Alberto Fujimori

Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto was born on July 26, 1938 in the Miraflores district of Lima, Peru{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title=Fujimori sacó DNI con fecha falsa sobre su nacimiento |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/302308-fujimori-saco-dni-con-fecha-falsa-sobre-su-nacimiento |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812091659/https://larepublica.pe/politica/302308-fujimori-saco-dni-con-fecha-falsa-sobre-su-nacimiento/ |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=La República |language=es}}{{Cite web |title=Alberto Fujimori's Birth Certificate |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89MF-G6LS?view=index&personArk=/ark:/61903/1:1:QLMT-XM29&action=view |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240927160854/https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89MF-G6LS?view=index&personArk=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AQLMT-XM29&action=view |archive-date=2024-09-27 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.familysearch.org |language=en}} to Japanese parents Naoichi Fujimori (né Minami) and Mutsue Inomoto. His parents were originally from Kumamoto Prefecture and immigrated to Peru in 1934.{{Cite book |last=McClintock |first=Cynthia |title=The United States and Peru |author2=Fabián Vallas |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=0-415-93463-X |location=New York |page=50}}{{Cite book |last=González Manrique |first=Luis Esteban |title=La encrucijada peruana: de Alan García a Fujimori |publisher=Fundación CEDEAL |year=1993 |isbn=84-87258-38-7 |location=Madrid |page=467 |language=es}} Fujimori's parents were Buddhists, but he was baptized and raised Catholic.{{cite news |last=Chan |first=Sewell |date=11 September 2024 |title=Alberto Fujimori, 86, Leader of Peru Imprisoned for Rights Abuses, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/11/world/americas/alberto-fujimori-dead.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913163719/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/11/world/americas/alberto-fujimori-dead.html |archive-date=13 September 2024 |accessdate=14 September 2024 |work=New York Times}} Aside from Spanish, he also spoke Japanese, the primary language in his childhood home.{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/currentbiography00newy/page/250/mode/2up |title=Current Biography Yearbook, 1996 |publisher=The H. W. Wilson Co. |year=1996 |isbn=0824209087 |editor-last=Graham |editor-first=Judith |series=Volume 57 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/currentbiography00newy/page/250/mode/2up p. 250] |oclc=1029046731 |access-date=13 September 2024 |url-access=registration}}

Fujimori obtained his early education at the Colegio Nuestra Señora de la Merced{{Cite book |last=Prieto Celi |first=Federico |title=Rescate en Lima |year=1997 |publisher=Realidades S.A |location=Lima |oclc=37997948 |page=32 |language=es}} and La Rectora School.{{Cite book|last=Jochamowitz|first=Luis|title=Ciudadano Fujimori: la construcción de un político|year = 1994 |edition=2nd|publisher=PEISA|location=Lima|oclc=31847656|page=87|language=es}} In 1956, he graduated from La Gran Unidad Escolar Alfonso Ugarte in Lima.Jochamowitz, p. 333. Fujimori pursued his undergraduate studies at the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina in 1957, graduating first in his class in 1961 with a degree in agricultural engineering. He briefly lectured in mathematics at the university before moving to France to study physics at the University of Strasbourg. In 1969, he earned a master's degree in mathematics from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee through a Ford Foundation scholarship.{{Cite web |title=Famous people who majored in mathematics |url=http://www.math.rochester.edu/undergraduate/sums/aftermath/famouspeople.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160730135849/http://www.math.rochester.edu:80/undergraduate/sums/aftermath/famouspeople.html |archive-date=2016-07-30 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.math.rochester.edu}}

In recognition of his academic achievements, the sciences faculty of the National Agrarian University offered Fujimori the deanship and in 1984 appointed him to the rectorship of the university, which he held until 1989. In 1987, Fujimori also became president of the {{ill|National Assembly of University Rectors of Peru|lt=National Assembly of University Rectors|es|Asamblea Nacional de Rectores del Perú}}, a position that he held twice. He also hosted a TV show called Concertando from 1988 to 1989 on Peru's state-owned network, Canal 7.{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alberto-Fujimori |title=Alberto Fujimori |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428220735/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alberto-Fujimori |url-status=live}}

In July 1997, the news magazine Caretas alleged that Fujimori was born in Japan, in his father's hometown of Kawachi, Kumamoto Prefecture.{{Cite journal |last=Valenzuela |first=Cecilia |year=1997 |title=Buscando La Cuna De Fujimori |url=http://www.caretas.com.pe/1475/fujimori/fujimori.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Caretas |issue=1475 |page=27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530000439/http://www.caretas.com.pe/1475/fujimori/fujimori.htm |archive-date=30 May 2011 |access-date=4 October 2010}} Because the Constitution of Peru requires the president to have been born in Peru, this would have made Fujimori ineligible to be president. The magazine, which had been sued for libel by Vladimiro Montesinos seven years earlier,{{Cite news |last=Dartnell |first=Michael York |year=2006 |title=Insurgency Online: Web Activism and Global Conflict |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |page=77 |isbn=0-8020-8747-7}} reported that Fujimori's birth and baptismal certificates might have been altered. Caretas also alleged that Fujimori's mother declared having two children when she entered Peru; Fujimori was the second of four children.{{Cite news |date=27 July 1997 |title=Fujimori's documents raise fresh controversy |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970727/20850523.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108231520/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970727/20850523.html |archive-date=8 January 2009 |access-date=7 April 2009 |agency=Associated Press}} Caretas's contentions were hotly contested in the Peruvian media; the magazine Sí described the allegations as "pathetic" and "a dark page for [Peruvian] journalism".{{Cite book |last=Waisbord |first=Silvio Ricardo |url=https://archive.org/details/watchdogjournali00wais |title=Watchdog Journalism in South America |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-231-11975-5 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/watchdogjournali00wais/page/n109 83] |url-access=limited}} Latin American scholars Cynthia McClintock and Fabián Vallas note that the issue appeared to have died down among Peruvians after the Japanese government announced in 2000 that "Fujimori's parents had registered his birth in the Japanese Embassy in Lima". The Japanese government determined that he was also a Japanese citizen because of his parents' registration in the koseki.{{Cite web |date=12 December 2000 |title=Tokyo Concludes Fujimori Is a Japanese Citizen |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-dec-12-mn-64415-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608113039/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-dec-12-mn-64415-story.html |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times}}

{{See also|Plan Verde}}

During the first presidency of Alan García, the economy had entered a period of hyperinflation and the political system was in crisis due to the country's internal conflict, leaving Peru in "economic and political chaos".Benson, Sara and Hellander, Paul and Wlodarski, Rafael. Lonely Planet: Peru. 2007, pp. 37–38. The armed forces grew frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises and began to draft Plan Verde as a plan to overthrow his government.{{Cite journal |last=Burt |first=Jo-Marie |date=September–October 1998 |title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru |journal=NACLA Report on the Americas |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=35–41 |doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657 |quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru |quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan}} According to Rospigliosi, lawyer and friend of Fujimori, Vladimiro Montesinos was not initially involved with the Plan Verde, but his ability to resolve issues for the military resulted with the armed forces tasking Montesinos with implementing the plan with Fujimori,{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima, Peru |pages=46–47}} Both General {{ill|Nicolás de Bari Hermoza|es|Nicolás Hermoza}} and Montesinos were responsible for the relationship between the armed forces and Fujimori. Mario Vargas Llosa, Fujimori's final opponent in the election, later reported that United States Ambassador to Peru, Anthony C. E. Quainton, personally told him that allegedly leaked documents of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) purportedly being supportive of Fujimori's candidacy were authentic.{{Cite book |last=Rendón |first=Silvio |title=La intervención de los Estados Unidos en el Perú |publisher=Editorial Sur |year=2013 |isbn=9786124574139 |pages=145–150}} Rendón writes that the United States supported Fujimori because of his relationship with Montesinos, who had previously been charged with spying on the Peruvian military for the CIA.

During the second round of elections, Fujimori originally received support from left-wing groups and those close to the García government, exploiting the popular distrust of the existing Peruvian political establishment and the uncertainty about the proposed neoliberal{{POV statement|date=September 2024}} economic reforms of his opponent, novelist Mario Vargas Llosa.{{Cite web |last=Ortiz Pinchetti |first=Francisco |date=14 April 1990 |title=La frugalidad de "Cambio 90" y el derroche de Fredemo |url=http://www.proceso.com.mx/154825/la-frugalidad-de-cambio-90-y-el-derroche-de-fredemo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920122715/http://www.proceso.com.mx/154825/la-frugalidad-de-cambio-90-y-el-derroche-de-fredemo |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date= |website=Proceso}} Fujimori won the 1990 presidential election as a dark horse candidate under the banner of Cambio 90 defeating Vargas Llosa in a surprising upset. He capitalized on profound disenchantment with outgoing president Alan García and the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance party (APRA).{{cite news |last1=Bridge |first1=Sarah |title=Alberto Fujimori: Profile of the former Peruvian president who was jailed today for abuse of authority |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/dec/12/1 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=12 December 2007}}

During the campaign, Fujimori was nicknamed "el chino," which translates to "the Chinese guy" or "the Chinaman"; it is common for people of any East Asian descent to be called chino in Peru, as elsewhere in Spanish-speaking Latin America, both derogatorily and affectionately. Although he was of Japanese heritage, Fujimori suggested that he was always pleased by the nickname, which he perceived as a term of affection.Interview with Fujimori, in Ellen Perry's The Fall of Fujimori With his election victory, he became the third person of East Asian descent to serve as presidency of a South American state, after President Arthur Chung of Guyana and Henk Chin A Sen of Suriname.{{cite book |author=Ignacio López-Calvo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMY4-ffumwUC&pg=PA213 |title=The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru |publisher=University of Arizona Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8165-9987-5 |page=213 |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122231104/https://books.google.com/books?id=mMY4-ffumwUC&pg=PA213#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}

According to news magazine Oiga, the armed forces finalized plans on 18 June 1990 involving multiple scenarios for a coup d'état to be executed on 27 July 1990, the day prior to Fujimori's inauguration.{{Cite journal |date=12 July 1993 |title=El "Plan Verde" Historia de una traición |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde |journal=Oiga |volume=647 |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde |url-status=live }} The magazine noted that in one of the scenarios, titled "Negotiation and agreement with Fujimori. Bases of negotiation: concept of directed Democracy and Market Economy", Fujimori was to be directed on accepting the military's plan at least 24 hours before his inauguration. Fernando Rospigliosi states "an understanding was established between Fujimori, Montesinos and some of the military officers" involved in the Plan Verde prior to Fujimori's inauguration.{{Cite journal |last=Avilés |first=William |date=Spring 2009 |title=Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru |journal=Latin American Politics and Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=57–85 |doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00040.x |s2cid=154153310}} Montesinos and SIN officials ultimately assumed the armed forces' position in the plan, placing SIN operatives into military leadership roles. Fujimori went on to adopt many of the policies outlined in the Plan Verde. Fujimori was sworn in as president on 28 July 1990, allegedly his 52nd birthday.{{Cite book |title=The Statesman's Yearbook: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World 1994–1995 |publisher=De Gruyter |editor-last=Hunter |editor-first=Brian |location=Berlin |pages=1082 |chapter=Peru}}

File:Firma del Protocolo sobre cláusulas pendientes del Tratado de 1929.jpg with Chile, 13 November 1999]]

File:Visit of Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru, to the CEC.jpg Jacques Delors in Brussels, 21 October 1991]]

After taking office, Fujimori abandoned the economic platform he promoted during his campaign, adopting more aggressive neoliberal policies than those espoused by Vargas Llosa, his opponent in the election.Gouge, Thomas. Exodus from Capitalism: The End of Inflation and Debt. 2003, p. 363. {{ISBN?}} During his first term in office, Fujimori enacted wide-ranging neoliberal reforms, known as the Fujishock. It was Fujimori's stated objective to pacify the nation and restore economic balance. This program bore little resemblance to his campaign platform and was in fact more drastic than anything Vargas Llosa had proposed.Gouge, Thomas. Exodus from Capitalism: The End of Inflation and Debt. 2003, p. 363. Hernando de Soto, the founder of one of the first neoliberal organizations in Latin America, the Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD), began to receive assistance from the U.S. government under Ronald Reagan, with the National Endowment for Democracy's Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE) providing his ILD with funding and education for advertising campaigns.{{Cite book |last=Pee |first=Robert |title=The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2018 |isbn=978-3319963815 |pages=178–180}}{{Cite book |last=Pee |first=Robert |title=The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2018 |isbn=978-3319963815 |pages=168–187}}{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Timothy |date=2005 |title=The work of economics: how a discipline makes its world |journal=European Journal of Sociology |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=299–310 |doi=10.1017/S000397560500010X |doi-access=free}} Between 1988 and 1995, de Soto and the ILD were mainly responsible for some four hundred initiatives, laws, and regulations that led to significant changes in Peru's economic system.{{cite news |last1=Brooke |first1=James |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=27 November 1990 |title=A Peruvian Is Laying Out Another Path |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/27/world/a-peruvian-is-laying-out-another-path.html |access-date=26 September 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409002407/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/27/world/a-peruvian-is-laying-out-another-path.html |url-status=live }}[http://www.theglobalist.com/AuthorBiography.aspx?AuthorId=32 The Globalist {{!}} Biography of Hernando de Soto] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911100830/http://www.theglobalist.com/AuthorBiography.aspx?AuthorId=32|date=11 September 2006}} Under Fujimori, de Soto served as "the President's personal representative", with The New York Times describing de Soto as an "overseas salesman" for Fujimori in 1990, writing that he had represented the government when meeting with creditors and United States representatives. Others dubbed de Soto as the "informal president" for Fujimori. De Soto proved to be influential to Fujimori, who began to repeat de Soto's advocacy for deregulating the Peruvian economy.{{Cite news |date=4 March 1991 |title=Peru's Fujimori Weighs In On Behalf of Street Sellers Nation's informal economy is protected in president's economic plan |work=The Christian Science Monitor}} The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was content with Peru's measures, and guaranteed loan funding for Peru.Gouge, Thomas. Exodus from Capitalism: The End of Inflation and Debt. 2003, p. 364. Inflation rapidly began to fall and foreign investment capital flooded in.

Nonetheless, the Fujishock restored Peru to the global economy, though not without immediate social cost; international business participated in crony capitalism with the government.Manzetti, Luigi. Privatization South American Style. 1999, p. 235.{{Cite news |date=21 November 2000 |title=Fujimori Resigns |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/fujimori-resigns-1.1116883 |access-date=25 March 2023 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329205323/https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/fujimori-resigns-1.1116883 |url-status=live }} The privatization campaign involved selling off of hundreds of state-owned enterprises, and replacing the country's troubled currency, the inti, with the nuevo sol. Fujimori's initiative relaxed private sector price controls, drastically reduced government subsidies and government employment, eliminated all exchange controls, and also reduced restrictions on investment, imports, and capital. Tariffs were radically simplified, the minimum wage was immediately quadrupled, and the government established a US$400 million poverty relief fund. The latter seemed to anticipate the economic agony to come: the price of electricity quintupled, water prices rose eightfold, and gasoline prices 3,000%.

{{Main|1992 Peruvian self-coup}}

During Fujimori's first term in office, APRA, Vargas Llosa's party, and the Democratic Front remained in control of both chambers of Congress—then composed of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate—hampering the enactment of economic reform. Fujimori also had difficulty combating the Shining Path due largely to what he perceived as intransigence and obstructionism in Congress. By March 1992, the Congress met with the approval of only 17% of the electorate, according to one poll; in the same poll, the president's approval stood at 42%.Smith, Peter H. Latin America in Comparative Perspective: New Approaches to Methods and Analysis. 1995, p. 234.

Fujimori and his military handlers had planned for a coup during his preceding two years in office.{{cite journal |last1=Cameron |first1=Maxwell A. |date=June 1998 |title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation |journal=Third World Quarterly |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=228 |doi=10.1080/01436599814433 |quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Green Plan was shown to President Fujimori after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}} In response to the political deadlock, Fujimori, with the support of the military, carried out a self-coup on 5 April 1992,{{Cite book |title=Fujimori's coup and the breakdown of democracy in Latin America |last=Kenney |first=Charles D. |url=http://www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?BookId=5885 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |isbn=0-268-03171-1 |access-date=13 February 2008 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225024050/https://www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?BookId=5885 |url-status=live }} Congress was shut down by the military, the constitution was suspended and the judiciary was dissolved.Levitsky, Steven "Fujimori and Post-Party Politics in Peru", Journal of Democracy. 10(3):78 Without political obstacles, the military was able to implement the objectives outlined in Plan Verde while Fujimori served as president to project an image that Peru was supporting a liberal democracy.

• {{cite journal |last1=McMillan |first1=John |last2=Zoido |first2=Pablo |date=Autumn 2004 |title=How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru |journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=69 |doi=10.1257/0895330042632690 |s2cid=219372153 |quote=In the 1990s, Peru was run ... by its secret-police chief, Vladimiro Montesinos Torres. |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10419/76612}}
• {{cite news |last=Vargas Llosa |first=Mario |date=27 March 1994 |title=Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/27/weekinreview/ideas-trends-in-his-words-unmasking-the-killers-in-peru-wont.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329205329/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/27/weekinreview/ideas-trends-in-his-words-unmasking-the-killers-in-peru-wont.html |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |quote=The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.}}
• {{cite web |date=August 2002 |title=Spymaster |url=https://www.journeyman.tv/film_documents/1368/transcript/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329205327/https://www.journeyman.tv/film_documents/1368/transcript/ |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=29 March 2023 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |language=en |quote=Lester: Though few questioned it, Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.}}
• {{cite news |last1=Keller |first1=Paul |date=26 October 2000 |title=Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF |quote=Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead |agency=Financial Times}}
• {{cite web |date=2001 |title=THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Crisis%20Dem%20Gov%20Rpt%20on%20Amer%202.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404221922/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Crisis%20Dem%20Gov%20Rpt%20on%20Amer%202.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |quote=Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces}}
• {{cite news |date=9 January 2001 |title=Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa |url=https://www.newsweek.com/questions-and-answers-mario-vargas-llosa-150783 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329205322/https://www.newsweek.com/questions-and-answers-mario-vargas-llosa-150783 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023 |work=Newsweek |language=en |quote=Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead}}{{cite journal |last1=Calderón Bentin |first1=Sebastián |date=January 2018 |title=The Politics of Illusion: The Collapse of the Fujimori Regime in Peru |journal=Theatre Survey |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=84–107 |doi=10.1017/S0040557417000503 |s2cid=233360593 |access-date= |doi-access=free}} Vladimiro Montesinos would go on to adopt the actual function of Peru's government.

The coup was well received by the public, with Fujimori's approval rating jumping significantly in the wake of the coup.Smith, Peter H. Latin America in Comparative Perspective: New Approaches to Methods and Analysis. 1995, p. 236.

{{cite news |author=Barry S. Levitt |date=2006 |title=A desultory defense of democracy: OAS Resolution 1080 and the Inter-American Democratic Charter. (Organization of American States) |work=Latin American Politics and Society |pages=93–123 |volume=48 |issue=3}} Fujimori often cited this public support in defending the coup, which he characterized as "not a negation of real democracy, but on the contrary... a search for an authentic transformation to assure a legitimate and effective democracy". Fujimori believed that Peruvian democracy had been nothing more than "a deceptive formality—a façade". He claimed the coup was necessary to break with the deeply entrenched special interests that were hindering him from rescuing Peru from the chaotic state in which García had left it.{{cite web|language=es|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/museo/mensajes/Mensaje-1992-1.pdf|title=Mensaje a la nación del presidente del Perú, ingeniero Albert Fujimori Fujimori|date=5 April 1992|publisher=Peruvian National Congress|access-date=26 September 2006|archive-date=23 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623135142/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/museo/mensajes/Mensaje-1992-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}

Fujimori's coup was immediately met with near-unanimous condemnation from the international community.{{Cite web |last=Long |first=William R. |date=1993-04-03 |title=A Year Later, Peru's Leader Defends Coup |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-04-03-mn-18655-story.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}} The Organization of American States (OAS) denounced the coup and demanded a return to "representative democracy",Smith, Peter H. Latin America in Comparative Perspective: New Approaches to Methods and Analysis. 1995, p. 238. despite Fujimori's claim that the coup represented a "popular uprising". Foreign ministers of OAS member states reiterated this condemnation of the autogolpe. They proposed an urgent effort to promote the reestablishment of "the democratic institutional order" in Peru.{{cite news|author=Organization of American States (OAS)|date=1992|title=Ser. G MRE/RES 1/92 April 13}} Negotiations between the OAS, the government, and opposition groups initially led Fujimori to propose a referendum to ratify the auto-coup, but the OAS rejected this. Fujimori then proposed scheduling elections for a Democratic Constituent Congress (CCD), which would draft a new constitution to be ratified by a national referendum. Despite a lack of consensus among political forces in Peru regarding this proposal, an ad hoc OAS meeting of ministers nevertheless endorsed this scenario in mid-May. Elections for the Democratic Constituent Congress were held on 22 November 1992.

Various states individually condemned the coup. Venezuela broke off diplomatic relations, and Argentina withdrew its ambassador. Chile joined Argentina in requesting Peru's suspension from the Organization of American States. International lenders delayed planned or projected loans, and the United States, Germany, and Spain suspended all non-humanitarian aid to Peru.{{cite journal |title=Return of the caudillo: autocratic democracy in Peru |journal=Third World Quarterly |date=1997 |volume=18 |issue=5 |page=899 |doi=10.1080/01436599714650 |url=https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/5323732.pdf |access-date=12 September 2024 |last1=Mauceri |first1=Philip }} Fujimori, in turn, later received most of the participants of the November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt as political asylees, who had fled to Peru after its failure.{{Cite book |last1=Márquez |first1=Laureano |title=Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro |last2=Eduardo |first2=Sanabria |publisher=Gráficas Pedrazas |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-7328777-1-9 |edition=1st |page=142 |chapter=La democracia pierde energía |author-link=Laureano Márquez}}

Peru–United States relations earlier in Fujimori's presidency had been dominated by questions of coca eradication and Fujimori's initial reluctance to sign an accord to increase his military's eradication efforts in the lowlands. Fujimori's autogolpe became a major obstacle to relations, as the United States immediately suspended all military and economic aid, with exceptions for counter-narcotic and humanitarian funds.{{cite book|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A. |last2=Mauceri|first2=Philip|title=The Peruvian Labyrinth|year=1997|page=216}} Two weeks after the self-coup, the George H. W. Bush administration changed its position and officially recognized Fujimori as the legitimate leader of Peru, partly because he was willing to implement economic austerity measures, but also because of his adamant opposition to the Shining Path.{{cite book|title=Mobile Selves: Race, Migration, and Belonging in Peru and the U.S.|author=Ulla D. Berg|page=214|publisher=NYU Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1479896097|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM76CQAAQBAJ}}

On 13 November 1992, General {{ill|Jaime Salinas Sedó|es}} attempted to overthrow Fujimori in a failed military coup. Salinas asserted that his intentions were to turn Fujimori over to be tried for violating the constitution.{{cite book |last=Conaghan |first=Catherine M. |title=Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere |year=2006 |page=55}}

{{Main|1995 Peruvian general election}}

The 1993 Constitution allowed Fujimori to run for a second term, and in April 1995, at the height of his popularity, Fujimori easily won reelection with almost two-thirds of the vote. His main opponent, former UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, won only 21 percent of the vote. Fujimori's supporters won comfortable majority in the new unicameral Congress. One of the first acts of the new congress was to declare an amnesty for all members of the military and police accused or convicted of human rights abuses between 1980 and 1995.{{cite web|url=http://lum.cultura.pe/cdi/documento/fujimori-signs-amnesty-law-fujimori-firma-ley-de-amnist%C3%ADa|title=Fujimori signs amnesty law|publisher=Peruvian Ministry of Culture|access-date=27 December 2017|author=National Security Archive|date=15 June 1995|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054330/http://lum.cultura.pe/cdi/documento/fujimori-signs-amnesty-law-fujimori-firma-ley-de-amnist%C3%ADa|url-status=live}}

During his second term, Fujimori and Ecuadorian President Sixto Durán Ballén signed a peace agreement over a border dispute that had simmered for more than a century. The treaty allowed the two countries to obtain international funds for developing the border region. Fujimori also settled some issues with Chile, Peru's southern neighbor, which had been unresolved since the 1929 Treaty of Lima.Dominguez, Jorge et al. (2003) Boundary Disputes in Latin America United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C., [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?u=1&num=33&seq=3&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015052976985 p. 33] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728054803/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?u=1&num=33&seq=3&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015052976985|date=28 July 2020}}, {{OCLC|53067610}}

The 1995 election was the turning point in Fujimori's career. Peruvians began to be more concerned about freedom of speech and the press. Before he was sworn in for a second term, he stripped two universities of their autonomy and reshuffled the national electoral board. This led his opponents to call him "Chinochet", a reference to his previous nickname and to Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet.{{cite book |title=The World Today Series: Latin America 2010 |last=Buckman |first=Robert T. |year=2010 |publisher=Stryker-Post Publications |location=Harpers Ferry, West Virginia |isbn=978-1-935264-12-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/latinamerica201000robe }} Modeling his rule after Pinochet, Fujimori reportedly enjoyed this nickname.{{cite news |date=2 May 2014 |title=Periodista peruano: A Fujimori le gustaba que lo llamaran "Chinochet" |url=https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/mundo/peru/alberto-fujimori/periodista-peruano-a-fujimori-le-gustaba-que-lo-llamaran-chinochet/2014-05-02/192054.html |work=Cooperativa |language=es |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202202603/https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/mundo/peru/alberto-fujimori/periodista-peruano-a-fujimori-le-gustaba-que-lo-llamaran-chinochet/2014-05-02/192054.html |url-status=live }}

According to a poll by the Peruvian Research and Marketing Company conducted in 1997, 40.6% of Lima residents considered President Fujimori an authoritarian.{{Cite web |title=Judiciary Firmly Under Control in Fujimori's Peru |url=http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/06/1peru.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160105114022/https://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/06/1peru.cfm |archive-date=2016-01-05 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.wcl.american.edu}}Roger Atwood, 'Democratic Dictators: Authoritarian Politics in Peru from Leguia to Fujimori,' SAIS Review, vol. 21, no. 2 (2001), p. 167. {{doi|10.1353/sais.2001.0030}}Kurt Weyland, 'Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America: Unexpected Affinities,' Studies in Comparative International Development, vol. 31, no. 3 (1996)

In addition to the fate of democracy under Fujimori, Peruvians were becoming increasingly interested in the myriad allegations of criminality that involved Fujimori and his chief of the National Intelligence Service (SIN), Vladimiro Montesinos. Using SIN, Fujimori gained control of the majority of the armed forces, with the Financial Times stating that "[i]n no other country in Latin America did a president have so much control over the armed forces".{{cite book|title=Financial Times World Desk Reference|last1=Heritage|first1=Andrew|date= 2002|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=9780789488053|pages=462–465}}

A 2002 report by Health Minister Fernando Carbone later suggested that Fujimori was involved in the forced sterilizations of up to 300,000 indigenous women between 1996 and 2000, as part of a population control program.{{cite news |date=24 July 2002 |title=Mass sterilization scandal shocks Peru |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2148793.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410103431/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2148793.stm |archive-date=10 April 2017 |access-date=30 April 2006 |publisher=BBC News}} A 2004 World Bank publication said that in this period Montesinos's abuse of the power Fujimori granted him "led to a steady and systematic undermining of the rule of law"."State Society Interactions as Sources of Persistence and Change in Inequality" in Inequality in Latin America: Breaking With History? (World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies. Viewpoints). David De Ferranti, et al. World Bank Publications. 2004, p. 139

{{main|2000 Peruvian general election}}

File:Al Fujimori.jpg

By the arrival of the new millennium, Alberto Fujimori became increasingly authoritarian, strengthening collaboration with Vladimiro Montesinos and the National Intelligence Service. Shortly after Fujimori began his second term, his supporters in Congress passed a law of "authentic interpretation" which effectively allowed him to run for another term in 2000. A 1998 effort to repeal this law by referendum failed.{{cite book|author=David R. Mares|year=2001 |title=Violent Peace: Militarized Interstate Bargaining in Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/violentpeace00mare|url-access=limited|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/violentpeace00mare/page/n176 161]}} In late 1999, Fujimori announced that he would run for a third term. The electoral authorities, which were politically sympathetic to Fujimori, accepted his argument that the two-term restriction did not apply to him, as it was enacted while he was already in office.{{Cite web |title=Peru's Chief to Seek 3rd Term, Capping a Long Legal Battle |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/americas/122899peru-fujimori.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331002522/http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/americas/122899peru-fujimori.html |archive-date=31 March 2017 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=archive.nytimes.com}}

Exit polls showed Fujimori fell short of the 50% required to avoid an electoral runoff, but the first official results showed him with 49.6% of the vote, just short of outright victory. Eventually, Fujimori was credited with 49.9%—20,000 votes short of avoiding a runoff. Despite reports of numerous irregularities, the international observers recognized an adjusted victory of Fujimori. As voting is mandatory in Peru, Fujimori's primary opponent, Alejandro Toledo, called for his supporters to spoil their ballots in the runoff by writing "No to fraud!" on them. The OAS electoral observation mission pulled out of the country, saying that the process would be neither free nor fair.{{cite web |title=Peru – Parliamentary Chamber: Congreso de la República |url=https://data.ipu.org/election-summary/HTML/2251_00.htm |access-date=12 September 2024 |publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}

In the runoff, Fujimori won with 51.1% of the total votes. While votes for Toledo declined from 37.0% of the total votes cast in the first round to 17.7% of the votes in the second round, invalid votes jumped from 8.1% of the total votes cast in the first round to 31.1% of total votes in the second round.{{cite book|author=Nohlen, D|author-link=Dieter Nohlen|year=2005|title=Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II|page=454|publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-928358-3}} The large percentage of invalid votes in the election suggests widespread dissatisfaction with the electoral process among voters.{{cite news |last1=McCaughan |first1=Michael |title=President of Peru beats absent rival |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/may/30/2 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=30 May 2000 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918003710/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/may/30/2 |url-status=live }}

Although Fujimori won the runoff with only a bare majority (but 3/4 valid votes), rumors of irregularities led most of the international community to shun his third swearing-in on 28 July. For the next seven weeks, there were daily demonstrations in front of the presidential palace. As a conciliatory gesture, Fujimori appointed former opposition candidate Federico Salas as prime minister. Opposition parties in Congress refused to support this move, and Toledo campaigned vigorously to have the election annulled. At this point, a corruption scandal involving Vladimiro Montesinos broke out, and exploded into full force on the evening of 14 September 2000, when the cable television station Canal N broadcast footage of Montesinos apparently bribing opposition congressman Alberto Kouri to defect to Fujimori's Peru 2000 party. The video was originally presented at press conference by Fernando Olivera and Luis Iberico of the FIM (Independent Moralizing Front); many other similar videos were released in the following weeks.{{cite news |last1=Obando |first1=Manoel |title=A 24 años de los 'vladivideos': así fue la revelación que derrumbó al gobierno de Alberto Fujimori |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/09/11/a-24-anos-de-los-vladivideos-asi-fue-la-revelacion-que-derrumbo-al-gobierno-de-alberto-fujimori/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |agency=Infobae |date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912011011/https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/09/11/a-24-anos-de-los-vladivideos-asi-fue-la-revelacion-que-derrumbo-al-gobierno-de-alberto-fujimori/ |url-status=live }}

Fujimori's support virtually collapsed, and a few days later he announced in a nationwide address that he would shut down the SIN and call new elections, in which he would not be a candidate. On 10 November, Fujimori won approval from Congress to hold elections on 8 April 2001.

On 19 November, government ministers presented their resignations en bloc. Fujimori's first vice president, Francisco Tudela, had broken with Fujimori and resigned a few days earlier. This left second vice president Ricardo Márquez Flores as next in line for the presidency. Congress refused to recognize him, as he was an ardent Fujimori loyalist; Márquez resigned two days later. Paniagua was next in line, and became interim president to oversee the April 2001 elections.

In 2000, facing charges of corruption and human rights abuses, Fujimori fled Peru and took refuge in Japan.Jo-Marie Burt. 2006 "Quien habla es terrorista": the political use of fear in Fujimori's Peru. Latin American Research Review 41(3):32–61 He maintained a self-imposed exile until his arrest while visiting Chile in November 2005.{{Cite news |date=2006-05-18 |title=Conditional release for Fujimori |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4994908.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627001047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4994908.stm |archive-date=27 June 2021 |access-date=2025-04-13 |language=en-GB}} He was extradited to face criminal charges in Peru on 22 September 2007.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7008302.stm Extradited Fujimori back in Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114041702/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7008302.stm|date=14 November 2017}} 22 September 2007. In December 2007, Fujimori was convicted of ordering an illegal search and seizure and was sentenced to six years imprisonment.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7139719.stm Fujimori jailed for abusing power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213202850/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7139719.stm|date=13 December 2007}}, BBC News, 12 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.Corte Suprema de la República. 10 December 2008. [http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuprema/spe/Documentos/exp_AV-13-2003_2da_SPE_150408.pdf Resolution 17-2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625052155/http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuprema/spe/Documentos/exp_AV-13-2003_2da_SPE_150408.pdf|date=25 June 2008}}.[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/12/world/americas/12fujimori.html?ref=world Peru's Ex-President Gets 6 Years for Illicit Search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622114709/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/12/world/americas/12fujimori.html?ref=world|date=22 June 2018}}, The New York Times, 12 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007. The Supreme Court upheld the decision on appeal.{{cite news |last=Emery |first=Alex |date=15 April 2008 |title=Peru Supreme Court Upholds Former President's Prison Sentence |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aghcoZq4Oocs&refer=japan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009122448/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101 |archive-date=9 October 2007 |access-date=7 April 2009 |work=Bloomberg News}} In April 2009, Fujimori was convicted of human rights violations and sentenced to 25 years imprisonment for his role in kidnappings and murders by the Grupo Colina death squad during his government's battle against the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement in the 1990s. Specifically, he was found guilty of murder, bodily harm and two cases of kidnapping.Emery, Alex. [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aK7xJs5e8bss&refer=home Peru's Fujimori Found Guilty on Human Rights Charges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613163056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087|date=13 June 2010}}, Bloomberg News, 7 April 2009. Accessed 7 April 2009.{{cite news |date=7 April 2009 |title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407 |archive-date=12 April 2009 |access-date=7 April 2009 |work=Reuters}}[http://larepublica.pe/sentencia-fujimori/07/04/2009/sala-penal-especial-encuentra-responsable-fujimori-por-abusos-de-ddhh Fujimori declared guilty of human rights abuses] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410051745/http://www.larepublica.pe/sentencia-fujimori/07/04/2009/sala-penal-especial-encuentra-responsable-fujimori-por-abusos-de-ddhh|date=10 April 2009}} (Spanish).{{Cite web |title=Peru court finds ex-president Fujimori guilty |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090407/wl_asia_afp/perutrialpoliticsrights6thlead_20090407170127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126105739/https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090407/wl_asia_afp/perutrialpoliticsrights6thlead_20090407170127 |archive-date=26 January 2020 |accessdate=11 March 2023}}{{cite news |last1=Partlow |first1=Joshua |date=8 April 2009 |title=Fujimori gets 25 years on conviction in human rights case |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2009/04/08/fujimori_gets_25_years_on_conviction_in_human_rights_case |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052609/http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2009/04/08/fujimori_gets_25_years_on_conviction_in_human_rights_case/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=8 April 2009 |work=Boston.com}} The verdict marked the first time that an elected head of state was tried and convicted of human rights violations.{{cite magazine |last1=Briceño |first1=Franklin |title=Alberto Fujimori, Ex-President of Peru Who Was Jailed for Human Rights Violations, Dies at 86 |url=https://time.com/7020507/alberto-fujimori-peru-obituary/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |magazine=Time |date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912045330/https://time.com/7020507/alberto-fujimori-peru-obituary/ |url-status=live }}

In July 2009, Fujimori was sentenced to {{frac|7|1|2}} years imprisonment for embezzlement after he admitted to giving US$15 million from the Peruvian treasury to Montesinos.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8160150.stm Fujimori convicted of corruption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616154442/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8160150.stm|date=16 June 2019}}, BBC.com, 20 July 2009 Two months later, he pleaded guilty in a fourth trial to bribery and received an additional six-year term.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8279528.stm Fujimori pleads guilty to bribery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328134506/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8279528.stm|date=28 March 2019}}, BBC.com, 28 September 2009 Transparency International determined the money embezzled by the Fujimori government—about US$600 million or about US${{Inflation|index=US|value=600|start_year=2004|end_year=2021}} million in 2021—to be the seventh-most for a head of government active within 1984–2004.{{cite journal |last1=McMillan |first1=John |last2=Zoido |first2=Pablo |date=Autumn 2004 |title=How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru |journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=69 |doi=10.1257/0895330042632690 |s2cid=219372153 |quote= |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10419/76612}}[https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2004_GCR_PoliticalCorruption_EN.pdf Global Corruption Report 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513102432/https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2004_GCR_PoliticalCorruption_EN.pdf|date=13 May 2022}}, Transparency International, 25 March 2004. Accessed 26 September 2006. Under Peruvian law, all the resultant sentences must run concurrently; thus, the maximum length of imprisonment remained 25 years.{{cite news |date=2015 |title=Peru's Fujimori, already jailed, slapped with another prison term |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-fujimori/perus-fujimori-already-jailed-slapped-with-another-prison-term-idUSKBN0KH29420150108 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235145/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-fujimori/perus-fujimori-already-jailed-slapped-with-another-prison-term-idUSKBN0KH29420150108 |archive-date=26 December 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017 |work=Reuters}}

In December 2017, Fujimori was pardoned by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, shortly after Fujimori's son, Congressman Kenji Fujimori, helped President Kuczynski survive an impeachment vote.{{cite news |title=Peru's ex-leader Fujimori asks for forgiveness amid heated protests |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/26/americas/peru-fujimori-pardon-protests/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226102252/http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/26/americas/peru-fujimori-pardon-protests/index.html |archive-date=26 December 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017 |work=CNN}}{{cite news |date=28 December 2017 |title=Thousands of Peruvians march against Fujimori pardon |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-fujimori/thousands-of-peruvians-march-against-fujimori-pardon-idUSKBN1EM1RH |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213070347/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-fujimori/thousands-of-peruvians-march-against-fujimori-pardon-idUSKBN1EM1RH |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=Reuters |language=en}} The pardon was overturned by the Supreme Court on 3 October 2018, and Fujimori was sent back to prison in January 2019.{{Cite web |last=Collyns |first=Dan |date=3 October 2018 |title=Peru's high court overturns pardon of former strongman Fujimori |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/03/peru-high-court-overturns-pardon-alberto-fujimori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023080044/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/03/peru-high-court-overturns-pardon-alberto-fujimori |archive-date=23 October 2018 |access-date=22 October 2018 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=24 January 2019 |title=Peru's Fujimori, pardon annulled, forced back to prison |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-fujimori-idUSKCN1PI0BL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085331/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-fujimori-idUSKCN1PI0BL |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=3 February 2019 |work=Reuters |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=13 February 2019 |title=Peru Supreme Court keeps Fujimori in jail |url=https://thewest.com.au/news/crime/peru-supreme-court-keeps-fujimori-in-jail-ng-s-1924872 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214143921/https://thewest.com.au/news/crime/peru-supreme-court-keeps-fujimori-in-jail-ng-s-1924872 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=The West Australian |language=en}} The Constitutional Court of Peru in a 4–3 ruling on 17 March 2022 reinstated the pardon.{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=Peruvian court approves prison release of ex-president Alberto Fujimori |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/alberto-fujimori-pardon-prison-release-peru-court |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319012256/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/alberto-fujimori-pardon-prison-release-peru-court |archive-date=19 March 2022 |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}} On 8 April 2022, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights overruled the Constitutional Court and ordered Peru not to release Fujimori.{{Cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title=Inter-American Court orders Peru not to release Fujimori from prison |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/inter-american-court-orders-peru-not-release-fujimori-prison-2022-04-08/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617113114/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/inter-american-court-orders-peru-not-release-fujimori-prison-2022-04-08/ |archive-date=17 June 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023 |website=Reuters |language=en}} The Constitutional Court ordered on 5 December 2023 that he be immediately released.{{Cite news |date=6 December 2023 |title=Peru court orders imprisoned ex-President Fujimori's 'immediate' release |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peru-court-orders-ex-president-fujimoris-release-2023-12-05/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206175358/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peru-court-orders-ex-president-fujimoris-release-2023-12-05/ |archive-date=6 December 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |work=Reuters |language=en}}

{{Main|Alberto Fujimori's arrest and trial}}

On 13 November, Fujimori left Peru for a visit to Brunei to attend the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. On 16 November, Valentín Paniagua took over as president of Congress after the pro-Fujimori leadership lost a vote of confidence. On 17 November, Fujimori traveled from Brunei to Tokyo, where he submitted his presidential resignation via fax. Congress refused to accept his resignation, instead voting on 22 November 62–9 to remove Fujimori from office on the grounds that he was "permanently morally disabled". After Congress rejected Fujimori's faxed resignation, they relieved Fujimori of his duties as president and banned him from Peruvian politics for a decade.

Alejandro Toledo, who assumed the presidency in 2001, spearheaded the criminal case against Fujimori. He arranged meetings with the Supreme Court, tax authorities, and other powers in Peru to "coordinate the joint efforts to bring the criminal Fujimori from Japan". His vehemence in this matter at times compromised Peruvian law: forcing the judiciary and legislative system to keep guilty sentences without hearing Fujimori's defense; not providing Fujimori with representation when Fujimori was tried in absentia; and expelling pro-Fujimori congressmen from the parliament without proof of the accusations against them. Those expulsions were later reversed by the judiciary.{{in lang|es}} [http://www.rpp.com.pe/portada/politica/24922_1.php Valle Riestra: Pedido de extradición de Fujimori será rechazado por Chile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124032807/http://www.rpp.com.pe/portada/politica/24922_1.php|date=24 November 2005}} RPP Noticias, 16 November 2005. Retrieved 26 September 2006.

Congress authorized charges against Fujimori in August 2001. Fujimori was alleged to be a coauthor, along with Vladimiro Montesinos, of the death-squad killings at Barrios Altos in 1991 and La Cantuta in 1992, respectively.McClintock, Cynthia and Vallas, Fabian. The United States and Peru: Cooperation at a Cost. 2003, p. 163. At the behest of Peruvian authorities, in March 2003 Interpol issued an arrest order for Fujimori on charges that included murder, kidnapping, and crimes against humanity.{{cite news |title=Interpol emite una orden de captura internacional contra el ex presidente peruano Fujimori |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2003/03/09/actualidad/1047164402_850215.html |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=El País |date=9 March 2003 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918003717/https://elpais.com/internacional/2003/03/09/actualidad/1047164402_850215.html |url-status=live }}

In September 2003, Fujimori and several of his ministers were denounced for crimes against humanity, for allegedly having overseen forced sterilizations during his regime.{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/04/peru-order-to-indict-fujimori-is-a-milestone-in-search-for-justice-for-victims-of-forced-sterilization/|title=Peru: Order to indict Fujimori is a milestone in search for justice for victims of forced sterilization|date=12 April 2018|accessdate=12 September 2024|publisher=Amnesty.org|archive-date=18 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918003719/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/04/peru-order-to-indict-fujimori-is-a-milestone-in-search-for-justice-for-victims-of-forced-sterilization/|url-status=live}} In November, Congress approved an investigation of Fujimori's involvement in the airdrop of Kalashnikov rifles into the Colombian jungle in 1999 and 2000 for guerrillas of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).{{cite web|url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/us-aid-latin-america/us-shrugged-corruption-abuse-service-drug-war/|title=U.S. Shrugged Off Corruption, Abuse in Service of Drug War|date=26 September 2012|publisher=ICIJ.org|accessdate=12 September 2024|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303145902/https://www.icij.org/investigations/us-aid-latin-america/us-shrugged-corruption-abuse-service-drug-war/|url-status=live}} Fujimori maintained he had no knowledge of the arms-trading, and blamed Montesinos.{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-25-mn-26491-story.html|title=Fujimori, Spy Chief Did Business in the Shadows|work=The Los Angeles Times|accessdate=12 September 2024|date=25 September 2000}} By approving the charges, Congress lifted the immunity granted to Fujimori as a former president, so that he could be criminally charged and prosecuted.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2001/09/09/on-the-lam-in-japan/2619f94a-3521-4563-b943-bb23e533a1e1/|title=Opinion: On the Lam in Japan|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=8 September 2001|accessdate=12 September 2024|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827090430/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2001/09/09/on-the-lam-in-japan/2619f94a-3521-4563-b943-bb23e533a1e1/|url-status=live}}

Congress also voted to support charges against Fujimori for the detention and disappearance of 67 students from the central Andean city of Huancayo and the disappearance of several residents from the northern coastal town of Chimbote during the 1990s. It also approved charges that Fujimori mismanaged millions of dollars from Japanese charities, suggesting that the millions of dollars in his bank account were far too much to have been accumulated legally.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3710848.stm New Evidence in Fujimori Scandal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226212944/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3710848.stm |date=26 February 2008 }}. BBC, 2 October 2004

In 2004, the Special Prosecutor established to investigate Fujimori released a report alleging that the Fujimori administration had obtained US$2 billion though graft.Forero, Juan. [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/05/world/peruvians-fight-graft-one-case-at-a-time.html?pagewanted=1 Peruvians Fight Graft One Case At a Time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727120957/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/05/world/peruvians-fight-graft-one-case-at-a-time.html?pagewanted=1 |date=27 July 2018 }}. The New York Times, 5 April 2004. Most of this money came from Vladimiro Montesinos's web of corruption. The Special Prosecutor's figure of two billion dollars is considerably higher than the one arrived at by Transparency International, an NGO that studies corruption. Transparency International listed Fujimori as having embezzled an estimated US$600 million or about ${{Inflation|index=US|value=600|start_year=2004|end_year=2021}} million in 2021, which would rank seventh in the list of money embezzled by heads of government active within 1984–2004.{{cite web|url=http://www.laksamana.net/vnews.cfm?ncat=25&news_id=6841|title=Suharto Tops World Corruption League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040717153615/http://www.laksamana.net/vnews.cfm?ncat=25&news_id=6841|archive-date=17 July 2004|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2 April 2005}}, 25 March 2004, Laksamana.Net, Jakarta.

Fujimori dismissed the judicial proceedings underway against him as "politically motivated", citing Toledo's involvement. Fujimori established a new political party in Peru, Sí Cumple, working from Japan. He hoped to participate in the 2006 presidential elections, but in February 2004, the Constitutional Court dismissed this possibility, because the ex-president was specifically barred by Congress from holding any office for ten years. Fujimori saw the decision as unconstitutional, as did his supporters such as former congress members Luz Salgado, Martha Chávez and Fernán Altuve, who argued it was a "political" maneuver and that the only body with the authority to determine the matter was the National Elections Jury (JNE). Valentín Paniagua disagreed, suggesting that the Constitutional Court finding was binding and that "no further debate is possible".{{in lang|es}} [http://www.terra.com.pe/noticias/nacional/18/18990.html No hay nada más que discutir sobre candidatura de Fujimori] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411213407/http://www.terra.com.pe/noticias/nacional/18/18990.html |date=11 April 2005 }}, Noticias on terra.com.peru, 27 February 2006 credited to Andina. Retrieved 26 September 2006.{{in lang|es}}

[http://www.terra.com.pe/noticias/nacional/18/18847.html Salgado: JNE debe ser quien defina postulación de Fujimori] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411213302/http://www.terra.com.pe/noticias/nacional/18/18847.html |date=11 April 2005 }}, Noticias on terra.com.peru, 21 February 2005 credited to Expreso. Retrieved 26 September 2006.

Fujimori's Sí Cumple (roughly translated, "He Keeps His Word") received more than 10% in many country-level polls, contending with APRA for the second-place slot,Brooke, James. [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/24/world/an-ex-president-of-peru-plots-his-return.html?pagewanted=2 An Ex-President of Peru Plots His Return] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727115221/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/24/world/an-ex-president-of-peru-plots-his-return.html?pagewanted=2 |date=27 July 2018 }}. The New York Times, 24 February 2004. but did not participate in the 2006 elections after its participation in the Alliance for the Future (initially thought as Alliance Sí Cumple) had not been allowed.

Fujimori remained in self-imposed exile in Japan,[http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/columns_details.php?aid=38&cid=81 Fate of indemnity clauses: Let the public decide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071802/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/columns_details.php?aid=38&cid=81|date=28 September 2007}} 12 April 2006 where he resided with his friend, the Catholic novelist Ayako Sono.{{Cite news |date=28 November 2000 |title=Fujimori's uncertain status |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1044927.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608113041/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1044927.stm |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020 |via=news.bbc.co.uk}} Several senior Japanese politicians supported Fujimori,David Pilling, [http://news.ft.com/cms/s/679d77be-a210-11d9-8483-00000e2511c8.html Peru tiring of bid to secure Fujimori return] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050913023727/http://news.ft.com/cms/s/679d77be-a210-11d9-8483-00000e2511c8.html|date=13 September 2005}}, Financial Times, 31 March 2005. Retrieved 26 September 2006. partly because of his decisive action in ending the 1996–97 Japanese embassy crisis. Peru had requested Fujimori's extradition from Japan, which was refused by the Japanese government due to Fujimori being a Japanese citizen, and Japanese laws stipulating against extraditing its citizens.{{Cite web |date=2009-10-28 |title=Japan: Fujimori To Be Treated As Japanese Citizen - 2001-08-03 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2001-08-03-7-japan-66957247/378202.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}{{cite web |date=2 March 2001 |title=Japan refuses to extradite Fujimori |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1198473.stm |access-date=25 December 2017 |publisher=BBC}}{{Cite news |date=6 October 2005 |title=Peru's Fujimori Enters Election |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/perus-fujimori-enters-election/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025123/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/perus-fujimori-enters-election/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=25 October 2018 |work=CBS News}}

By March 2005, it appeared that Peru had all but abandoned its efforts to extradite Fujimori from Japan. In September of that year, Fujimori obtained a new Peruvian passport in Tokyo and announced his intention to run in the upcoming 2006 national election.

Fujimori arrived in Chile in November 2005, but hours after his arrival there he was arrested following a arrest warrant issued by a Chilean judge, Peru then requested his extradition.{{cite news |last1=Collyns |first1=Dan |date=12 September 2024 |title=Alberto Fujimori, authoritarian former president of Peru, dies aged 86 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/12/alberto-fujimori-dies-aged-86-death-peru-former-president |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=The Guardian}} While under house arrest in Chile, Fujimori announced plans to run in Japan's Upper House elections in July 2007 for the far-right People's New Party.{{Cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0725/p04s01-woap.html|title=Still wanted in Peru, Alberto Fujimori runs for office in Japan|date=25 July 2007|work=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=25 October 2018|issn=0882-7729|archive-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025034/https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0725/p04s01-woap.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=21 September 2007|title=CHILE-PERU: Decision to Extradite Fujimori Sets International Precedent|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/09/chile-peru-decision-to-extradite-fujimori-sets-international-precedent/|url-status=live|access-date=26 December 2021|website=Inter Press Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226233806/http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/09/chile-peru-decision-to-extradite-fujimori-sets-international-precedent/ |archive-date=26 December 2021 }}{{Cite web |date=11 August 2007|title=Millonarios japoneses, al rescate de Fujimori|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-2614898|url-status=live|access-date=26 December 2021|website=El Tiempo|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226233807/https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-2614898 |archive-date=26 December 2021 }}{{Cite web|date=2 June 2010|title=The Decline and Fall of Yukio Hatoyama|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/the-decline-and-fall-of-yukio-hatoyama|url-status=live|access-date=26 December 2021|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226233807/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/the-decline-and-fall-of-yukio-hatoyama |archive-date=26 December 2021 }} Fujimori was extradited from Chile to Peru in September 2007.

On 7 April 2009, a three-judge panel convicted Fujimori on charges of human rights abuses, declaring that the "charges against him have been proven beyond all reasonable doubt".{{Cite news|title=Peru's Fujimori convicted of human rights crimes|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE5363RH20090407|work=Reuters|date=7 April 2009|access-date=7 April 2009|archive-date=8 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408200517/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE5363RH20090407|url-status=live}} The panel found him guilty of ordering the Grupo Colina death squad to commit the November 1991 Barrios Altos massacre and the July 1992 La Cantuta massacre, which resulted in the deaths of 25 people,{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/09/world/americas/peru-jailed-ex-president-is-convicted-of-corruption.html?_r=1|title=Peru: Jailed Ex-President Is Convicted of Corruption|author=William Neuman|newspaper=The New York Times|date=8 January 2015|access-date=4 February 2017|archive-date=24 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724135059/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/09/world/americas/peru-jailed-ex-president-is-convicted-of-corruption.html?_r=1|url-status=live}} as well as for taking part in the kidnappings of opposition journalist Gustavo Gorriti and businessman Samuel Dyer Ampudia.{{Cite news|title=Peru court finds Fujimori guilty|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ilXUyrovza3UJBJkNVVVdc2GOLcw|work=Agence France-Presse|date=7 April 2009|access-date=7 April 2009|archive-date=12 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412183330/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ilXUyrovza3UJBJkNVVVdc2GOLcw|url-status=dead}}{{Cite news |last=Mapstone |first=Naomi |title=Fujimori convicted of human rights crimes |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/86ce0fe8-2387-11de-996a-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/86ce0fe8-2387-11de-996a-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | work = The Financial Times |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=7 April 2009}} As of 2009 Fujimori's conviction is the only instance of a democratically elected head of state being tried and convicted of human rights abuses in his own country.{{Cite news|title=Peru's Fujimori guilty of murder|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/614957|agency=Associated Press|date=7 April 2009|access-date=7 April 2009|location=Toronto|archive-date=11 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411060639/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/614957|url-status=live}} Later on 7 April, the court sentenced Fujimori to 25 years in prison. Likewise, the Court found him guilty of aggravated kidnapping, under the aggravating circumstance of cruel treatment, with respect to journalist Gustavo Gorriti and businessman Samuel Dyer Ampudia. The Special Criminal Chamber determined that the sentence was to expire on 10 February 2032.{{Cite web|date=30 April 2009|title=Poder Judicial del Perú – Sala Penal Especial|url=http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuprema/spe/index.asp?opcion=detalle_noticia&codigo=10413|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430144131/http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuprema/spe/index.asp?opcion=detalle_noticia&codigo=10413|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2009|access-date=13 May 2021}} On 2 January 2010, the sentence to 25 years in prison for human rights violations was confirmed.{{Cite news|last=Cordero|first=Jaime|date=3 January 2010|title=Fujimori, preso hasta 2032|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2010/01/03/actualidad/1262473204_850215.html|access-date=14 May 2021|issn=1134-6582|archive-date=22 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122231133/https://elpais.com/internacional/2010/01/03/actualidad/1262473204_850215.html|url-status=live}}

He faced a third trial in July 2009 over allegations that he illegally gave US$15 million in state funds to Vladimiro Montesinos, former head of the National Intelligence Service, during the two months prior to his fall from power. Fujimori admitted paying the money to Montesinos but claimed that he had later paid back the money to the state.{{cite news|title=Fujimori convicted of corruption|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8160150.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=20 July 2009|access-date=3 October 2009|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222182456/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8160150.stm|url-status=live}} On 20 July, the court found him guilty of embezzlement and sentenced him to a further {{frac|7|1|2}} years in prison.{{cite news|title=Fujimori sentenced for corruption|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8283844.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=30 September 2009|access-date=3 October 2009|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222061717/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8283844.stm|url-status=live}}

A fourth trial took place in September 2009 in Lima. Fujimori was accused of using Montesinos to bribe and tap the phones of journalists, businessmen and opposition politicians—evidence of which led to the collapse of his government in 2000.{{cite news|title=Fujimori pleads guilty to bribery|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8279528.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=28 September 2009|access-date=3 October 2009|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611115919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8279528.stm|url-status=live}} Fujimori admitted the charges but claimed that the charges were made to damage his daughter's presidential election campaign. The prosecution asked the court to sentence Fujimori to eight years imprisonment with a fine of US$1.6 million plus US$1 million in compensation to ten people whose phones were bugged. Fujimori pleaded guilty and was sentenced to six years' imprisonment on 30 September 2009.

{{main|Pardon of Alberto Fujimori}}

Press reports in late 2012 indicated that Fujimori was suffering from tongue cancer and other medical problems. His family asked President Ollanta Humala for a pardon.Fujimori Family Requests Pardon for Former Peruvian President, by William Neuman, The New York Times, 11 October 2012 President Humala rejected a pardon in 2013, saying that Fujimori's condition was not serious enough to warrant it.{{cite news|title=Peru president rules out pardon for ex-leader Fujimori|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36892762|access-date=7 August 2016|work=BBC|date=26 July 2016|archive-date=29 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729091709/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36892762|url-status=live}} In July 2016, with three days left in his term, President Humala said that there was insufficient time to evaluate a second request to pardon Fujimori, leaving the decision to his successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski.{{cite web|author1=|title=Alberto Fujimori Files New Request for Presidential Pardon|url=http://www.peruviantimes.com/25/alberto-fujimori-files-new-request-for-presidential-pardon/27136/|website=Andean Air Mail & Peruvian Times|publisher=Eleanor Griffis|access-date=7 August 2016|location=Lima|date=25 July 2016|quote=The Presidential Pardons Commission met this Monday to begin evaluating a request filed on Friday July 22 by ex-President Alberto Fujimori, who is serving a 25-year prison sentence for crimes against humanity.|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226030857/https://www.peruviantimes.com/25/alberto-fujimori-files-new-request-for-presidential-pardon/27136/|url-status=live}}{{cite news |last=Taj |first=Mitra |editor-last=Fernandez |editor-first=Clarence |title=Peru's Humala rules out pardoning Fujimori during his term |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/peru-fujimori-idUSL1N1AC05U |access-date=7 August 2016 |publisher=Reuters |date=26 July 2016 |quote=Humala, who will be replaced by centrist President-elect Pedro Pablo Kuczynski on Thursday, said in a broadcast interview that a serious evaluation of Fujimori's pardon request would take at least a couple months. |archive-date=27 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727171325/http://www.reuters.com/article/peru-fujimori-idUSL1N1AC05U |url-status=live }} On 24 December 2017, President Kuczynski pardoned him on health grounds.{{cite news |last=Collyns |first=Dan |title=Peru's jailed ex-president Alberto Fujimori pardoned, sparking protests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/25/perus-jailed-ex-president-alberto-fujimori-pardoned-sparking-protests |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 December 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901023252/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/25/perus-jailed-ex-president-alberto-fujimori-pardoned-sparking-protests |url-status=live }} Kuczynski's office stated that the hospitalized 79-year-old Fujimori had a "progressive, degenerative and incurable disease". The pardon kicked off at least two days of protests and led at least three congressmen to resign from Kuczynski's party. A spokesman for Popular Force alleged there was a pact that, in exchange for the pardon, Popular Force members helped Kuczynski fight ongoing impeachment proceedings.

On 20 February 2018, the National Criminal Chamber ruled that it did not apply the resolution that granted Fujimori the right of grace for humanitarian reasons. Therefore, the former president had to face the process for the Pativilca Case with a simple appearance.{{Cite news|date=20 February 2018|title=Caso Pativilca: cronología del caso por el que se procesará a Alberto Fujimori |url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/caso-pativilca-cronologia-caso-procesara-alberto-fujimori-noticia-498601-noticia/|access-date=11 May 2021|newspaper=El Comercio|language=es|last1=Barboza Quiroz|first1=Karem|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511090127/https://elcomercio.pe/politica/caso-pativilca-cronologia-caso-procesara-alberto-fujimori-noticia-498601-noticia/|url-status=live}} On 3 October 2018, the Peruvian Supreme Court reversed Fujimori's pardon and ordered his return to prison. He was rushed to a hospital and returned to prison on 23 January 2019. His pardon was formally annulled on 13 February 2019.

The Constitutional Court, in a 4–3 ruling on 17 March 2022, reinstated the pardon, though it was not clear if or when he might be released. Those ruling in approval of Fujimori's release argued that a pardon, no matter how unconstitutional it may be, can be issued by the President of Peru and that previous rulings annulling the pardon were "subjective".{{Cite web |date=23 March 2022 |title=Ponencia del TC a favor de Fujimori desconoce fallo de Corte IDH y competencia del juez penal |url=https://ojo-publico.com/3394/ponencia-del-tc-favor-de-fujimori-desconoce-fallo-de-la-corte-idh |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=Ojo Público |language=es |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325021153/https://ojo-publico.com/3394/ponencia-del-tc-favor-de-fujimori-desconoce-fallo-de-la-corte-idh |url-status=live }} Constitutional Court judges ruling in favor of releasing Fujimori ignored the Inter-American Court of Human Rights' opinion that criticized Kuczynski's reported pardon pact with Fujimori's son and pointed out that the disease cited in the pardon was possibly diagnosed by Fujimori's personal doctor, not an independent physician.

On 8 April 2022, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights overruled the Constitutional Court and ordered Peru not to release Fujimori.

On 5 December 2023, he was ordered to be released immediately following an order by the Constitutional Court. This followed a previous order by the court that mandated the decision in the hands of a lower court in Ica, which returned the case to the Constitutional Court citing lack of authority.{{cite news |date=6 December 2023 |title=Peruvian constitutional court orders release of former President Alberto Fujimori |url=https://apnews.com/article/alberto-fujimori-expresident-peru-released-4a9c8a0159ac9bf170a15338fa860937 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205230519/https://apnews.com/article/alberto-fujimori-expresident-peru-released-4a9c8a0159ac9bf170a15338fa860937 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |work=Associated Press |language=en-US}} The following day, he was released from Barbadillo Prison in Lima, after spending 16 years in prison,{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=Peru's ex-President Fujimori released from prison after 16 years |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-ex-president-fujimori-awaits-release-prison-after-contentious-pardon-2023-12-06/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Reuters |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207052518/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-ex-president-fujimori-awaits-release-prison-after-contentious-pardon-2023-12-06/ |url-status=live }} whereupon he was met by his children Keiko and Kenji as well as a crowd of supporters.{{cite news |date=7 December 2023 |title=Peru's former president Fujimori freed from prison after pardon reinstated |url=https://france24.com/en/americas/20231207-peru-s-aging-ex-president-fujimori-freed-after-pardon-reinstated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207051330/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20231207-peru-s-aging-ex-president-fujimori-freed-after-pardon-reinstated |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=France 24 |language=en-US}}

In May 2023, the Supreme Court of Chile ordered Fujimori to testify regarding forced sterilizations that occurred between 1996 and 2000 during his government, with Chile attempting to decide if they would expand extradition charges against Fujimori to include the sterilizations, which would allow him to be prosecuted in Peru.{{Cite web |last=Paucar |first=Luis |date=14 May 2023 |title=Alberto Fujimori es citado por Chile para declarar por esterilizaciones forzadas con miras a ampliar su extradición |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/05/12/alberto-fujimori-declarara-por-esterilizaciones-forzadas-con-miras-a-ampliar-su-extradicion-desde-chile/ |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=infobae |language=es-ES |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515045725/https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/05/12/alberto-fujimori-declarara-por-esterilizaciones-forzadas-con-miras-a-ampliar-su-extradicion-desde-chile/ |url-status=live }} On 19 May 2023, Fujimori participated in a video call from Barbadillo Prison with justice officials in Chile defending his actions regarding sterilizations.{{Cite web |date=19 May 2023 |title=Peru: Former President Fujimori participates in forced sterilizations hearing |url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-peru-former-president-fujimori-participates-in-forced-sterilizations-hearing-940728.aspx |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Andina |language=es |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521230327/https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-peru-former-president-fujimori-participates-in-forced-sterilizations-hearing-940728.aspx |url-status=live }}

Two months before his death, on 14 July 2024, Keiko Fujimori announced her father's candidacy for the 2026 Peruvian general election, despite his legal impediments and difficulties related to old age and poor health.{{cite news |title=Alberto Fujimori, former Peruvian leader, to run for presidency in 2026, daughter says |url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20240715-alberto-fujimori-former-peruvian-leader-to-run-for-presidency-in-2026-daughter-says |access-date=12 September 2024 |agency=France 24 |date=15 July 2024 |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912152628/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20240715-alberto-fujimori-former-peruvian-leader-to-run-for-presidency-in-2026-daughter-says |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=14 July 2024 |title=Former Peru Leader Fujimori to Run for President, Daughter Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-14/former-peru-leader-fujimori-to-run-for-president-daughter-says |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}

In 1974, he married Susana Higuchi, also Japanese Peruvian. They had four children, including a daughter, Keiko, and a son, Kenji, who followed him into politics and were both elected to Congress.{{cite news |last1=Giraldo |first1=Clara |date=11 September 2024 |title=Keiko y Kenji, los hijos de Alberto Fujimori que aspiraron a seguir con su legado político |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/09/11/keiko-y-kenji-los-hijos-de-alberto-fujimori-que-aspiraron-a-seguir-con-su-legado-politico/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912012129/https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/09/11/keiko-y-kenji-los-hijos-de-alberto-fujimori-que-aspiraron-a-seguir-con-su-legado-politico/ |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |agency=Infobae}} In 1994, Fujimori separated from Higuchi and formally stripped her of the title First Lady in August 1994, appointing Keiko as first lady in her stead. Higuchi publicly denounced Fujimori as a "tyrant"{{Cn|date=March 2025}} and claimed that his administration was corrupt. They formally divorced in 1995.{{Cite web |date=18 November 1995 |title=Aprueban divorcio de los Fujimori en Perú |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-457692 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624105039/https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-457692 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=El Tiempo |language=es}}

For some years before his death, Fujimori had gastrointestinal issues, heart problems and cancer. He was in prison for several years following his presidency and was released on humanitarian grounds in December 2023.{{Cite web |title=Alberto Fujimori, ex-president of Peru jailed for rights abuses, dies at 86 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/12/alberto-fujimori-ex-president-of-peru-jailed-for-rights-abuses-dies-at-86 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} He was diagnosed with tongue cancer in early 2024.{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Alberto Fujimori: Estado de salud del expresidente Alberto Fujimori es muy delicado |url=https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/alberto-fujimori-estado-de-salud-del-expresidente-alberto-fujimori-es-muy-delicado-fuerza-popular-keiko-fujimori-noticia/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Gestión |language=es}}{{cite news |date=11 September 2024 |title=Expresidente Alberto Fujimori murió a los 86 años |url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/actualidad/alberto-fujimori-murio-expresidente-del-peru-fallecio-a-los-86-anos-de-edad-fuerza-popular-keiko-kenyi-barrios-altos-cantuta-vladimiro-montesinos-noticia/ |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=El Comercio}} He made his last public appearance at a hospital after undergoing a CT scan on 4 September 2024.{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/fujimori-peru-lima-died-777fdfcb09eafd731a7412c8bf1a2f64 |title=Alberto Fujimori, a former president of Peru who was convicted for human rights abuses, dies at 86 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en |date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911234844/https://apnews.com/article/fujimori-peru-lima-died-777fdfcb09eafd731a7412c8bf1a2f64 |url-status=live }}

On 11 September, several Fujimorist members of congress wearing black, along with a priest, arrived at the home of Fujimori's daughter Keiko in Lima's San Borja District, amid reports that his health was failing.{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Alberto Fujimori grave: Congresistas de Fuerza Popular aparecen de negro y sacerdote ingresa a su vivienda |url=https://trome.com/actualidad/politica/alberto-fujimori-grave-congresistas-de-fuerza-popular-aparecen-de-negro-y-sacerdote-ingresa-a-su-vivienda-video-noticia/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Trome.com |language=es}}{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Alberto Fujimori: congresistas Moyano y Aguinaga llegaron vestidos de negro a casa de Keiko |url=https://willax.pe/politica/alberto-fujimori-congresistas-moyano-y-aguinaga-llegaron-vestidos-de-negro-a-casa-de-keiko |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Willax |language=es}} Subsequently, his doctor Alejandro Aguinaga told the press that he was "fighting" for his life and requested that visits be restricted. Congressperson Luisa María Cuculiza said that Fujimori's decline in health took her by surprise and that she had spoken with him five days earlier during which she noted his lucidity.{{Cite web |last=Solar Silva |first=David |date=2024-09-11 |title=Luisa María Cuculiza se pronunció sobre Alberto Fujimori: "Era un hombre que entregaba su vida por el país" |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/09/11/luisa-maria-cuculiza-sobre-alberto-fujimori-era-un-hombre-que-entregaba-su-vida-por-el-pais/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Infobae |language=es-AR}} {{Ill|Miguel Torres (politician)|lt=Miguel Torres|es|Miguel Torres Morales}}, a spokesperson for the Popular Force, added that Fujimori was going through a "difficult time". Fujimori's lawyer, Elio Riera, briefly disconnected from a virtual meeting over concerns for his health.{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Alberto Fujimori: Elio Riera tuvo que desconectarse de manera intempestiva de audiencia por salud del expresidente |url=https://willax.pe/politica/alberto-fujimori-elio-riera-tuvo-que-desconectarse-de-manera-intempestiva-de-audiencia-por-salud-del-expresidente |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Willax |language=es}}

Fujimori died at around 18:00 (UTC−05:00). A statement released by another doctor, José Carlos Gutiérrez, stated that Fujimori had trouble breathing on 9 September, lost consciousness on 10 September, and died from complications of tongue cancer.{{cite news |last1=Buschschlüter |first1=Vanessa |last2=Mackintosh |first2=Thomas |last3=Rocha |first3=Leonardo |date=12 September 2024 |title=Alberto Fujimori: Former Peruvian leader dies at 86 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy0r0rgrewlo |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=BBC News}} Keiko Fujimori later confirmed her father's death on social media.{{Cite web |last=Calderón |first=Camila |date=2024-09-11 |title="Descanse en paz": Elio Riera confirmó fallecimiento de Alberto Fujimori a sus 86 años |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/09/11/hasta-pronto-mi-gran-amigo-elio-riera-confirmo-la-muerte-de-alberto-fujimori-a-sus-86-anos/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}{{Cite web |last=Acosta |first=Sebastián |date=2024-09-11 |title=Keiko Fujimori confirmó la muerte de su padre Alberto "después de una larga batalla con el cáncer" |url=https://rpp.pe/politica/actualidad/alberto-fujimori-su-hija-keiko-confirmo-su-muerte-despues-de-una-larga-batalla-con-el-cancer-noticia-1583508 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=RPP Noticias |language=es}}

The Peruvian government declared three days of mourning and granted him a state funeral.{{cite web |date=13 September 2024 |title=Peru declares 3 days of national mourning for former President Alberto Fujimori |url=https://apnews.com/article/peru-fujimori-funeral-convictions-human-rights-abuses-e2a69f042b5525cce4ce034edba0cc8f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913022211/https://apnews.com/article/peru-fujimori-funeral-convictions-human-rights-abuses-e2a69f042b5525cce4ce034edba0cc8f |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=13 September 2024 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}} The Peruvian Congress and other public buildings lowered their flags to half-mast in his honor.{{cite news |last1=Aguilar |first1=Alejandro |date=12 September 2024 |title=Palacio de Gobierno, Congreso y otras instituciones izan la bandera a media asta por duelo nacional en honor a Alberto Fujimori |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/09/12/palacio-de-gobierno-congreso-y-otras-instituciones-izan-la-bandera-a-media-asta-por-duelo-nacional-en-honor-a-alberto-fujimori/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=infobae |language=es-ES}} Fujimori's remains were brought to lie in state at the Museo de la Nación in the Ministry of Culture on 12 September.{{Cite web |last=Loise |first=Sandra |date=2024-09-12 |title=Restos de Alberto Fujimori son velados en sede del Ministerio de Cultura [VIDEO] |url=https://rpp.pe/politica/actualidad/alberto-fujimori-velorio-y-entierro-del-expresidente-video-noticia-1583655 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=rpp.pe |language=es}} Thousands of Fujimori supporters arrived from various regions of the country to the wake, carrying portraits and making speeches in his honor.{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Alberto Fujimori: Simpatizantes acuden a velorio para darle el último adiós colas Ministerio de Cultura |url=https://diariocorreo.pe/politica/alberto-fujimori-simpatizantes-acuden-a-velorio-para-darle-el-ultimo-adios-colas-ministerio-de-cultura-noticia/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Correo |language=es}}{{Cite web |title=Alberto Fujimori: miles de simpatizantes llegaron hasta el Museo de la Nación para despedir al expresidente |url=https://panamericana.pe/24horas/locales/422175-alberto-fujimori-miles-simpatizantes-llegaron-museo-nacion-despedirse-expresidente |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Panamericana Televisión}}{{cite news |date=12 September 2024 |title=Este es el trayecto que recorrerán los restos de Alberto Fujimori hasta el Museo de la Nación |url=https://elcomercio.pe/lima/alberto-fujimori-este-es-el-trayecto-que-recorreran-los-restos-del-experesidente-hasta-el-museo-de-la-nacion-en-san-borja-keiko-fujimori-ultimas-noticia/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=El Comercio |language=es-PE}} Due to the large number of attendees, the Ministry of Culture announced that access to the wake would be extended until midnight, and that the following day, the doors of the Nasca Room would be open from 6 in the morning until midnight.{{Cite news |date=2024-09-12 |title=Alberto Fujimori: extienden hasta la medianoche el acceso al velatorio en el Ministerio de Cultura |url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/actualidad/alberto-fujimori-murio-extienden-hasta-la-medianoche-el-acceso-al-velatorio-en-el-ministerio-de-cultura-sala-nasca-san-borja-mincul-keiko-fujimori-ultimas-noticia/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |publisher=El Comercio |language=es-PE |issn=1605-3052}}

From 12 to 14 September 2024, his lie in state at Peru's Ministry of Culture headquarters.{{cite news |last=Moran |first=Mark |date=12 September 2024 |title=Thousands gather to honor Fujimori, Peru's late president, as he lies in state |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/09/13/peru-thousands-gather-to-honor-fujimori/5521726199195/ |access-date=14 September 2024 |publisher=UPI}}{{cite news |date=12 September 2024 |title=Gobierno de Perú coordina funerales de Fujimori |url=https://www.dw.com/es/gobierno-de-per%C3%BA-coordina-funerales-de-fujimori/a-70195019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912053907/https://www.dw.com/es/gobierno-de-per%C3%BA-coordina-funerales-de-fujimori/a-70195019 |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=Deutsche Welle |language=es}} Fujimori's state funeral was then held on 14 September 2024 at Lima's National Theatre.{{cite news |date=14 September 2024 |title=Peru bids farewell to polarizing ex-president Fujimori |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240914-peru-bids-farewell-to-polarizing-ex-president-fujimori |accessdate=14 September 2024 |publisher=France 24}}{{cite news |date=14 September 2024 |title=Peru holds funeral for Fujimori, former president linked to rights abuses |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/14/peru-holds-funeral-for-fujimori-former-president-linked-to-rights-abuses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918004240/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/14/peru-holds-funeral-for-fujimori-former-president-linked-to-rights-abuses |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=14 September 2024 |publisher=Al Jazeera}} His funeral was attended by the incumbent president, Dina Boluarte, who offered a salute, and Keiko spoke during the funeral in front of a large portrait of her father. Fujimori was buried at Campo Fe Cemetery in Huachipa, Lima.{{cite news |last=Briceno |first=Franklin |date=14 September 2024 |title=Alberto Fujimori, Peru's controversial former president, buried after 3 days of national mourning |url=https://apnews.com/article/peru-fujimori-president-burial-66e4f0528050beb42b629d1274a792ac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918004240/https://apnews.com/article/peru-fujimori-president-burial-66e4f0528050beb42b629d1274a792ac |archive-date=18 September 2024 |accessdate=14 September 2024 |publisher=Associated Press}}

President Dina Boluarte did not comment directly on his death, although her administration expressed its condolences to his family.{{cite news |last1=Gómez Vega |first1=Renzo |date=12 September 2024 |title=Desde "salvador de la paz" a "asesino y corrupto": la muerte de Alberto Fujimori fractura a Perú |trans-title=From "savior of peace" to "assassin and corrupt": the death of Alberto Fujimori fractures Perú |url=https://elpais.com/america/2024-09-12/desde-salvador-de-la-paz-a-asesino-y-corrupto-la-muerte-de-alberto-fujimori-fractura-a-peru.html |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=El País América |language=es}} Former presidents Francisco Sagasti, Manuel Merino, Martín Vizcarra and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski also conveyed their condolences,{{Cite news |date=2024-09-11 |title=Alberto Fujimori: reacciones de Martín Vizcarra y Francisco Sagasti tras fallecimiento de su antecesor |url=https://www.expreso.com.pe/actualidad/alberto-fujimori-reacciones-de-martin-vizcarra-y-francisco-sagasti-tras-fallecimiento-de-su-antecesor-manuel-merino-keiko-fujimori-noticia/1131518/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |work=Diario Expreso (Perú)}}{{Cite web |last=Paucar |first=Luis |date=2024-09-12 |title=PPK sobre Alberto Fujimori: "Su muerte me ha dado la razón, no me arrepiento del indulto" |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/09/12/ppk-sobre-alberto-fujimori-su-muerte-me-ha-dado-la-razon-no-me-arrepiento-del-indulto/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Infobae |language=es-AR}} as well as prime minister Gustavo Adrianzén.{{cite news |last1=Calderón |first1=Camila |date=12 September 2024 |title="Nuestras condolencias": Premier Gustavo Adrianzén confirmó coordinación para las exequias de Alberto Fujimori |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/09/12/nuestras-mas-sinceras-condolencias-premier-gustavo-adrianzen-se-refirio-a-la-muerte-de-alberto-fujimori-a-sus-86-anos/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=infobae |language=es-ES}}

Supporters also gathered at Fujimori's house to mourn his death. His death in his native Peru drew mixed reactions; congresssman Sigrid Bazán commented that Fujimori was a "dictator, assassin, and corrupt" and that "his legacy of corruptions, violations of human rights, and authoritarianism" would persist beyond his death.{{cite news |last1=Valdivia Blume |first1=Daniela |date=12 September 2024 |title="Se fue sin pedir perdón": muerte de Alberto Fujimori reaviva críticas por graves violaciones de derechos humanos |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/09/12/se-fue-sin-pedir-perdon-muerte-de-alberto-fujimori-reaviva-criticas-por-graves-violaciones-de-derechos-humanos/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=infobae |language=es-ES}}{{cite news |last1=Gomero |first1=Richard |date=12 September 2024 |title=Alberto Fujimori fallece y provoca reacciones divididas entre figuras de la farándula peruana |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/09/12/murio-alberto-fujimori-y-provoca-reacciones-divididas-entre-famosos-de-la-farandula-peruana-y/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=infobae |language=es-ES}}

International media described him following his death as an "authoritarian" who was "divisive", and whose "heavy handed" tactics "created a negative legacy" in Peru that frustrated his eldest daughter's attempts to be elected to the presidency.{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=Peru's Fujimori, divisive head of political dynasty, dies age 86 |url=https://denvergazette.com/news/nation-world/perus-fujimori-divisive-head-of-political-dynasty-dies-age-86/article_7a4f0705-573c-563f-88e4-e49261164727.html |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Denver Gazette |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Otsuki |first=Mika |date=12 September 2024 |title=Opinion Divided On Former Peruvian President; Alberto Fujimori Hailed As Hero in Hostage Crisis, Jailed Over Human Rights |url=https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/society/obituaries/20240912-210880/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Yomiuri Shimbun |language=en}} Former president of Colombia Álvaro Uribe Vélez expressed his condolences and praised his administration, saying he "rescued Peru from many problems".{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2024 |title="Recuperó al Perú": Uribe lamentó la muerte del expresidente Fujimori |url=https://www.elespectador.com/politica/alberto-fujimori-alvaro-uribe-lamento-la-muerte-del-expresidente-de-peru-y-destaco-su-gestion/ |access-date=September 14, 2024 |website=Espectador Colombia}} Jamil Mahuad, former President of Ecuador, praised Fujimori and stated that he regretted "the loss of a friend".{{cite news |last1=Puga S. |first1=Kevin |date=11 September 2024 |title=Expresidente Jamil Mahuad lamentó la muerte de Alberto Fujimori |url=https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/politica/expresidente-jamil-mahuad-fallecimiento-fujimori.html |access-date=18 September 2024 |work=El Comercio |language=es}} Yoshimasa Hayashi, Chief Cabinet Secretary of Japan, expressed his condolences to Fujimori's family, citing his role in resolving the Japanese embassy hostage crisis. At the same time, he acknowledged that Fujimori had been "evaluated in various ways" in part due to his human rights abuse cases.{{cite news |date=12 September 2024 |title=Alberto Fujimori, ex-Peru president of Japanese descent, dies at 86 |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/09/43a9462efb48-urgent-ex-peruvian-president-alberto-fujimori-dies-at-86-local-media.html |access-date=18 September 2024 |work=Kyodo News}}

Fujimori’s tenure is perhaps best defined by his dramatic economic stabilization program, colloquially known as the "Fujishock", which produced significant, quantifiable improvements in Peru’s economic indicators. Prior to his reforms, the country suffered from hyperinflation that, at its peak, approached levels as high as 7,500% annually, while fiscal deficits were estimated to be in the range of 8–9% of GDP, and exports were roughly US$4 billion. Following the implementation of stringent fiscal and monetary policies, deregulation, and sweeping privatizations, inflation was slashed to single-digit levels (approximately 7–10% by 1994) and fiscal deficits were reduced to around 2–3% of GDP.Reuters, "Alberto Fujimori, Ex-Peru Leader Who Crushed Insurgency Before Being Convicted, Dies at 86", 12 September 2024.

In addition to these macroeconomic achievements, real GDP growth stabilized at an average of about 3–4% per annum during the mid-1990s, and export values soared from about US$4 billion in 1990 to over US$11 billion by 1997.BBC News, "Peru's former president Fujimori dies aged 86", 12 September 2024. One of the hallmarks of his administration was the privatization program, through which approximately 230–250 state-owned enterprises were sold, generating an estimated US$2.5–3 billion in capital inflows. This aggressive liberalization not only bolstered investor confidence but also helped increase foreign direct investment (FDI) to roughly 1.5–2% of GDP by the late 1990s.The Guardian, "Transformative, for better and for worse": What's the legacy of Peru's Alberto Fujimori, 14 September 2024.The New York Times, "A Peruvian Is Laying Out Another Path", 27 November 1990.

While these policies are widely credited with restoring macroeconomic stability and jumpstarting growth in a previously battered economy, they also contributed to heightened income inequality and social disparities. This is an enduring point of contention among economists and policy analysts. Critics argue that the rapid privatizations and deregulation, though successful in attracting capital, undermined public sector services and exacerbated regional imbalances. Nonetheless, the data support the conclusion that Fujimori’s economic interventions achieved a rapid and measurable turnaround in key economic indicators, laying the groundwork for subsequent decades of growth in Peru.Reuters, "Economic reforms in Fujimori's Peru: Balancing stabilization and inequality", 2024.

Fujimori was accused of a series of offences, including embezzlement of public funds, abuse of power, and corruption during almost 10 years as president (1990–2000), especially when he gained greater control after the self-coup. The network operated as a kleptocracy in three spheres: business, politics, and the military.{{cite journal |last1=Ioris |first1=Antonio A.R. |year=2016 |title=La Plata Llega Sola |url=https://tidsskrift.dk/dialogos/article/view/112904 |url-status=live |journal=Diálogos Latinoamericanos |volume=17 |issue=25 |page=17 |doi=10.7146/dl.v17i25.112904 |s2cid=255055066 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128222737/https://tidsskrift.dk/dialogos/article/view/112904 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=30 January 2023 |doi-access=free}}

With multimillion-dollar annual expenditures in 1992 (five billion dollars in public spending plus another five billion in state enterprises), part of the funds were diverted to political and military institutions. According to the National Anti-Corruption Initiative (INA) in 2001, they corresponded to 30–35% of the average budget expenditure in each year, and 4% of the average annual GDP during the same period.{{Cite web |title=El Pacto Infame |url=https://repositorio.up.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/11354/2024/PortocarreroFelipe2005.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829222224/https://repositorio.up.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/11354/2024/PortocarreroFelipe2005.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=30 January 2023}}

One of those responsible for maintaining an image of apparent honesty and government approval was Vladimiro Montesinos, head of the National Intelligence Service (SIN), who systematically bribed politicians, judges, and the media. That criminal network also involved authorities of his government; furthermore, due to privatisation and the arrival of foreign capital, companies close to the Ministry of the Economy and Finance were allowed to use state money for public works tenders, as in the cases of AeroPerú, JJC Contratistas Generales (of the Camet Dickmann family), and the Banco de Crédito.{{Cite news |title=Corrupción, más allá de la ley. Serie Perú Hoy Nº 36 / Junio 2020 |url=https://www.desco.org.pe/corrupcion-mas-alla-de-la-ley-serie-peru-hoy-n%C2%BA-36-junio-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404142510/https://www.desco.org.pe/corrupcion-mas-alla-de-la-ley-serie-peru-hoy-n%C2%BA-36-junio-2020 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |accessdate=11 March 2023 |newspaper=Desco}}

Although in 1999 the opposition made a public denunciation that ended in the resignation of five ministers, this network was later revealed in 2000, just before the president resigned, when the Swiss embassy in Peru informed the Minister of Justice Alberto Bustamante and the attorney general José Ugaz of more than US$40 million coming from Montesinos, in which he was denounced for "illicit enrichment to the detriment of the Peruvian state". Ugaz was in charge of the investigation until 2002.

According to Transparency International in 2004, Fujimori was listed as the seventh most corrupt former leader in history.{{Cite web |date=26 March 2004 |title=Fujimori y Alemán, entre los ex líderes más corruptos |url=https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/fujimori-aleman-ex-lideres-corruptos_0_SJFll561AYg.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930032810/https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/fujimori-aleman-ex-lideres-corruptos_0_SJFll561AYg.html |archive-date=30 September 2022 |accessdate=11 March 2023 |website=Clarín}}

{{Main|Internal conflict in Peru}}

{{See also|Tarata bombing|Japanese embassy hostage crisis}}

When Fujimori came to power, much of Peru was dominated by the Maoist insurgent group Sendero Luminoso ("Shining Path"), and the Marxist–Leninist group Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA). In 1989, 25% of Peru's district and provincial councils opted not to hold elections, owing to a persistent campaign of assassination, over the course of which over 100 officials had been killed by the Shining Path in that year alone. That same year, more than one-third of Peru's courts lacked a justice of the peace due to Shining Path intimidation. Labor union leaders and military officials were also assassinated throughout the 1980s.Freeman, Michael. Freedom Or Security: The Consequences for Democracies Using Emergency Powers. 2003, p. 150.

File:Zones registering Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) activity.svg

By the early 1990s, some parts of the country were under the control of the insurgents, in territories known as "zonas liberadas" ("liberated zones"), where inhabitants lived under the rule of these groups and paid them taxes.Freeman, Michael. Freedom Or Security: The Consequences for Democracies Using Emergency Powers. 2003, p. 148. When the Shining Path arrived in Lima, it organized "paros armados" ("armed strikes"), which were enforced by killings and other forms of violence. The leadership of the Shining Path largely consisted of university students and teachers.Freeman, Michael. Freedom Or Security: The Consequences for Democracies Using Emergency Powers. 2003, p. 159. Two previous governments, those of Fernando Belaúnde Terry and Alan García, at first neglected the threat posed by the Shining Path, then launched an unsuccessful military campaign to eradicate it, undermining public faith in the state and precipitating an exodus of elites."By the time Fujimori was elected you had a population in the cities, and particularly in Lima, that was living in fear." [https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2006/falloffujimori/special_goldman.html The Fall of Fujimori: Peru's war on terror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718000333/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2006/falloffujimori/special_goldman.html|date=18 July 2008}} 6 July 2006

According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Shining Path guerrilla attacks claimed an estimated 12,500 lives during the organization's active phase.{{cite web |date=26 August 2004 |title=Peru: the Truth and Reconciliation Commission – first steps towards a country free from injustice – Facts and Figures |url=https://www.amnesty.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/amr460102004en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620114440/https://www.amnesty.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/amr460102004en.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |publisher=Amnesty International}} On 16 July 1992, the Tarata bombing, in which several car bombs exploded in Miraflores, Lima's wealthiest district, killed over 40 people; the bombings were characterized by one commentator as an "offensive to challenge President Alberto Fujimori".[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/18/world/car-bomb-blasts-in-peru-kill-18-and-hurt-140-in-wealthy-sector.html Car-Bomb Blasts in Peru Kill 18 And Hurt 140 in Wealthy Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145548/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/18/world/car-bomb-blasts-in-peru-kill-18-and-hurt-140-in-wealthy-sector.html|date=27 July 2018}} 18 July 1992 The bombing at Tarata was followed up with a "weeklong wave of car bombings ... Bombs hit banks, hotels, schools, restaurants, police stations, and shops ... [G]uerrillas bombed two rail bridges from the Andes, cutting off some of Peru's largest copper mines from coastal ports."[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/23/world/peruvian-guerrillas-test-government-with-bombs.html Peruvian Guerrillas Test Government With Bombs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727115342/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/23/world/peruvian-guerrillas-test-government-with-bombs.html|date=27 July 2018}} 23 July 1992

Fujimori earned credit for ending the Shining Path insurgency.{{cite news |last1=Kraul |first1=Chris |date=11 September 2024 |title=Alberto Fujimori, populist Peruvian president swept up in scandal, dies at 86 |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/alberto-fujimori-populist-peruvian-president-005810509.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912012302/https://www.yahoo.com/news/alberto-fujimori-populist-peruvian-president-005810509.html |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=Los Angeles Times |agency=via Yahoo}} As part of his anti-insurgency efforts, Fujimori granted the military broad powers to arrest suspected insurgents and try them in secret military courts with few legal rights. This measure has often been criticized for compromising the fundamental democratic and human right to an open trial wherein the accused faces the accuser. Fujimori contended that these measures were both justified and also necessary. Members of the judiciary were too afraid to charge the alleged insurgents, and judges and prosecutors had very legitimate fears of reprisals against them or their families.Fujimori advances this argument in Ellen Perry's documentary film, The Fall of Fujimori. At the same time, Fujimori's government armed rural Peruvians, organizing them into groups known as rondas campesinas ("peasant patrols").{{Cite journal |last=Fumerton |first=Mario |date=2001 |title=Rondas Campesinas in the Peruvian Civil War: Peasant Self-defence Organisations in Ayacucho |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3339025 |journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=470–497 |doi=10.1111/1470-9856.00026 |jstor=3339025 |access-date=12 September 2024}}

Insurgent activity was in decline by the end of 1992,Stern, Steve J. Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995. 1998, p. 307. and Fujimori took credit for this abatement, claiming that his campaign had largely eliminated the insurgent threat. After the 1992 auto-coup, the intelligence work of the DIRCOTE led to the capture of the leaders from↔ MRTA and the Shining Path, including notorious Shining Path leader Abimael Guzmán. Guzmán's capture was a political coup for Fujimori, who used it to great effect in the press; in an interview with documentarian Ellen Perry, Fujimori even noted that he specially ordered Guzmán's prison jumpsuit to be white with black stripes, to enhance the image of his capture in the media.Ellen Perry's The Fall of Fujimori.

Critics charge that to achieve the defeat of the Shining Path, the military engaged in widespread human rights abuses, and that the majority of the victims were poor highland countryside inhabitants caught in a crossfire between the military and insurgents. The final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, published on 28 August 2003, noted that the armed forces were also guilty of destroying villages and murdering countryside inhabitants whom they suspected of supporting insurgents.{{cite web |last1=Willakuy |first1=Hatun |date=February 2004 |title=Abbreviated version of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission |url=https://idehpucp.pucp.edu.pe/images/publicaciones/hatun-willakuy-english-version.pdf |access-date=12 September 2024 |publisher=Transfer Commission of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission}}

File:César Astudillo RESCATE DE REHENES CHAVÍN DE HUÁNTAR.png commandos rescue a Japanese hostage on 22 April 1997]]

The Japanese embassy hostage crisis began on 17 December 1996, when fourteen MRTA militants seized the residence of the Japanese ambassador in Lima during a party, taking hostage some four hundred diplomats, government officials, and other dignitaries. The action was partly in protest of prison conditions in Peru. During the four-month standoff, the Emerretistas gradually freed all but 72 of their hostages. The government rejected the militants' demand to release imprisoned MRTA members and secretly prepared an elaborate plan to storm the residence, while stalling by negotiating with the hostage-takers.Brewer, Paul. The Lima Embassy Siege and Latin American Terrorism. 2006, p. 12.

On 22 April 1997, a team of military commandos, in the operation codenamed "Chavín de Huantar", raided the building. One hostage, two military commandos, and all 14 MRTA insurgents were killed in the operation.[http://www.livinginperu.com/blogs/features/234 Japanese embassy hostage crisis in Peru started 10 years ago] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106011927/http://www.livinginperu.com/blogs/features/234|date=6 January 2007}} 18 December 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2006. Images of President Fujimori at the ambassador's residence during and after the military operation, surrounded by soldiers and liberated dignitaries, and walking among the corpses of the insurgents, were widely televised. The conclusion of the four-month-long standoff was used by Fujimori and his supporters to bolster his image as tough on terrorism.Conaghan, Catherine M. Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere. 2006, p. 129.

{{See also|Barrios Altos massacre|La Cantuta massacre|Operation Chavín de Huántar}}

Several organizations criticized Fujimori's methods against the Shining Path and the MRTA. Amnesty International said "the widespread and systematic nature of human rights violations committed during the government of former head of state Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000) in Peru constitute crimes against humanity under international law".{{Cite web |title=Bring Former President Fujimori to Justice |url=http://www.kintera.org/site/c.luLVJ8MRKrH/b.1419663/k.BE3C/Home.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130404064908/http://www.kintera.org/site/c.luLVJ8MRKrH/b.1419663/k.BE3C/Home.htm |archive-date=2013-04-04 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.kintera.org}} The 1992 La Cantuta massacre and the 1991 Barrios Altos massacre by members of the Grupo Colina death squad, made up solely of members of the armed forces, were among the crimes that Peru cited in its request to Japan for his extradition in 2003.{{cite journal |last1=Noboa |first1=Patricio |date=2008 |title=Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori's Extradition Process |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/147642063.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Law and Business Review of the Americas |volume=14 |issue=3 |page=261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913153751/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/147642063.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024}}

The success of the military operation in the Japanese embassy hostage crisis was tainted by subsequent allegations that at least three and possibly eight of the insurgents were summarily executed by the commandos after surrendering. In 2002, the case was taken up by public prosecutors, but the Supreme Court ruled that the military tribunals had jurisdiction. A military court later absolved them of guilt, and the Chavín de Huantar soldiers led the 2004 military parade. In 2003, MRTA family members lodged a complaint with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) accusing the Peruvian state of human rights violations, in that the MRTA insurgents had been denied the "right to life, the right to judicial guarantees and the right to judicial protection". Although the IACHR's ruling did not directly implicate Fujimori, it did fault the Peruvian state for its complicity in the La Cantuta massacre.{{Cite web |date=2017-07-04 |title=Verdict made by IACHR favors extradition of Peru's Fujimori |url=https://www.livinginperu.com/news-7000-year-old-human-remains-found-in-peruvian-andes-111931/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172759/http://www.livinginperu.com/news/2914 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2025-04-13 |language=en-US}}

{{Main|Forced sterilization in Peru}}

Reportedly following socioeconomic objectives calling for the "total extermination" of "culturally backward and economically impoverished groups" determined by the Peruvian military in the Plan Verde,{{cite journal |last1=Gaussens |first1=Pierre |date=2020 |title=The forced sterilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s |journal=Canadian Journal of Bioethics |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=180+ |doi=10.7202/1073797ar |quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last=Cameron |first=Maxwell A. |date=June 1998 |title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation |journal=Third World Quarterly |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=228–230 |doi=10.1080/01436599814433 |quote=The Plan Verde bore a striking resemblance to the government outlined by Fujimori in his speech on 5 April 1992. It called for a market economy within a framework of a 'directed democracy' that would be led by the armed forces after they dissolved the legislature and executive. ... The authors of the Plan Verde also stated that relations with the USA revolved more around the issue of drug trafficking than democracy and human rights, and thus made the fight against drug trafficking the number two strategic goal}}{{cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called El cuaderno verde. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. El cuaderno verde was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}} from 1996 to 2000, the Fujimori government oversaw a massive forced sterilization campaign known as the National Program for Reproductive Health and Family Planning (PNSRPF).

According to Back and Zavala, the plan was an example of ethnic cleansing as it targeted indigenous and rural women. The United Nations and other international aid agencies supported this campaign. USAID provided funding and training until it was exposed by objections by churches and human rights groups.{{cite web |title=Insight News TV | Peru: Fujimori's Forced Sterilization Campaign |url=http://www.insightnewstv.com/d68/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106001745/http://www.insightnewstv.com/d68/ |archive-date=6 January 2011}} The Nippon Foundation, headed by Ayako Sono, a Japanese novelist and personal friend of Fujimori, supported it as well.{{Cite web |title=Missing Page Redirect |url=http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=20466 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031123054824/http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=20466 |archive-date=23 November 2003 |access-date=8 January 2008 |website=www.cwnews.com}}[http://zenit.org/article-2233?l=english Peru Plans a Hot Line to Battle Forced-Sterilizations] The {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118210937/http://zenit.org/article-2233?l=english|date=18 January 2009}} ZENET Lima, 2 September 2001

In the four-year Plan Verde period, over 215,000 people, mostly women, entirely indigenous, were forced or threatened into sterilization and 16,547 men were forced to undergo vasectomies during these years, most of them without a proper anesthetist, in contrast to 80,385 sterilizations and 2,795 vasectomies over the previous three years. Some scholars argue that these policies and acts were genocidal.{{Cite journal |last1=Ko |first1=Ñusta Carranza |date=27 October 2023 |title=Unacknowledged genocide: Coercive sterilization of Indigenous women in Peru |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/26330024231210306 |url-status=live |journal=Violence |volume=4 |issue=1–2 |pages=11–29 |doi=10.1177/26330024231210306 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912055510/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/26330024231210306 |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024}}

{{Further |Economic policy of the Alberto Fujimori administration}}

Fujimori was credited by many Peruvians with bringing stability to the country after the violence and hyperinflation during the first García administration.

Neoliberal{{POV statement|date=September 2024}} reforms under Fujimori took place in three distinct phases: an initial "orthodox" phase (1990–92) in which technocrats dominated the reform agenda; a "pragmatic" phase (1993–98) that saw the growing influence of business elites over government priorities; and a final "watered-down" phase (1999–2000) dominated by a clique of personal loyalists and their clientelist policies that aimed to secure Fujimori a third term as president. Business was a big winner of the reforms, with its influence increasing significantly within both the state and society.{{cite book |last=Arce |first=Moisés |year=2005 |title=Market Reform in Society: Post-Crisis Politics and Economic Change in Authoritarian Peru |location=University Park, PA |publisher=Penn State University Press |isbn=978-0-271-02542-1 }}

High growth during Fujimori's first term petered out during his second term. The 1997–98 El Niño event had a tremendous impact on the Peruvian economy during the late 1990s and exacerbated a recession during that time.Gastón Antonio Zapata Velasco, Kenneth Broad, et al., [http://www.ccb.ucar.edu/un/peru.html Peru Country Case Study: Impacts and Responses to the 1997–98 El Niño Event] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905164739/http://www.ccb.ucar.edu/un/peru.html |date=5 September 2006 }}, Peru Country Case Study supported by the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) and NOAA's Office of Global Programs as a contribution to the UNEP/NCAR/WMO/UNU/ISDR study for the UN Foundation. Retrieved 27 September 2006. Nevertheless, total GDP growth between 1992 and 2001, inclusive, was 44.60%, that is, 3.76% per annum; total GDP per capita growth between 1991 and 2001, inclusive, was 30.78%, that is, 2.47% per annum. Also, studies by INEI, the national statistics bureau[http://www.yachay.com.pe/especiales/internet/index1.htm El Entorno] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411234724/http://www.yachay.com.pe/especiales/internet/index1.htm |date=11 April 2005 }}, Atlas Internet Perú – Red Científica Peruana, 2003. Retrieved 26 September 2006. show that the number of Peruvians living in poverty increased dramatically (from 41.6% to more than 70%) during Alan García's term, but decreased greatly (from more than 70% to 54%) during Fujimori's term. Furthermore, FAO reported Peru reduced undernourishment by about 29% from 1990 to 1992 to 1997–99.[http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1500e/y1500e03.htm Undernourishment around the world: Reductions in undernourishment over the past decade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116223834/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1500e/y1500e03.htm |date=16 January 2019 }}, part of [http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1500e/y1500e00.HTM The state of food insecurity in the world 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201161538/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1500e/y1500e00.htm |date=1 December 2016 }}, FAO Corporate Document Repository. Retrieved 26 September 2006.

Peru was reintegrated into the global economic system, and began to attract foreign investment. The mass selloff of state-owned enterprises led to improvements in some service industries, notably local telephone, mobile telephone, and internet services, respectively. For example, before privatization, a consumer or business had to wait up to 10 years to get a local telephone line installed by the state-run telephone company at a cost of US$607 for a residential line.{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://www.up.edu.pe/ciup/AER/textos/Fernandez-Baca.ppt |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090921223146/http://www.up.edu.pe/ciup/AER/textos/Fernandez-Baca.ppt |archive-date=2009-09-21 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.up.edu.pe}}[http://www.cgdev.org/doc/Privatization/ch%206.pdf Peru after Privatization: Are Telephone Consumers Better Off?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164409/http://www.cgdev.org/doc/Privatization/ch%206.pdf |date=16 November 2016 }}. Máximo Torero, Enrique Schroth, and Alberto Pascó-Font. Retrieved 4 October 2006. Peru's physical land-based telephone network had a dramatic increase in telephone penetration from 2.9% in 1993 to 5.9% in 1996 and 6.2% in 2000,{{Cite web |title=Líneas en servicio y densidad en la telefonía fija y móvil: 1993–2006 |url=http://www.mtc.gob.pe/estadisticas/archivos/xls/6.C.1.xls |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130701052026/http://www.mtc.gob.pe/estadisticas/archivos/xls/6.C.1.xls |archive-date=2013-07-01 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.mtc.gob.pe}} and a dramatic decrease in the wait for a telephone line: the average wait went from 70 months in 1993 (before privatization) to two months in 1996 (after privatization).[http://www.stanford.edu/class/las194/GroupProjects99/peru.pdf#search=%22telephone%20lines%20statistics%20peru%22 The Information Revolution in Latin America: The Case of Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108101904/http://www.stanford.edu/class/las194/GroupProjects99/peru.pdf#search=%22telephone%20lines%20statistics%20peru%22 |date=8 November 2006 }} (PDF), 6 December 1999. Student group paper from Stanford University. Retrieved 28 September 2006. Privatization also generated foreign investment in export-oriented activities such as mining and energy extraction, notably the Camisea Gas Project and the copper and zinc extraction projects at Antamina.McClintock, Cynthia and Vallas, Fabian. The United States and Peru: Cooperation at a Cost. 2003, pp. 105–106.

Fujimori has been described as a dictator.Charles D. Kenney, 2004 Fujimori's Coup and the Breakdown of Democracy in Latin America (Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies) University of Notre Dame Press {{ISBN|0-268-03172-X}} His government was permeated by a network of corruption organized by his associate Montesinos.Julio F. Carrion (ed.) 2006 The Fujimori Legacy: The Rise of Electoral Authoritarianism in Peru. Pennsylvania State University Press {{ISBN|0-271-02748-7}}Catherine M. Conaghan 2005 Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere (Pitt Latin American Series) University of Pittsburgh Press {{ISBN|0-8229-4259-3}}{{Cite web |title=DIML - La dictadura de Fujimori: marionetismo, corrupción y violaciones de los derechos humanos |url=https://www.derechos.org/diml/doc/cuya4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223017/http://www.derechos.org/diml/doc/cuya4.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.derechos.org}} Fujimori's style of government has also been described as "populist authoritarianism". Numerous governmentsResolución del Parlamento Europeo apoyando la extradición de Fujimori, Strasbourg, 19 January 2006 and human rights organizations such as Amnesty International, welcomed the extradition of Fujimori to face human rights charges.{{Cite web |title=Chile Opts to Extradite Alberto Fujimori - Worldpress.org |url=https://www.worldpress.org/Americas/2938.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313000346/http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/2938.cfm |archive-date=13 March 2008 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.worldpress.org}} As early as 1991, Fujimori had himself vocally denounced what he called "pseudo-human rights organizations" such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, for allegedly failing to criticize the insurgencies targeting civilian populations throughout Peru against which his government was struggling.Human Rights Watch. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hZMn3HsYouMC&dq=%22Amnesty+International%22+fujimori+%22human+rights%22&pg=PA314 Human Rights Watch World Report, 1992] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405004630/https://books.google.com/books?id=hZMn3HsYouMC&dq=%22Amnesty+International%22+fujimori+%22human+rights%22&pg=PA314 |date=5 April 2023 }}. 1991, p. 314.

Some of the GDP growth during the Fujimori years actually reflects a greater rate of extraction of nonrenewable resources by transnational companies; these companies were attracted by Fujimori by means of near-zero royalties, and, by the same fact, little of the extracted wealth has stayed in the country."Chile, Peru – How much do mining companies contribute? The debate on royalties is not over yet", Latinamerica Press, Special Edition – The Impact of Mining Latinamerica Press, Vol. 37, No. 2, 26 January 2005. ISSN 0254-203X. [http://noticiasaliadas.org/mining/mining.doc Accessible online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050416184622/http://noticiasaliadas.org/mining/mining.doc |date=16 April 2005 }} as a Microsoft Word document. Retrieved 26 September 2006. There appears to be a separate [http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/rdip/cal/lectures/aff_actualites/chile__peru_-_how_much_do_.htm HTML copy of the article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050416033754/http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/rdip/cal/lectures/aff_actualites/chile__peru_-_how_much_do_.htm |date=16 April 2005 }} on the site of [http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/rdip/cal/lectures/ Carrefour Amérique Latine (CAL)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204054152/http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/rdip/cal/lectures/ |date=4 December 2007 }}. Retrieved 27 September 2006.{{Cite web |title="Peru: Public consultation says NO to mining in Tambogrande", pp. 14–15 in WRM Bulletin # 59, June 2002 (World Rainforest Movement, English edition). |url=http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/59/index.rtf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130413095320/http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/59/index.rtf |archive-date=2013-04-13 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.wrm.org.uy}}Jeffrey Bury, "Livelihoods in transition: transnational gold mining operations and local change in Cajamarca, Peru" The Geographical Journal (Royal Geographic Society), Vol. 170 Issue 1 March 2004, p. 78. [https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.05042.x Link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728054805/https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.05042.x |date=28 July 2020 }} leads to a pay site allowing access to this paper."Investing in Destruction: The Impacts of a WTO Investment Agreement on Extractive Industries in Developing Countries", Oxfam America Briefing Paper, June 2003. Retrieved 27 September 2006. Peru's mining legislation, they claim, has served as a role model for other countries that wish to become more mining-friendly.{{Cite web |title=Rights Action |url=http://www.rightsaction.org/Reports/Cuffe%20mining%20report%202005-03.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120207102623/http://www.rightsaction.org/Reports/Cuffe%20mining%20report%202005-03.htm |archive-date=2012-02-07 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.rightsaction.org}}

The sole instance of organized labor's success in impeding reforms, namely the teachers' union resistance to education reform, was based on traditional methods of organization and resistance: strikes and street demonstrations.

In the 2004 Global Corruption Report, Fujimori was named one of the World's Most Corrupt Leaders. He was listed seventh and he was said to have amassed $600 million, but despite years of incarceration and investigation, none of these supposed stolen funds have ever been located in any bank account anywhere in the world.{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0921295.html |title=World's Ten Most Corrupt Leaders |publisher=Infoplease.com Source: Transparency International Global Corruption Report 2004. |access-date=6 August 2009 |archive-date=20 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120221432/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0921295.html |url-status=live }}

{{further|Fujimorism}}

Fujimori did have support within Peru.{{cite news |last1=Collyns |first1=Dan |last2=Jones |first2=Sam |title='Transformative, for better and for worse': what's the legacy of Peru's Alberto Fujimori |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/14/transformative-for-better-and-for-worse-whats-the-legacy-of-perus-alberto-fujimori |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=14 September 2024 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918004416/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/14/transformative-for-better-and-for-worse-whats-the-legacy-of-perus-alberto-fujimori |url-status=live }} The Universidad de Lima March 2003 poll, taken while he was in Japan, found a 41% approval rating for his administration.{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jul-20-adfg-fujimori20-story.html|title=In Japan, Fujimori Covets Post in Peru: Disgraced president plots his return to power in a land that accuses him of murder, treason and embezzlement|date=20 July 2003|author=Natalie Obiko Pearson|agency=Associated Press|access-date=3 June 2016|archive-date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805133948/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jul/20/news/adfg-fujimori20|url-status=live}} A poll conducted in March 2005 by the Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigación de Ciencias Económicas (IDICE) indicated that 12.1% of the respondents intended to vote for Fujimori in the 2006 presidential election.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051025170504/http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewItem&itemID=6543 García, Fujimori Top Candidates In Peru]}}, Angus Reid Global Monitor (Angus Reid Consultants), 30 March 2005. Accessed 27 September 2006. A poll conducted on 25 November 2005, by the Universidad de Lima indicated a high approval (45.6%) rating of the Fujimori period between 1990 and 2000, attributed to his counterinsurgency efforts (53%).{{in lang|es}} [http://www.ulima.edu.pe/webulima.nsf/default/1090CF4DC0FE8CB905256E630017BCEC/$file/barometro_nov_2005.pdf Estudio 293 – Barómetro – Lima Metropolitana y Callao – Sábado 19 y Domingo 20 de Noviembre de 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208114524/http://www.ulima.edu.pe/webulima.nsf/default/1090CF4DC0FE8CB905256E630017BCEC/$file/barometro_nov_2005.pdf |date=8 February 2012 }}, Grupo de Opinión Pública de la Universidad de Lima. Retrieved 27 September 2006. In a 2007 University of Lima survey of 600 Peruvians in Lima and the port of Callao, 82.6% agreed that the former president should be extradited from Chile to stand trial in Peru.{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20080206090621/http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm/fuseaction/viewItem/itemID/15709 Peruvians Call for Fujimori's Extradition]}} Angus Reid Global Monitor (Angus Reid Consultants), 12 May 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.

In the 2006 congressional elections, his daughter Keiko was elected to the congress with the highest vote count. She came in second place in the 2011 Peruvian presidential election with 23.2% of the vote,{{cite web|url=http://www.elecciones2011.onpe.gob.pe/resultados2011/1ravuelta/onpe/presidente/rep_resumen_pre.php |title=Resumen Nación de Elecciones Presidenciales 2011 |access-date=11 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411191131/http://www.elecciones2011.onpe.gob.pe/resultados2011/1ravuelta/onpe/presidente/rep_resumen_pre.php |archive-date=11 April 2011}} and lost the June runoff against Ollanta Humala.{{cite news|url=http://caracteristique2023.epizy.com/|title=Left-leaning Humala wins Peruvian presidential election|author1=Rafael Romo|author2=Helena DeMoura|publisher=CNN|date=6 June 2011|access-date=3 June 2016|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229030753/http://caracteristique2023.epizy.com/|url-status=live}} She again ran for president in the 2016 election, narrowly losing the runoff to Pedro Pablo Kuczynski,{{cite news |title=Peru elections: Keiko Fujimori concedes to Kuczynski |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36505027 |access-date=12 September 2024 |agency=BBC News |date=10 June 2016 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813132124/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36505027 |url-status=live }} and again in the 2021 election, losing the runoff to Pedro Castillo.{{cite news |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |access-date=12 September 2024 |agency=BBC News |date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live }}

• {{flagicon|Mexico}} Mexico: Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (1996){{cite web|url=https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=4944046&fecha=17/02/1999#gsc.tab=0|title=DOF: 17/02/1999}}
• {{flagicon|Thailand}} Thailand: Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Order of the White Elephant (1996)[http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2539/B/018/7.PDF ประกาศสํานักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์]
• {{flagicon|Austria}} Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1997)
• {{flagicon|UK}} United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1998){{cite web|url=http://data.parliament.uk/DepositedPapers/Files/DEP2009-2154/DEP2009-2154.doc|title=Honorary Knighthoods Awarded 1997-2006|year=2009|website=data.parliament.uk|accessdate=8 June 2021}}
• {{flagicon|Brazil}} Brazil: Grand Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross (1999){{Cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fol/pol/ult220799021.htm|title=UOL - Brasil Online - FHC condecora Fujimori e se reúne com empresários 22/07/99 10h07|access-date=2022-07-11|archive-date=2021-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010841/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fol/pol/ult220799021.htm|url-status=live}}

{{Portal|Peru}}

{{Div col}}

• History of Peru
• Peruvian internal conflict
• Japanese Peruvians
• Judiciary reform in Peru under Alberto Fujimori
• List of presidents of Peru
• Politics of Peru
• Peruvian national election, 2006
• Vladimiro Montesinos

{{Div col end}}

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://www.cidob.org/lider-politico/alberto-fujimori Biography and tenure by CIDOB Foundation] {{in lang|es}}
• {{C-SPAN|20713}}
• {{Charlie Rose view|4162}}
• {{IMDb name|2127200}}
• {{NYTtopic|people/f/alberto_k_fujimori}}
• [https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2006/falloffujimori/ The Fall of Fujimori] on POV at PBS, 2006
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607212903/http://www.skylightpictures.com/site/film_detail/state_of_fear/ State of Fear] a documentary of Peru's war on terror based on the findings of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission

{{S-start}}

{{S-ppo}}

{{S-new|party|rows=2}}

{{s-ttl|title=Cambio 90 nominee for President of Peru|years=1990, 1995, 2000}}

{{s-vac|next=Martha Chávez}}

|-

{{s-ttl|title=Vamos Vecino nominee for President of Peru|years=2000}}

{{s-aft|after=Carlos Boloña}}

|-

{{s-non|reason=New political alliance|rows=2}}

{{s-ttl|title=New Majority nominee for President of Peru|years=1995, 2000}}

{{s-vac|next=Martha Chávez}}

|-

{{s-ttl|title=Peru 2000 nominee for President of Peru|years=2000}}

{{s-non|reason=Alliance dissolved}}

|-

{{S-off

}}

{{S-bef

| rows = 3

| before = Alan García

}}

{{S-ttl

| title = President of Peru

| years = 1990–1992

}}

{{S-aft

| rows = 3

| after = Valentín Paniagua

}}

{{S-ttl

| title = President of the Emergency and National Reconstruction Government of Peru

| years = 1992–1993

}}

|-

{{S-ttl

| title = President of Peru

| years = 1993–2000

}}

{{S-end}}

{{Presidents of Peru}}

{{Conservatism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fujimori, Alberto}}

Category:1938 births

Category:2024 deaths

Category:20th-century Peruvian engineers

Category:20th-century Peruvian politicians

Category:20th-century criminals

Category:21st-century Peruvian engineers

Category:21st-century Peruvian politicians

Category:21st-century criminals

Category:Agricultural engineers

Category:Agriculturalists

Category:Controversies in Peru

Category:Deaths from cancer in Peru

Category:Deaths from tongue cancer

Alberto

Category:Fujimorista politicians

Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned

Category:Impeached Peruvian officials

Category:Impeached presidents removed from office

Category:Japanese Roman Catholics

Category:Leaders who took power by coup

Category:National Agrarian University alumni

Category:People barred from public office

Category:People convicted of bribery

Category:People convicted of murder by Peru

Category:People extradited from Chile

Category:People extradited to Peru

Category:People indicted for crimes against humanity

Category:People indicted for war crimes

Category:People's New Party politicians

Category:Peruvian Roman Catholics

Category:Peruvian academic administrators

Category:Peruvian anti-communists

Category:Peruvian criminals

Category:Peruvian expatriates in France

Category:Peruvian expatriates in Japan

Category:Peruvian expatriates in the United States

Category:Peruvian mathematicians

Category:Peruvian people convicted of murder

Category:Peruvian politicians convicted of crimes

Category:Peruvian politicians of Japanese descent

Category:Peruvian prisoners and detainees

Category:Peruvian television presenters

Category:Politicians convicted of murder

Category:Politicians from Lima

Category:Presidents of Peru

Category:Prisoners and detainees of Chile

Category:Prisoners and detainees of Peru

Category:Recipients of the Order of the Star of Romania

Category:Rectors of universities in Peru

Category:Thieves

Category:Perpetrators of Indigenous genocides in South America

Category:University of Strasbourg alumni

Category:University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni

Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George

Category:Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria