/top-5-financial-transgressions-committed-by-the-vatican/ |title=Top 5 financial transgressions committed by the Vatican |website=European CEO |first1=Sophie |last1=Perryer |date=20 November 2018 |language=en-US |access-date=29 June 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327132811/https://www.europeanceo.com/finance/top-5-financial-transgressions-committed-by-the-vatican/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-23289297 |title=The Vatican Bank is rocked by scandal again |last=Willey |first=David |date=18 July 2013 |access-date=29 June 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629142358/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-23289297 |website=BBC News |url-status=live}} The only other country in Europe that has not agreed to sign the CRS is Belarus.

The Vatican City State is also one of few countries in the world that does not provide any publicly available financial data to the International Monetary Fund.{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org |title=IMF Data Portal |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}

{{Main|Economy of Vatican City}}

The Vatican City State budget includes the Vatican Museums and post office and is supported financially by the sale of stamps, coins, medals and tourist mementos; by fees for admission to museums; and by publications sales.{{efn|1=The Holy See's budget, which is distinct from that of Vatican City State, is supported financially by a variety of sources, including investments, real estate income, and donations from Catholic individuals, dioceses, and institutions; these help fund the Roman Curia (Vatican bureaucracy), diplomatic missions, and media outlets. Moreover, an annual collection taken up in dioceses and direct donations go to a non-budgetary fund known as Peter's Pence, which is used directly by the Pope for charity, disaster relief and aid to churches in developing nations.}} The incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome.{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/ |title=Holy See (Vatican City): Economy |work=CIA – The World Factbook |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204237/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/ |url-status=live}} Other industries include printing, the production of mosaics, and the manufacture of staff uniforms.

File:Musei Vaticani. Braccio Nuovo.JPG (1774–1820) ]]

The Institute for Works of Religion (IOR, Istituto per le Opere di Religione), also known as the Vatican Bank, is a financial agency situated in the Vatican that conducts worldwide financial activities. It has multilingual ATMs with instructions in Latin, possibly the only ATM in the world with this feature.{{cite web |url=https://www.cardinalseansblog.org/?p=232 |title=A Glimpse Inside the Vatican & Msgr. Robert Deeley's Guest Post |author=O'Malley, Seán P. |date=28 September 2006 |access-date=30 January 2008 |author-link=Seán Patrick O'Malley |archive-date=20 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020213924/http://www.cardinalseansblog.org/?p=232 |url-status=live}}

Vatican City issues its own coins and stamps. It has used the euro as its currency since 1 January 1999, owing to a special agreement with the European Union (council decision 1999/98/EC). Euro coins and notes were introduced on 1 January 2002—the Vatican does not issue euro banknotes. Issuance of euro-denominated coins is strictly limited by treaty, though somewhat more than usual is allowed in a year in which there is a change in the papacy.{{cite web |url=https://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/l25040_en.htm |title=Agreements on monetary relations (Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican and Andorra) |access-date=23 February 2007 |work=Activities of the European Union: Summaries of legislation |archive-date=27 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327132038/http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/l25040_en.htm |url-status=live}} Because of their rarity, Vatican euro coins are highly sought by collectors.{{cite web |url=https://cathnews.acu.edu.au/604/100.html |title=Benedict Vatican euros set for release |access-date=25 September 2014 |work=Catholic News |date=21 April 2006 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911140958/http://cathnews.acu.edu.au/604/100.html |url-status=live}} Until the adoption of the Euro, Vatican coinage and stamps were denominated in their own Vatican lira currency, which was on par with the Italian lira.

Vatican City State, which employs nearly 2,000 people, had a surplus of 6.7 million euros in 2007 but ran a deficit in 2008 of over 15 million euros.[https://www.christiantelegraph.com/issue6216.html Holy See's budget shortfall shrinks in 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722045938/https://www.christiantelegraph.com/issue6216.html |date=22 July 2011 }}. Christian Telegraph. The report quoted deals mainly with the revenues and expenses of the Holy See and mentions only briefly the finances of Vatican City.

In 2012, the US Department of State's International Narcotics Control Strategy Report listed Vatican City for the first time among the nations of concern for money-laundering, placing it in the middle category, which includes countries such as Ireland, but not among the most vulnerable countries, which include the United States itself, Germany, Italy, and Russia.Pullella, Philip (8 March 2012). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vatican-laundering-idUSBRE82710J20120308 "U.S. adds Vatican to money-laundering 'concern' list."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816203117/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vatican-laundering-idUSBRE82710J20120308 |date=16 August 2021 }} Reuters.

On 24 February 2014, the Vatican announced it was establishing a secretariat for the economy, to be responsible for all economic, financial, and administrative activities of the Holy See and the Vatican City State, headed by Cardinal George Pell. This followed the charging of two senior clerics including a monsignor with money laundering offences. Pope Francis also appointed an auditor-general authorized to carry out random audits of any agency at any time and engaged a US financial services company to review the Vatican's 19,000 accounts to ensure compliance with international money laundering practices. The pontiff also ordered that the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See would be the Vatican's central bank, with responsibilities similar to other central banks around the world.{{cite news |title=Vatican financial system restructuring begins with new secretariat |url=https://www.theitalynews.net/index.php/sid/220216280/scat/145bb158ac2f80f2/ht/Vatican-financial-system-restructuring-begins-with-new-secretariat |date=25 February 2014 |publisher=The Italy News.Net|access-date=25 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720193128/https://www.theitalynews.net/index.php/sid/220216280/scat/145bb158ac2f80f2/ht/Vatican-financial-system-restructuring-begins-with-new-secretariat|archive-date=20 July 2014|url-status=dead}}

In 2022, the Vatican planned to release NFTs of its museum collection.{{Cite web |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/vatican-nft-gallery-1234627189/ |title=The Vatican Will Create a NFT Gallery to 'Democratize Art' |date=2 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505121235/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/vatican-nft-gallery-1234627189/ |url-status=live}}

{{Main|Transport in Vatican City}}

File:0 Gare du Vatican.JPG in the world]]

Vatican City has a reasonably well-developed transport network considering its size (consisting mostly of a piazza and walkways). As a state that is {{convert|1.05|km|yd|-1|abbr=off}} long and {{convert|0.85|km|yd|-1|abbr=on}} wide,{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/informazione_generale/sp_ss_scv_info-generale_en.html |title=Holy See – State of the Vatican City |publisher=Vatican Papal Conclave |access-date=28 November 2007 |archive-date=29 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529155107/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/informazione_generale/sp_ss_scv_info-generale_en.html |url-status=live}} it has a small transportation system with no airports or highways.

The only aviation facility in Vatican City is the Vatican City Heliport. Vatican City is one of the few independent countries without an airport, and is served by the airports that serve the city of Rome, Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport and to a lesser extent Ciampino Airport.

There is a standard gauge Vatican Railway and a Vatican City railway station, mainly used to transport freight, connected to Italy's network at Rome's Roma San Pietro railway station by an {{Convert|852|m|yd|adj=mid|-long}} spur, {{Convert|300|m|yd|}} of which is within Vatican territory.{{cite web |url=https://www.sinfin.net/railways/world/vatican/vaticanrail.html#Origini |title=Railways of the World |publisher=Sinfin.net |access-date=8 August 2006 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010161429/http://www.sinfin.net/railways/world/vatican/vaticanrail.html#Origini |url-status=live}} Pope John XXIII was the first Pope to make use of the railway; Pope John Paul II rarely used it.

The closest metro station is Ottaviano – San Pietro – Musei Vaticani.{{Cite web |url=https://www.rometoolkit.com/whattodo/vatican.htm |title=The Vatican Museums & St Peter's, Rome; getting there - |website=www.rometoolkit.com |language=en |access-date=19 March 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202751/https://www.rometoolkit.com/whattodo/vatican.htm |url-status=live}}

File:Pay phone in the Vatican City.jpg

The City is served by an independent, modern telephone system named the Vatican Telephone Service.[https://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=20631 On call 24/7: Vatican phone system directs thousands of call each day] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219033109/https://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=20631 |date=19 December 2012 }}, 24 July 2006.

The Vatican also controls its own Internet top-level domain, which is registered as (.va). Broadband service is widely provided within Vatican City. Vatican City has also been given a radio ITU prefix, HV, and this is sometimes used by amateur radio operators.

Vatican Radio, which was organized by Guglielmo Marconi, broadcasts on short-wave, medium-wave and FM frequencies and on the Internet.{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/radio/index.htm |title=Vatican Radio – Index |publisher=Vatican.va |date=2 September 2005 |access-date=6 May 2009 |archive-date=3 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503202313/http://www.vatican.va/news_services/radio/index.htm |url-status=live}} Its main transmission antennae are located in Italian territory, and exceed Italian environmental protection levels of emission. For this reason, the Vatican Radio has been sued. Television services are provided through another entity, the Vatican Television Center.{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/television/index.htm |title=Vatican Television Center – Index |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=6 May 2009 |archive-date=3 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503202319/http://www.vatican.va/news_services/television/index.htm |url-status=live}}

L'Osservatore Romano is the multilingual semi-official newspaper of the Holy See. It is published by a private corporation under the direction of Catholic laymen, but reports on official information. However, the official texts of documents are in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, the official gazette of the Holy See, which has an appendix for documents of the Vatican City State.

Vatican Radio, the Vatican Television Center, and L'Osservatore Romano are organs not of the Vatican State but of the Holy See, and are listed as such in the Annuario Pontificio, which places them in the section "Institutions linked with the Holy See", ahead of the sections on the Holy See's diplomatic service abroad and the diplomatic corps accredited to the Holy See, after which is placed the section on the State of Vatican City.

File:Poste Vaticane.jpg

A postal system (Poste Vaticane) was created on 13 February 1929. On 1 August, the state started to release its own postal stamps, under the authority of the Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State.{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanphilately.org/vc.htm |title=The Early Definitives |publisher=Vatican Philatelic Society |access-date=28 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211191109/https://www.vaticanphilately.org/vc.htm |archive-date=11 December 2007}} The city's postal service is sometimes said to be "the best in the world",{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CEFDE1738F934A15755C0A9629C8B63&n=Top/News/World/Countries%20and%20Territories/Vatican%20City |title=Hail Marys Not Needed: Vatican Mail Will Deliver |work=The New York Times |access-date=28 November 2007 |first=Al |last=Baker |date=27 June 2004 |archive-date=1 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101222204/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CEFDE1738F934A15755C0A9629C8B63&n=Top%2FNews%2FWorld%2FCountries%20and%20Territories%2FVatican%20City |url-status=live}} and faster than the postal service in Rome.

The international postal country code prefix is SCV, and the only postal code is 00120 – altogether SCV-00120."International postal code: SCV-00120."[https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/informazione_generale/sp_ss_scv_info-generale_en.html#Targa www.vatican.va]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529155107/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/informazione_generale/sp_ss_scv_info-generale_en.html#Targa |date=29 May 2010 }}Holy See Press Office – General Information. Retrieved 23 October 2009.

{{See also|Vatican Pharmacy|Bambino Gesù Hospital}}

The Vatican has implemented several environmental initiatives aimed to reduce its ecological footprint. Since 2008, the Vatican has expanded its solar energy systems, including the installation of photovoltaic panels at various locations such as the roof of the Paul VI Audience Hall. The city-state has introduced 35 electric vehicle charging stations to promote the use of electric vehicles and intends to gradually replace State-owned cars with electric vehicles{{Cite web |date=2023-11-16 |title=Vatican launches sustainable mobility programme 'Ecological Conversion 2023' - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2023-11/vatican-sustainable-mobility-programme-ecological-conversion.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=en}}. Well before the European Union's 2021 deadline, Vatican City successfully banned single-use plastics in 2019, reducing plastic waste. The Vatican's waste management system has also improved, achieving a recycling rate of 55% for municipal solid waste, with a goal of reaching the EU standard of 70-75%{{cite web |last1=Glatz |first1=Carol |title=Vatican City State set to end sale of single-use plastics |url=https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/07/16/vatican-city-state-set-to-end-sale-of-single-use-plastics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716230355/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/07/16/vatican-city-state-set-to-end-sale-of-single-use-plastics/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=17 July 2019 |publisher=Crus}}. Additionally, energy efficiency measures, such as installing LED lighting in St. Peter’s Basilica and transitioning to digital document management, have been implemented to reduce energy consumption and paper use. These efforts reflect the Vatican's commitment to the vision of Pope Francis's encyclical Laudato si' and the Apostolic Exhortation Laudate Deum.

{{See also|Women in Vatican City}}

{{As of|2024}}, Vatican City has a population of 882 residents, regardless of citizenship. There are also 372 Vatican citizens residing elsewhere, consisting of diplomats of the Holy See to other countries and cardinals residing in Rome.

The population is composed of clergy, other religious members, laypeople serving the state (such as the Swiss Guard) and their family members.{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/it/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html |title=Population |publisher=Vatican City State|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414002752/https://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/it/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html|archive-date=14 April 2019 |language=it}} In 2013 there were 13 families of the employees of the Holy See living in Vatican City,{{cite web |first=Alina |last=MrowiÅ„ska |url=https://worldcrunch.com/the-next-pope/behind-the-walls-what-it039s-like-to-live-inside-the-vatican-for-a-woman |title=Behind The Walls: What It's Like To Live Inside The Vatican, For A Woman |date=26 February 2013 |publisher=NET TV – Catholic TV from the Diocese of Brooklyn |access-date=22 October 2022 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113140341/https://worldcrunch.com/the-next-pope/behind-the-walls-what-it039s-like-to-live-inside-the-vatican-for-a-woman |url-status=live }} in 2019 there were 20 children of the Swiss Guards living at the Vatican.{{cite web |url=https://netny.tv/episodes/currents/raising-children-within-vatican-swiss-guard-family/ |title=Raising Children Within the Vatican: Life of a Swiss Guard Family |date =5 August 2019 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=22 October 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307163613/https://netny.tv/episodes/currents/raising-children-within-vatican-swiss-guard-family/ |url-status=live }} All citizens, residents, and places of worship in the city are Catholic. The city also receives thousands of tourists and workers every day.

{{Further|Languages of Vatican City}}

File:Seal of Vatican City.svg

Vatican City has no formally enacted official language, but, unlike the Holy See which most often uses Latin for the authoritative version of its official documents, Vatican City uses only Italian in its legislation and official communications.Vatican City State appendix to the Acta Apostolicae Sedis is entirely in Italian. Italian is also the everyday language used by most of those who work in the state. In the Swiss Guard, Swiss German is the language used for giving commands, but the individual guards take their oath of loyalty in their own languages: German, French, Italian or Romansh. The official websites of the Holy See{{Cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/content/vatican.html |title=Vatican |website=The Holy See|access-date=7 December 2021|archive-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206111318/http://www.vatican.va//|url-status=live}} and of Vatican City[https://www.vaticanstate.va/ Vatican City State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011232552/https://vaticanstate.va/ |date=11 October 2019 }} {{in lang|it}} are primarily in Italian, with versions of their pages in a large number of languages to varying extents.

Unlike citizenship of other states, which is based either on jus sanguinis (birth from a citizen, even outside the state's territory) or on jus soli (birth within the territory of the state), citizenship of Vatican City is granted on jus officii, namely on the grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy See. It usually ceases upon the cessation of the appointment. Citizenship is also extended to the spouse and children of a citizen, provided that they are living together in the city.{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/phocadownload/leggi-decreti/Leggesullacittadinanzalaresidenzaelaccesso.pdf |title=Law on citizenship, residence and access |publisher=Vatican City State |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=31 July 2022 |language=it |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717184754/https://www.vaticanstate.va/phocadownload/leggi-decreti/Leggesullacittadinanzalaresidenzaelaccesso.pdf |url-status=live }} Some individuals are also authorized to reside in the city but do not qualify or choose not to request citizenship. Anyone who loses Vatican citizenship and does not possess other citizenship automatically becomes an Italian citizen, as provided in the Lateran Treaty.

The Holy See, not being a country, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City issues ordinary passports for its citizens.

In statistics comparing countries in various per capita or per area metrics, Vatican City is often an outlier {{Ndash}}these stem from the state's small size and ecclesiastical function.{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/vatican-city-drinks-more-wine-per-person-than-anywhere-else-in-the-world-9151475.html |title=Vatican City drinks more wine per person than anywhere else in the world |access-date=27 July 2018 |work=The Independent |date=25 February 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727222225/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/vatican-city-drinks-more-wine-per-person-than-anywhere-else-in-the-world-9151475.html |url-status=live}} For example, as most of the roles which would confer citizenship are reserved for men, the gender ratio of the citizenship is several men per woman.Mrowińska, Alina. [https://www.worldcrunch.com/dossier-the-next-pope/behind-the-walls-what-it-039-s-like-to-live-inside-the-vatican-for-a-woman/c8s11033/ "Behind The Walls: What It's Like To Live Inside The Vatican, For A Woman"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101202339/https://www.worldcrunch.com/dossier-the-next-pope/behind-the-walls-what-it-039-s-like-to-live-inside-the-vatican-for-a-woman/c8s11033/ |date=1 January 2016 }}, Gazeta Wyborcza/Worldcrunch, 26 February 2013. Further oddities are petty crimes against tourists resulting in a very high per-capita crime rate,{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2639777.stm |title=Vatican crime rate 'soars' |date=8 January 2003 |access-date=6 March 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205082725/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2639777.stm |url-status=live}} and the city-state leading the world in per-capita wine consumption due to its sacramental use. A jocular illustration of these anomalies is sometimes made by calculating a "popes per km²" statistic, which is greater than two because the country is less than half a square kilometre in area.{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/qi/9930677/QI-some-quite-interesting-facts-about-Popes.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/qi/9930677/QI-some-quite-interesting-facts-about-Popes.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=QI: some quite interesting facts about Popes |last1=Miller |first1=Anne |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=6 March 2019 |last2=Mitchinson |first2=John |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}

{{Panorama

| image = File:View from Stpeters.jpg

| height = 230

| alt = 360-degree view from the dome of St. Peter's Basilica, looking over the Vatican's Saint Peter's Square (centre) and out into Rome, showing Vatican City in all directions

| caption = {{center|360-degree view from the dome of St. Peter's Basilica, looking over the Vatican's Saint Peter's Square (centre) and out into Rome, showing Vatican City in all directions}}

}}

{{See also|Music of Vatican City}}

{{See also|Architecture of Vatican City|Vatican Museums}}

File:Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano September 2015-1a.jpg is one of the most renowned works of Renaissance architecture.{{cite web | title=History, Architects, Relics, Art, & Facts | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=20 July 1998 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saint-Peters-Basilica | access-date=18 August 2024}}]]

Vatican City is home to some of the most famous art in the world. St. Peter's Basilica, designed by a succession of architects including Bramante, Michelangelo, Giacomo della Porta, Maderno and Bernini, is a renowned work of Renaissance architecture. The Sistine Chapel is famous for its frescos, which include works by Perugino, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Botticelli, as well as the ceiling and Last Judgment by Michelangelo. The interiors of the Vatican were decorated by artists including Raphael and Fra Angelico.

The Vatican Apostolic Library and the collections of the Vatican Museums are of the highest historical, scientific and cultural importance.{{cite web |url=https://www.openculture.com/2020/01/the-vatican-library-goes-online-and-digitizes-tens-of-thousands-of-manuscripts-books-coins-and-more.html |title=The Vatican Library Goes Online and Digitizes Tens of Thousands of Manuscripts, Books, Coins, and More |date=6 January 2020 |website=Open Culture |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422174241/https://www.openculture.com/2020/01/the-vatican-library-goes-online-and-digitizes-tens-of-thousands-of-manuscripts-books-coins-and-more.html |url-status=live }} Added by UNESCO to the List of World Heritage Sites in 1984, the Vatican is the only site to consist of an entire state.{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/286 |title=Vatican City – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=UNESCO |website=whc.unesco.org |access-date=10 October 2009 |archive-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225203638/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/286/ |url-status=live}} Furthermore, it is the only UNESCO site registered as a centre containing monuments in the "International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection" according to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.

Following in the footsteps of the Pontifical Academy of New Lincei founded by Pope Pius IX in 1847, Pope Pius XI gave birth to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1936, which, located in the Casina Pio IV, guarantees academic freedom to contribute to mathematical, physical (including astronomy, Earth sciences, physics and chemistry) and natural sciences (e.g., medicine, neuroscience, biology, genetics, biochemistry), and confront epistemological issues, with interests also in the history of science. Among the academicians, there are or were the astrophysicist Martin John Rees, the mathematician Cédric Villani, the theoretical physicist Edward Witten, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureates Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, and Ernest Rutherford, the geneticists Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Francis Collins, the head transplant pioneer Robert J. White, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Alexander Fleming.{{cite web |url=https://www.pas.va/en/about/history.html|title=History|publisher=Pontifical Academy of Sciences|access-date=24 May 2024}}{{cite web |url=https://www.pas.va/en/academicians/disciplines.html|title=Disciplines|publisher=Pontifical Academy of Sciences|access-date=24 May 2024}}

The Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences is another pontifical academy of the Holy See located in Vatican City, which deals also with anthropology, communication studies, information sciences, cybernetics, economics, education, geography, history, law, linguistics, political science, psychology, behavioral sciences, sociology and demography.{{cite web|url=https://www.pass.va/en/academicians/disciplines.html|title=Disciplines|publisher=The Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences|access-date=24 May 2024}} The seat of the Pontifical Academy for Life, whose domains are bioethics and ethics of technology, is at San Callisto complex, a Vatican extraterritorial property.{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_academies/index.htm|title=Pontifical academies |publisher=Dicastery for Communication|website=vatican.va|access-date=24 May 2024}}{{cite web |url=https://www.academyforlife.va/content/pav/it/notizie/2024/nuovo-indirizzo-1-marzo-2024.html|title=Nuova sede dal Primo marzo 2024|publisher=Pontifical Academy for Life|access-date=24 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=New headquarters from 1 March 2024}}

The Vatican Observatory, whose origins date back to the 16th century, continues to contribute to astronomical research, especially through a partnership with the University of Arizona and the infrared and optical Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope in Arizona, and to astronomical education and "popular science" projects. As a member of the International Astronomical Union and the International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, it deals also with research on cosmological models, stellar classification, binary stars, and nebulae. In addition, it has contributed to philosophical interdisciplinary studies at the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences in Berkeley, California and research on the history of astronomy thanks to its extensive library, which also includes a meteorite collection.{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/organismi-scientifici/specola-vaticana.html|title=Specola vaticana|publisher=Vatican City Directorate of Telecommunications and Computer Services|website=vaticanstate.va|access-date=24 May 2024|language=it|trans-title=Vatican Observatory}}

Some of the Vatican telescopes of the astronomical institution named Vatican Observatory participated in creating the Carte du Ciel, but they have progressively become useless or limited for research purposes due to light pollution in their locations: Vatican City (the Gardens of Vatican City and near St. Peter's Basilica) and the Vatican extraterritorial Palace of Castel Gandolfo.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

{{Main|Sport in Vatican City}}

Vatican City is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and does not compete in the Olympic Games, though it has participated in some international sporting events, including the World Cycling Championships,{{cite web | last=Pender | first=Kieran | title=Vatican sends holy rouleur Down Under on world road cycling mission | website=the Guardian | date=23 September 2022 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2022/sep/24/vatican-sends-holy-rouleur-to-wollongong-on-world-road-cycling-mission | access-date=5 April 2024}} the Championships of the Small States of Europe and the Mediterranean Games.{{cite web | title=Vatican runner to compete in half marathon at Med Games | website=AP News | date=28 June 2022 | url=https://apnews.com/article/sports-africa-religion-marathons-7cc49933950805875868eafce3c398c6 | access-date=5 April 2024 | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317065921/https://apnews.com/article/sports-africa-religion-marathons-7cc49933950805875868eafce3c398c6 | url-status=live }} The country has its own athletics association, Athletica Vaticana.{{cite web | title=Promoting solidarity and peace through sports | website=L'Osservatore Romano | date=10 November 2023 | url=https://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/2023-11/ing-045/promoting-solidarity-and-peace-through-sports.html | access-date=5 April 2024 | archive-date=5 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405133324/https://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/2023-11/ing-045/promoting-solidarity-and-peace-through-sports.html | url-status=live }}

Football in Vatican City is organized by the Vatican Amateur Sports Association, which holds the national championship, called the Vatican City Championship, with eight teams, including, for example, the Swiss Guard's FC Guardia and police and museum guard teams.{{cite web |url=https://www.guardiasvizzera.va/content/guardiasvizzera/en/guardia/vita-nella-guardia.html |title=Life in the Guard |website=Pontifical Swiss Guard |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065802/http://www.guardiasvizzera.va/content/guardiasvizzera/en/guardia/vita-nella-guardia.html |url-status=dead}} The association also organizes the Coppa Sergio Valci and the Vatican Supercoppa. It controls the Vatican City national football team, which is neither affiliated with UEFA nor FIFA.

{{portal|Vatican City|Italy|Cities}}

• Architecture of Vatican City
• Holy city
• Index of Vatican City-related articles
• Law of Vatican City
• News.va
• Outline of Vatican City
• Timeline of fictional stories set in Vatican City

{{notelist|30em}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |last=Chadwick |first=Owen |author-link=Owen Chadwick |title=Britain and the Vatican During the Second World War |year=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-36825-4}}
• {{cite book |last=Nichols |first=Fiona |title=Rome and the Vatican |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-TekVnvyx4C&pg=PA85 |year=2006 |publisher=New Holland |location=London |isbn=978-1-84537-500-3 |pages=85–96 |ref=Nichols69}}{{dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• {{Cite book |first=Laura |last=Petacco |chapter=La Meta Romuli e il Terebinthus Neronis |editor1=Claudio Parisi Presicce |editor2=Laura Petacco |title=La Spina: dall'Agro vaticano a via della Conciliazione |publisher=Rome |year=2016 |language=it |isbn=978-88-492-3320-9}}
• {{Cite book |first=Paolo |last=Liverani |chapter=Un destino di marginalità: storia e topografia dell'area vaticana nell'antichità |editor1=Claudio Parisi Presicce |editor2=Laura Petacco |title=La Spina: dall'Agro vaticano a via della Conciliazione |publisher=Rome |year=2016 |language=it |isbn=978-88-492-3320-9}}

• {{cite book |last=Kent |first=Peter C. |year=2002 |title=The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943–1950 |location=Montreal |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-2326-5}}
• {{cite book |last=Morley |first=John F. |title=Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews During the Holocaust, 1939–1943 |year=1980 |publisher=Ktav Pub. House |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87068-701-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/vaticandiplomacy00morl}}
• {{cite book |last1=Ricci |first1=Corrado |last2=Begni |first2=Ernesto |title=The Vatican: Its History, Its Treasures |year=2003 |orig-year=1914 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-0-7661-3941-1}}
• Shaw, Tamsin, "Ethical Espionage" (review of Calder Walton, Spies: The Epic Intelligence War Between East and West, Simon and Schuster, 2023, 672 pp.; and Cécile Fabre, Spying Through a Glass Darkly: The Ethics of Espionage and Counter-Intelligence, Oxford University Press, 251 pp., 2024), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXXI, no. 2 (8 February 2024), pp. 32, 34–35. "[I]n Walton's view, there was scarcely a US covert action that was a long-term strategic success, with the possible exception of intervention in the Soviet-Afghan War (a disastrous military fiasco for the Soviets) and perhaps support for the anti-Soviet Solidarity movement in Poland." (p. 34.)

{{sister project links|d=yes|q=no|s=Portal:Vatican City|b=no|v=no}}

• {{Official website|https://www.vaticanstate.va/en/}}
• [https://www.vatican.va/ Official website of the Holy See]
• {{Wikiatlas|Vatican City}}
• {{Osmrelation-inline|36989|bullet=no}}
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Svaxr4erV_Q Inside the Vatican] on National Geographic YouTube channel
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073743/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-h/holy-see-vatican-city.html Vatican Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
• [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/ Holy See (Vatican City)]. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084938/https://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/holysee.htm Holy See (Vatican City)] from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17994868 Vatican] from BBC News
• [https://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/107497 The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome], a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available on the Internet as PDF)

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