Øresundståg

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| caption = An Øresundståg at Copenhagen Central Station

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| status = Regional train

| locale = Øresund Region

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| first = {{Start date|2000|07|02|df=y}}

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| operator = Transdev under contract from Skånetrafiken

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| stock = X31K & X32K / ET

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| speed = {{cvt|180|km/h|0|abbr=on}}

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| maintenance = Amager (Denmark)
Hässleholm (Sweden){{Cite web|url=https://jarnvagar.nu/invigning-av-ny-tagdepa-i-hassleholm/|title = NY tågdepå i Hässleholm|website=Jarnvagar.nu|date = 15 May 2020}}

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File:Copenhagen Train Station Airport Kastrup.jpg]]

Øresundståg ({{IPA|da|ˈøːɐsɔnsˌtsʰɔˀw}}, {{IPA|sv|œrɛˈsɵ̂nːdsˌtoːɡ}}) is a passenger train network operated by Transdev in the transnational Øresund Region of Denmark and Sweden.

The name is a hybrid of the Danish Øresundstog and the Swedish Öresundståg, both meaning "Øresund train". The rolling stock, also known as Class ET in Denmark and X31K in Sweden, are electric passenger trainsets in the Flexliner family.

Operations

Four trains per hour cross the Øresund Bridge each way. Trains run at 15-minute intervals between {{rws|Østerport}} via Copenhagen in Denmark to Malmö and Lund in southern Sweden, increasing to six trains per hour during rush hours. From Lund, the trains continue hourly in three directions, to Gothenburg, to Kalmar and to Karlskrona (the fourth train ends in Helsingborg). After midnight, traffic is reduced to one hourly train between Østerport in Copenhagen and Lund (the train between 01:00 AM and 02:00 AM starts from Copenhagen H).

Each train consists of up to three 79-metre-long units coupled together, each with 229 seats, providing a capacity of max 4122 seats per hour. This has turned out to be insufficient, as differences in salaries and house prices between Copenhagen and Malmö have resulted in an unexpected increase of cross-border commuting.

The trains cannot be lengthened because of platform length constraints. And increasing frequency beyond six trains per hour is not possible because there are only two platform tracks to share with other trains at the stations {{rws|Nørreport}}, {{rws|Ørestad}}, {{rws|Copenhagen Airport}} and {{rws|Triangeln}}. Increasingly, people have to stand during rush hours, into Copenhagen in the morning and towards Malmö in the afternoon, which beside the inconvenience also raises safety concerns.[https://omni.se/alla-under-50-uppmanades-sta-pa-trangt-oresundstag/a/pQEdkj Alla under 50 uppmanades stå på trångt Öresundståg]

The network at its peak covered {{convert|854|km|mi}} of railway. In Denmark, the trains run on the Coast Line and the Øresund Line, between {{rws|Østerport}} and the Airport in 10-minute frequency. In Sweden, they run through the Malmö City Tunnel, and on the Southern Main Line to Lund. From Lund, most Øresundståg services continue to either Gothenburg, Kalmar, or Karlskrona, using the West Coast Line, the Southern Main Line, the Coast-to-Coast Line or the Blekinge Coast Line.

Passengers can encounter both Danish and Swedish staff on the trains over the Øresund Bridge. Tickets can be bought from sellers in either country. For travel inside one of the Swedish counties or inside Denmark, the local traffic authority tickets are used. For travel from Sweden to Denmark tickets can be purchased from the regional transit authorities and ticket sales channels which are part of the Resplus system.

Until December 2020, the trains were operated by Transdev in Sweden and by DSB in Denmark. In December 2020, Swedish rail operator SJ Öresund, a subsidiary of the state-owned operator SJ, took over the operations in Sweden. Due to an early cancellation of the contract with SJ as a result of differences in opinion regarding conditions for the rolling stock maintenance, Transdev took over as a temporary operator for both operations in Denmark and Sweden in December 2022.{{Cite web |title=Who are we |url=https://www.oresundstag.se/en/about-oresundstag/who-are-we/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.oresundstag.se}}{{Cite news |title=SJ slutar köra Öresundstågen i förtid |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/smaland/sj-slutar-kora-oresundstagen-i-fortid |last=Andersson |first=Patrik |date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2022-08-03 |work=SVT Nyheter |language=Swedish}} VR Sverige will take over operations in December 2025.{{Cite web |last=Simmons |first=Mark |date=31 October 2024 |title=VR Sweden wins Öresundståg contract |url=https://www.railjournal.com/financial/vr-sweden-wins-oresundstag-contract/ |website=International Railway Journal}}

=Operation=

On 27 June 2007 it was decided that DSBFirst was to assume responsibility from 2009 for the running of all Øresundståg services on the Øresund Line and connected destinations. DSBFirst started operations on 11 January 2009. In 2011, the Danish and Swedish ministries of transport instructed DSBFirst Sweden to cease operating the Swedish part of the service from 10 December 2011{{cite web|url=http://borsen.dk/nyheder/transport/artikel/1/210229/svensk_afloeser_for_dsbfirst_er_fundet.html|title=Børsen|website=Borsen.dk|date=28 June 2011}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.rigsrevisionen.dk/media%281940,1030%29/12-2010.pdf |title=Beretning til Statsrevisorerne om Kystbanen |access-date=2011-11-15 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401025311/http://www.rigsrevisionen.dk/media(1940,1030)/12-2010.pdf |url-status=dead }} Veolia Transport took over the Swedish side and DSBFirst Denmark's services passed to DSB Øresund.

The Øresundståg operation has suffered from financial problems as well as delays and cancelled trains on both the Danish and Swedish part of its network,{{cite web|url=http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Penge/2011/06/17/074144.htm|title=DSBFirst får dødsstødet af KPMG|website=Dr.dk|date=17 June 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Indland/2011/10/13/205435.htm|title=Forsinkede DSB-tog skaber vrede i Sverige|website=Dr.dk|date=13 October 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/108714-millionbonus-til-dsbfirst-trods-flere-forsinkelser-paa-kystbanen|title=Millionbonus til DSBFirst trods flere forsinkelser på kystbanen|website=Ing.dk|date=11 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515005756/http://ing.dk/artikel/108714-millionbonus-til-dsbfirst-trods-flere-forsinkelser-paa-kystbanen|archive-date=2010-05-15}}{{cite web|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/120561-dsbfirst-foraarsager-masseaflysninger-i-sverige|title=DSBFirst forårsager masseaflysninger i Sverige|website=Ing.dk|date=5 July 2011}} notably during the 2010 winter.

File:Öresundståg på maskrosfält.jpg

On the Danish side the trains stop often, about every 4 km, like a commuter train. On the Swedish side the trains stop much less often, more like inter-city trains, and they reach stations about 300 km from Copenhagen, such as Gothenburg, Kalmar and Karlskrona. Most travellers use it like a regional train for work commuting and similar shorter journeys, and local monthly passes are valid on the train.

The combination of routes of an inter-city nature in Sweden with commuter-like routes in Denmark is often a source of trouble. The long-distance trains from Sweden often accumulate delays during the long journey. But delays cause trouble to commuter passengers having fixed work hours and not wishing to add long margins, since they travel every day. Therefore, some stand-by trains were ready at Kastrup that run to Helsingør if the train from Sweden was delayed. In these circumstances the train from Sweden terminated early and did not continue to Helsingør.

Because of the complexity involved in the Øresundståg operation and the result of delays on the Danish side of the network, the decision was taken to split the operations in December 2021.{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/cross-oeresund-services-to-be-split.html|title=Cross-Øresund services to be split|date=18 December 2017|website=Railwaygazette.com}} The Danish services are now tendered by the Danish authorities, while Skånetrafiken will be responsible for the tendering process for the international and Swedish services. The trains to Helsingør now start at Holbæk or Næstved.

In 2023 a fourth circulation of Øresundståg was started between Helsingborg and Østerport due to demand and enabled by the opening of a new platform in Helsingborg, so that trains go once per 15 minutes instead of once per 20 minutes most of the day.

Competitors

Between Gothenburg and Malmö (until 2012 to Copenhagen, but not to Helsingør), SJ AB (the Swedish national railway) operates competing trains. From 2009 they have different tickets compared to the Øresundståg services. SJ runs X2000 trains via Hässleholm, and from 2009 to 2011 SJ ran intercity IC3 (X31) trains using via Helsingborg. Different tickets are needed. There was a similar situation with DSB's "Intercity Bornholm" trains to Ystad, which did not accept Øresundståg tickets despite the "Øresundstog" rolling stock used.

ID checks from Denmark to Sweden

In response to the European migrant crisis the Swedish government mandated ID checks on all trains coming from Denmark from December 2015. As checks performed by the Swedish police took up to 20 minutes per train, timetables were severely disrupted. Beginning on 4 January 2016, transport operators would be fined if any improperly documented people were found to be brought into Sweden. As a result, DSB restructured the timetable, constructed a fence between the platforms at Copenhagen Airport station, and introduced its own ID checks in order to gain entrance to the Malmö-bound platform at CPH Airport station. The frequency of trains across the bridge had been reduced to a maximum of 3 tph. Apart from the reduced frequency, services from Sweden to Denmark ran as usual to {{rws|Helsingør}} during the day and {{rws|Østerport}} in the evenings, with no ID checks entering Denmark. Since 4 May 2017 the line had changed to perform ID checks only at Malmö Hyllie station for trains travelling to Sweden.

As of 2023, frequency of 6 trains per hour during rush hour had resumed, and trains are timetabled to wait 6 minutes at Malmö Hyllie where the Swedish police check ID of alighting passengers.{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/reintroduction-border-control_en|title=Temporary Reintroduction of Border Control - Migration and Home Affairs - European Commission|date=6 December 2016|website=Ec.europa.eu}}{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32017D0818&from=EN|title=COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2017/818 of 11 May 2017 setting out a Recommendation for prolonging temporary internal border control in exceptional circumstances putting the overall functioning of the Schengen area at risk|website=Eur-lex.europa.eu}}{{Cite web |date=2021-10-21 |title=Timetables |url=https://www.oresundstag.se/en/travel-information/timetables/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.oresundstag.se |language=en}}

Rolling stock

= ET / X31K & X32K =

The trains used are the fourth and latest generation of the IC3 family of multiple units, specifically designed for use in regional traffic in areas connected by the Øresund Line. They are electrically powered, and can run on both the Danish power supply ({{25 kV 50 Hz}}) and the Swedish power supply (15 kV AC railway electrification). Named Contessa by its manufacturer Bombardier,{{cite web | url=http://www.bombardier.se/en/transportation/products-services/rail-vehicles/intercity-trains/multiple-units/contessa---denmark-and-sweden-?docID=0901260d8001017a |title=Contessa Electric Multiple Unit - Denmark and Sweden|website=Bombardier.se |access-date=2008-07-30}} they are designated Litra ET in Denmark and Littera X31K (where X means electric multiple unit, and K means allowed to go to Copenhagen) in Sweden. The chassis is manufactured entirely of stainless steel, painted in a light shade of gray. Roughly half of the trains are owned by DSB and the other half by Transdev.

They are multiple units manufactured by Bombardier Transportation in Kalmar, previously known as Kalmar Verkstad and later in Hennigsdorf by LEW Hennigsdorf.

Each trainset is 79 metres long and weighs about 157 tonnes. The trainset consists of three carriages, giving a weight of about 52 tonnes per unit. Eight of the train's 12 axles are powered, which gives good acceleration. The train's top speed is 180 km/h. Each train costs 67 million Swedish kronor (2006), equivalent to 22 million kronor per unit.

The trainset has a total of 237 seats (79 per carriage), of which some are in a low floor carriage in the middle.

The train type is nicknamed "Øresundstog / Öresundståg" (Danish / Swedish), but they are used not only for services on the Øresundståg network, but also for some local Scania traffic, for the DSB intercity trains Copenhagen-Ystad, and formerly for some of SJ's Copenhagen-Gothenburg intercity trains. Even though these other trains do not in fact form part of the Øresundståg network, they often referred to by that name. In the summertime they are nicknamed{{By whom|date=August 2022}} "the longest sauna in Sweden" due to inoperative climate control.

A refurbishment program, including new exterior paint jobs, refurbished seats and new toilet systems for the train sets was started in 2016.{{Cite web |url=https://transitio.se/oresundstagen-upprustas/ |title=Öresundstågen upprustas |date=2016-06-02 |access-date=2022-08-02 |publisher=Transitio|language=Swedish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803121335/https://transitio.se/oresundstagen-upprustas/|archive-date=2022-08-03|url-status=live}} The first refurbished train set was entered into service on 15 March 2018.{{Cite news |title=Det första upprustade Öresundståget är klart för avgång |url=https://www.oresundsinstituttet.org/det-forsta-upprustade-oresundstaget-ar-klart-for-avgang/ |date=2018-03-07 |access-date=2022-08-02 |work=Øresundsinstituttet |language=Swedish}}

All trains are maintained at the Helgoland depot in Amager and since May 2020 also at a new purpose-built depot in Hässleholm.

= X32 =

Due to a higher demand for comfort on the long-distance trains serving the line between Malmö and Ängelholm, SJ introduced the short-lived X32, a long-distance version of the X31. It had better comfort at the cost of less capacity. The second class section used seats from the first class section of the X31, while the first class section in the X32 used a more classic interior similar to the X2000 highspeed EMU. These trainsets entered service in 2006 and did not have permission to go to Denmark due to the interior being unsuitable for the commuter services in Denmark.

However, as more passengers started commuting between Denmark and Sweden, there was a need for extra trainsets so in 2007 all X32 were rebuilt into standard X31 sets.

File:20190917 Malmo C Oresundstag 0148 (48835473606).jpg|Malmö Central Station

File:20190920 Oresundstag Copenhagen Airport 0029 (48835646767).jpg|Copenhagen Airport

File:SJ X31-2klas.JPG|Interior

File:ORESUND LINK TRAINS AT KØBENHAVNS HOVEDBANEGÅRD SEP 2013 (9956938363).jpg|Copenhagen Central Station