Óscar Ramírez Durand
{{Short description|Peruvian terrorist (born 1953)}}
{{For|other people named Óscar Ramírez|Óscar Ramírez (disambiguation){{!}}Óscar Ramírez}}
{{Family name hatnote|Ramírez|Durand|lang=Spanish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Óscar Ramírez Durand
| birth_name =
| caption =
| office = Leader of the Shining Path
| term_start = 12 September 1992
| term_end = 14 July 1999
| predecessor = Abimael Guzmán
| successor = Comrade Artemio
| constituency =
| majority =
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| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
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| majority2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|3|16}}
| birth_place = Arequipa, Peru
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = Shining Path
| relations = Vladimiro Montesinos (cousin)
| spouse =
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| module = Criminal conviction{{Infobox criminal
|child = yes
|conviction = Treason
Terrorism
| trial =
| conviction_penalty = Life in prison reduced to 24 years
}}
}}
Óscar Ramírez Durand (born 16 March 1953), commonly known as Comrade Feliciano ({{langx|es|Camarada Feliciano}}), is a Peruvian convicted terrorist and former political leader who led the Shining Path, a Marxist–Leninist–Maoist terrorist group in Peru, in the 1990s.{{cite news| url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-614282.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104175528/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-614282.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 4 November 2012 | title = Shining Path Rebel Leader Is Captured in Peru | accessdate = 9 September 2010 | date = 15 July 1999 | newspaper = The Washington Post}}
Biography
Ramírez is the son of a retired Peruvian general and the second of seven brothers. Being studious from a young age and enjoying mental challenges such as chess, Ramírez was awarded the medal of academic excellence from the College of Saint Francis of Assisi in Arequipa, Peru. He dropped out of engineering school and joined Shining Path, where he served as a military strategist.
Ramírez assumed control of the Shining Path after Abimael Guzmán was captured by the authorities in 1992.{{cite news |date=15 July 1999 |title=Shining Path's leader finally captured |newspaper=The Scotsman |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18709542.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=9 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104175534/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18709542.html |archive-date=4 November 2012}} He rejected Guzmán's plea for the rebels to lay down their arms and continued the conflict.{{Cite news |title=Shining Path chief sentenced |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/shining-path-chief-sentenced-1.222151 |access-date=2023-04-18 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}} He travelled to Colombia where he worked with members of FARC and under his leadership, Shining Path activities increased in south central region of Peru. Two small town mayors were murdered and recruitment efforts among the rural poor of the region increased.
Imprisonment
{{Update|part=section|date=March 2025}}
In 1999, President Alberto Fujimori ordered a military operation in central Peru to capture Ramírez alive and eliminate the last remnants of Shining Path. Over 2,000 army troops were deployed to the region, where they engaged in sporadic fire fights with Shining Path forces. A female guerrilla, starving due to being cut off from all food and supplies, surrendered and provided information on Ramírez's whereabouts, and with this information, he was captured without incident in July 1999.{{Cite web |title=Shining Path leader taken without a shot |website=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/americas/9907/14/peru.path.02/ |date= 14 July 1999 |access-date=2023-04-18 |agency=CNN}} He was transported to a military base where he was interrogated by Vladimiro Montesinos, the head of National Intelligence Service (SIN).
In August 1999, he was prosecuted by a military court that sentenced him to life in prison without the chance for parole in a high security prison at a naval base in Lima.{{Cite web |title=Peru military Tribunal hands rebel leader Oscar Ramirez Durand life sentence |url=https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/peru/durand-sentence.htm |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=www.latinamericanstudies.org}}
In June 2006, Ramírez was sentenced to 24 years in prison in a civilian trial. He is currently being held at the naval base in Callao and is due for release in June 2023.{{cite web |date=14 June 2006 |title=Peru court hands rebel leader 24-year sentence after civilian retrial |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-125220067.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104175554/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-125220067.html |archive-date=4 November 2012 |accessdate=9 September 2010 |publisher=Associated Press}}
His reduced sentence was a result of his collaboration with the authorities and enmity towards Guzmán: in 2003 he described him to Caretas magazine as a "psychopath" and said that Guzmán "was always a coward and a traitor". He went as far as declaring, before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, his renewed belief in democracy, his call for remaining subversives to lay down their arms, his expectation for new civilian trials and his condolences for the victims of the conflict.{{cite web |title=Declaraciones de Lideres Subversivos. Oscar Ramírez Durand Sendero Luminoso |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUM9HWik3qk |website=Centro de Documentación e Investigación LUM |publisher=Youtube |access-date=12 April 2025 |language=es |date=8 November 2016}} Caretas has also published extracts from his conversations with the former head of the National Intelligence Service, Vladimiro Montesinos, in which family links between the two emerged, both being cousins.{{Cite web |url=http://www.caretas.com.pe/Main.asp?T=3082&idE=640&idS=228#.UjZuVT_8l2g |title=Caretas, Actualidad Candente, Investigación y Humor |access-date=16 September 2013 |archive-date=29 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050929222233/http://www.caretas.com.pe/Main.asp?T=3082&idE=640&idS=228#.UjZuVT_8l2g |url-status=dead }}
In March 2013, he testified in the trial of the recently imprisoned leader, Comrade Artemio.{{Cite news |date=2013-03-27|title='Feliciano' confirmó que vio cuando 'Artemio' entregó una fuerte cantidad de dinero a Abimael Guzmán |url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/feliciano-se-presenta-juicio-contra-camaradaartemio-noticia-1555807/|access-date=2021-06-26|newspaper=El Comercio|language=es}} During the hearing, he apologized to the country for the crimes committed by Shining Path.{{cite web |url=http://peru21.pe/politica/feliciano-pidio-perdon-al-peru-crimenes-sendero-luminoso-2123725 |title='Feliciano' pidió perdón al Perú por los crímenes de Sendero Luminoso |work=Perú 21 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130331005614/http://peru21.pe/politica/feliciano-pidio-perdon-al-peru-crimenes-sendero-luminoso-2123725 |archive-date=2013-03-31}}
References
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramirez Durand, Oscar}}
Category:People convicted on terrorism charges
People imprisoned for terrorism
Category:Members of the Shining Path
Category:Peruvian prisoners and detainees
Category:Prisoners and detainees of Peru
Category:Peruvian revolutionaries
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