Świętochłowice

Initially, Świętochłowice was divided into two parts: the older Małe Świętochłowice (Little Świętochłowice) and newer Duże Świętochłowice (Big Świętochłowice), which date back to the 12th and 13th centuries, respectively.{{cite web|url=http://www.swietochlowice.pl/historia.html|title=Jak powstały Świętochłowice?|website=UM Świętochłowice|author=Iwona Szopa|access-date=9 February 2020|language=pl}} The oldest known mention of Świętochłowice comes from 1313, while the present-day district of Chropaczów was mentioned in 1295. Both settlements were located within the Duchy of Bytom of fragmented Poland and remained under the rule of the Piast dynasty until 1532, as part of the duchies of Bytom and Opole, before passing to the Kingdom of Bohemia.[http://www.swietochlowice.pl/files/miasto/miejska_strategia_rozwiazywania_problemow_spolecznych.pdf Miejska strategia rozwiązywania problemów społecznych Świętochłowic na lata: 2006–2015, Świętochłowice 2005, p. 13 (in Polish)] The village received Magdeburg rights at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. Until the end of the 17th century, the village of Świętochłowice was owned by the families of Świętochłowski, Paczyński, Kamieński, Rotter, Skall, Myszkowski and Guznar.

File:Pomnik Powstanca Slaskiego w Chropaczowie.jpg Monument, destroyed by the Germans during the occupation of Poland]]

In 1742 the settlement was annexed by Prussia and from 1871 to 1922 it was part of Germany. Both parts of Świętochłowice merged in 1790. In the 19th and first part of the 20th century the area rapidly industrialized (based on the numerous local resources, including coal and zinc), leading to the transformation of the village into an industrial settlement. In the early 20th century, numerous Polish organizations were established there. During the Silesian Uprisings the present-day districts Lipiny and {{ill|Piaśniki|pl}} were captured by the Polish insurgents in 1920. In the 1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite, in Świętochłowice 51.9% voted for Germany, while in Chropaczów 70.0% voted for Poland, and in Lipiny and Piaśniki combined 56.4% voted for Poland. In 1922 all named settlements were integrated with the re-established Polish state. In 1929 Zgoda became part of Świętochłowice as its new district. In 1939 Świętochłowice was granted city rights with effect from January 1, 1940, however, due to outbreak of World War II, the actual implementation of this law did not take place until 1947.

In early September 1939, during the German invasion of Poland which started World War II, Świętochłowice was the site of Polish defense, also by the civilian population. Already on September 3–4, 1939, Wehrmacht and Freikorps troops murdered 10 Poles in Świętochłowice (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation).{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|page=135}} Afterwards, the town was occupied by Germany. In 1943, the Germans established the Eintrachthütte concentration camp, a forced labour subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp.{{cite web|url=http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/eintrachthtte/|title=Eintrachthütte|website=Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau|access-date=8 May 2021}} In early 1945 it was occupied by the Soviets, who established the Zgoda labour camp.

After the war, Świętochłowice once again restored to Poland. In 1951 its city limits were extended with Chropaczów and Lipiny becoming new districts.

File:GZM location map.svg.]]

Świętochłowice is situated in the middle of a highly populated area of Upper Silesia and is part of the Metropolis GZM, the largest urban center in Poland and one of the largest in Europe.

{{Adjacent communities|width=auto|state=expanded

| Centre = Świętochłowice

| N = Bytom

| E = Chorzów

| S = Ruda Śląska

| W = Ruda Śląska

}}

Currently (2013) Świętochłowice has about 53,000 inhabitants and is thus the city county with the highest population density in Poland. The population of the entire urban area is about 3.5 million.

Świętochłowice is situated in Silesian-Krakowian climate-zone. The annual precipitation totals to about {{convert|700|mm|0|abbr=on}}. The wettest month is July and the driest February. The average temperature is approximately {{convert|-2.5|°C|0|abbr=on}} in January and {{convert|18|°C|0|abbr=on}} in July.

Brunate and swamp soils predominate in Świętochłowice.

File:Świętochłowice Subdivisions.svg

Świętochłowice has five administrative subdivisions:

• Centrum
• Chropaczów
• Lipiny
• {{ill|Piaśniki|pl}}
• Zgoda

The {{Interlanguage link|Silesian Uprisings Museum|pl|Muzeum Powstań Śląskich w Świętochłowicach}}, devoted to the history of the Silesian Uprisings (1919–1921), is located in Świętochłowice. In addition, the city has historical industrial architecture, town halls, churches, tenement houses and familoks.

File:Muzeum Powstań Śląskich SW.jpg|Silesian Uprisings Museum

File:Swietochlowice town hall.jpg|Town Hall

File:Świętochłowice kościół ewangelicki im. Jana Chrzciciela DSC 7508.jpg|Church of St. John the Baptist

File:Swietochlowice Katowicka 30d-e-f 2022.jpg|Former mine and steelwork headquarters

The most popular sport in Świętochłowice is motorcycle speedway. The Skałka Stadium is located in the Centrum.

• Śląsk Świętochłowice – football, speedway
• Naprzód Lipiny – football
• Czarni Świętochłowice – football

File:Teodor Peterek 1935.jpg

File:Gerda Bryłka 1965.jpg

• 1928 – Amsterdam
• football – Teodor Peterek
• gymnastics – Paweł Galus, Franiciszek Pampuch, Teofil Rost, Franciszek Tajstra
• 1936 – Berlin
• football – Hubert Gad, Ryszard Piec, Teodor Peterek
• gymnastics – Klara Sierońska-Kostrzewa
• 1952 – Helsinki
• football – Ewald Cebula
• swimming – Gotfryd Gremlowski
• 1956 – Melbourne
• gymnastics – Małgorzata Błaszczyk-Wasilewska
• 1960 – Rome
• football – Roman Lentner
• 1964 – Tokyo
• gymnastics – Gerda Bryłka-Krajciczek, Małgorzata Wilczek-Rogoń
• 1976 – Montreal
• fencing – Barbara Wysoczańska
• weightlifting – Leszek Skorupa
• 1976 – Innsbruck
• ice-hockey – Kordian Jajszczok
• 1980 – Moscow
• fencing – Barbara Wysoczańska

The President of Świętochłowice is Daniel Beger. He was elected in 2018.

• Ewald Cebula (1917–2004), footballer
• Arthur Goldstein (1887–1943), German journalist and communist politician
• Krzysztof Hanke (born 1957), actor and satiris
• Salomon Morel (1919–2007), commandant of Zgoda labour camp
• Teodor Peterek (1910–1969), footballer
• Jacob Sonderling (1878–1964), German-American Rabbi
• Paweł Waloszek (1938–2018), motorcycle speedway rider

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}

Świętochłowice is twinned with:{{cite web |title=Miasta partnerskie|url=http://www.swietochlowice.pl/miasta-partnerskie/|website=swietochlowice.pl|publisher=Świętochłowice|language=pl|access-date=2020-03-11}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• {{flagicon|NED}} Heiloo, Netherlands
• {{flagicon|AUT}} Laa an der Thaya, Austria
• {{flagicon|CZE}} Nový Jičín, Czech Republic
• {{flagicon|SVK}} Rimavská Sobota, Slovakia
• {{flagicon|CHN}} Tai'an, China
• {{flagicon|HUN}} Tiszaújváros, Hungary
• {{flagicon|UKR}} Torez, Ukraine

{{div col end}}

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Commons category|Świętochłowice}}

• [http://www.swietochlowice.pl/ Official web]
• [http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/swietochlowice/ Jewish Community in Świętochłowice] on Virtual Shtetl
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20031204203949/http://www.swiony.info/ Świętochłowician discussion forum]

{{Silesian Voivodeship}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:City counties of Poland

Category:Cities and towns in Silesian Voivodeship

Category:Holocaust locations in Poland

Category:Sites of Nazi war crimes during the Invasion of Poland