Moscow

The city's name is thought to be derived from the Moskva River.{{Vasmer|Москва}}{{cite book |last1=Smolitskaya |first1=G.P. |title=Toponimicheskyi slovar' Tsentral'noy Rossii |script-title=ru:Топонимический словарь Центральной России |date=2002 |pages=211–2017 |language=ru }} Theories of the origin of the name of the river have been proposed.

The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root *mŭzg-/muzg- from the Proto-Indo-European *{{PIE|meu}}- "wet",{{cite book |editor-last=Trubachyov |editor-first=O.N. |editor-link=Oleg Trubachyov |title=Etimologicheskyi slovar' slavyanskikh yazykov |script-title=ru:Этимологический словарь славянских языков |date=1994 |at=V. 20: pp. 19–20, 197, 202–203; V. 21: pp. 12, 19–20, 76–79 |language=ru }}{{cite book |last1=Pokorny |first1=Julius |author-link=Julius Pokorny |title=Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch |chapter=meu |chapter-url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/U/P1312.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310064838/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/U/P1312.html |archive-date=10 March 2016 }} so the name Moskva might signify a river at a wetland or marsh. Its cognates include {{langx|ru|музга}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|muzga}} "pool, puddle", {{langx|lt|mazgoti}} and {{langx|lv|mazgāt}} "to wash", {{langx|sa|májjati}} "to drown", {{langx|la|mergō}} "to dip, immerse". In many Slavic countries Moskov is a surname, most common in Russia, Bulgaria, Ukraine and North Macedonia.{{Cite web |url=https://forebears.io/surnames/moskov |title=Moskov Surname Meaning, Origins & Distribution |website=forebears.io |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010136/https://forebears.io/surnames/moskov |url-status=live }} Additionally, there are similarly named places in Poland like Mozgawa. According to a Finno-Ugric hypothesis, the Merya and Muroma people, who were among the pre-Slavic tribes which inhabited the area, called the river Mustajoki "Black river", and the name of the river derives from this term.{{Cite book |last=Tarkiainen |first=Kari |title=Ruotsin itämaa |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |year=2010 |isbn=978-951-583-212-2 |location=Helsinki |page=19 }} Other theories, having little or no scientific basis, are rejected by linguists.

The Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *{{lang|orv|Москы}}, *{{lang|orv-Latn|Mosky}}, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing a morphological transformation at the early stage of the development of the language, as a result, the first written references in the 12th century were {{lang|orv|Московь}}, {{lang|orv-Latn|Moskovĭ}} (accusative case), {{lang|orv|Москви}}, {{lang|orv-Latn|Moskvi}} (locative case), {{lang|orv|Москвe/Москвѣ}}, {{lang|orv-Latn|Moskve/Moskvě}} (genitive case). From the latter forms came the modern Russian form {{lang|ru|Москва}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|Moskva}}, which is a result of morphological generalization with the numerous Slavic ā-stem nouns. The form Moskovĭ has left traces in other languages, including {{langx|en|Moscow}}; {{langx|de|Moskau}};{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Translations for "Moscow" in the English » German Dictionary |url=https://en.pons.com/translate/english-german/Moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=PONS Online Dictionary |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214204724/https://en.pons.com/translate/english-german/Moscow |url-status=live }} {{langx|fr|Moscou}};{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=French translation of 'Moscow' |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-french/moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Collins Dictionary |archive-date=2 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002012940/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-french/moscow |url-status=live }} {{langx

|pt|Moscou, Moscovo}};{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Translation of Moscow – English–Portuguese dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-portuguese/moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Cambridge Dictionary }} and {{langx|es|Moscú}}.{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Translation of Moscow – English–Spanish dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-spanish/moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}

Moscow has acquired epithets, such as The Third Rome.{{Cite web |last=Yegorov |first=Oleg |date=30 March 2017 |title=Why do Russians call Moscow the Third Rome? |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2017/03/30/why-do-russians-call-moscow-the-third-rome_730921 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Russia Beyond |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220353/https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2017/03/30/why-do-russians-call-moscow-the-third-rome_730921 |url-status=live }} Moscow is one of twelve Hero Cities.{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Hero City |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/glossary/12 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=President of Russia |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518155739/http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/glossary/12 |url-status=live }} The demonym for a Moscow resident is rendered as Muscovite in English.

{{Main|History of Moscow}}

{{For timeline}}

The site of modern-day Moscow has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Among the earliest finds are relics of the Lyalovo culture, which experts assign to the Neolithic period.{{cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/22507073/ |title=The origins of Moscow: What archaeological finds, chronicles and urban legends tell us |work=Mos.ru |date=5 April 2017 |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030183623/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/22507073/ |url-status=dead }} They confirm that the first inhabitants of the area were hunters and gatherers. Around 950 AD, two Slavic tribes, Vyatichi and Krivichi, settled here. The Vyatichi may have formed the majority of Moscow's indigenous population.{{cite web |url=http://www.moskau.ru/moskau/lexikon/geschichte_moskaus_vom_dorf_zur_metropole_3.html |title=History of Moscow - from village to metropolis |work=moskau.ru |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=24 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051043/http://www.moskau.ru/moskau/lexikon/geschichte_moskaus_vom_dorf_zur_metropole_3.html |url-status=dead }}

{{Further|Vladimir-Suzdal}}

Moscow is first mentioned in chronicles under the year 1147, as part of the principality of Rostov-Suzdal, which emerged from the disintegration of Kievan Rus'.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|p=45}} It was referred to as a meeting place of Yuri Dolgorukiy and Sviatoslav Olgovich. At the time, it was a minor town on the western border of the principality.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-39352451 |title=Начало Москвы: пир после убийства |website=BBC News Russian |date=11 April 2017 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710045539/https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-39352451 |url-status=live }} The importance of Moscow greatly increased during the second half of the 12th century, and it was converted into a fortified gorod (stronghold) in the 1150s, with the first walls of the Kremlin being built.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=46}} During the Mongol invasions of 1237–1238, Moscow was sacked following the destruction of Ryazan.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=46}}

The first prince of Moscow was Daniel, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, and in 1263, he was given Moscow as an otchina (hereditary land), where he established a local branch of Rurikid princes.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=47}} Two chronicles refer to Mikhail Khorobrit as "Mikhail of Moscow" in the mid-13th century, but Daniel is generally considered to be the first prince of Moscow.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=47}} On Mikhail's death in 1248, if it is assumed that an appanage principality was created, Moscow reverted as an escheat to the grand prince of Vladimir.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=47}} Until 1271, the principality was ruled by the governors of Daniel's uncle Yaroslav, who was given Tver as an appanage.{{sfn|Kuchkin|2013|p=308}} Daniel himself is first mentioned in chronicles under the year 1282 as taking part in a feudal war between his two older brothers.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|p=47}}

{{Main|Grand Principality of Moscow}}

File:Facial Chronicle - b.10, p.049 - Tokhtamysh at Moscow.jpg, miniature from the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible]]

File:Вид на Спасскую башню от Исторического музея.jpg, built in 1491|alt=]]

File:Polish plan of Moscow 1610.PNG

By the turn of the century, Moscow was one of the leading principalities within Vladimir-Suzdal, alongside Tver.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=48}} On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of {{convert|5|mi|km|0|spell=in|order=flip}} from the Kremlin, Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite, which is now the Danilov Monastery. Following Daniel's death in 1303, the territory of the principality had almost tripled in size, encompassing the entire Moskva River along with its tributaries, which allowed Moscow to become self-sufficient.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|pages=50–51}} The principality was also provided with an excellent river network that facilitated trade.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=55}}

Daniel's descendants struggled with the princes of Tver for succession to the grand principality.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=60}} Yury won recognition from the Mongol khan as the grand prince in 1318, but he lost the title four years later.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=87}} Ivan I recovered the grand princely throne from Tver after proving himself to be a loyal servant of the khan.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=145}} Ivan collected the tribute to the khan of the Golden Horde from dependent Russian princes and he used the funds he acquired to develop Moscow.{{sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2019|p=73}} The metropolitan of the Russian Church also found an ally in Ivan and moved his seat from the nominal capital of Vladimir to Moscow.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=40}}{{sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2019|p=73}} The foundation of Moscow's first stone church, the Dormition Cathedral, was laid in 1326, and the metropolitan chose to be buried there – an act that would cement Moscow's status as the spiritual center of Russian Orthodoxy.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=40}} Masonry building continued in the following years with the construction of additional stone churches.{{sfn|Smirnova|2013|p=273}} The limestone walls and towers of the Kremlin were built in 1366–1368.{{sfn|Smirnova|2013|p=273}} A distinct architectural school emerged in the late 14th century.{{sfn|Smirnova|2013|p=273}}

The khan of the Golden Horde initially backed Moscow in an effort to halt the eastward expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but he continued to meddle in Moscow's relations with other Russian princes to prevent it from becoming too strong.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|pages=211–212}} In 1353, the Black Death spread from northwestern Russia to Moscow, causing the deaths of Simeon of Moscow, his sons, and the metropolitan.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=217}} The ruling family of Moscow remained small as a result and a new vertical pattern of princely succession from father to son was defined.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|pages=170–171}} During the reign of Dmitry Donskoy, the Moscow principality greatly expanded in size.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=49}} In 1380, Dmitry led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the Battle of Kulikovo, which greatly increased Moscow's prestige and solidified the status of its rulers as the military leaders of the nation.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=51}} Following his death in 1389, the thrones of Vladimir and Moscow were permanently united.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=306}}

During the reign of Vasily II, a civil war broke out after Yury of Zvenigorod challenged the succession of his nephew in 1425.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=69}} Moscow switched hands numerous times, and Yury's son, Dmitry Shemyaka, continued to offer resistance until his appanage center of Galich was captured in 1450.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=75}} In ecclesiastical matters, Vasily disapproved of the Council of Florence, leading him to arrest the metropolitan upon his return in 1441 for having it signed.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=72}} Seven years later, a council of Russian bishops elected their own metropolitan, which amounted to a declaration of autocephaly by the Russian Church.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=72}} The fall of Constantinople in 1453 was viewed by the Russians as divine punishment for apostasy, and in 1492, Moscow was called an imperial city for the first time by the Russian metropolitan.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=135}}

During the reign of Ivan III, nearly all of the Russian states were united with Moscow and the foundations for a centralized state were laid.{{sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2019|pp=77–79}} His defeat of the Tatars in 1480 also traditionally marks the end of Tatar suzerainty.{{sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2019|p=78}} Ivan did his utmost to make his capital a worthy successor to Constantinople, and he had the Kremlin reconstructed after inviting architects from Renaissance Italy, including Petrus Antonius Solarius, who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and Marco Ruffo who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Ivan the Great Bell Tower was built in 1505–1508 and augmented to its present height in 1600. A trading settlement, or posad, grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known as Zaradye. In the time of Ivan III, the Red Square, originally named the Hollow Field, appeared.

Ivan's son Vasily III continued the expansion of the Muscovite state and annexed the remaining Russian territories.{{sfnm|1a1=Crummey|1y=2014|1p=92|2a1=Riasanovsky|2a2=Steinberg|2y=2019|2p=79}} His reign also saw the continued development of the doctrine of Moscow as the "third Rome".{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=136}} In 1508–1516, the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Novy) arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect the Moskva and Neglinnaya and be filled with water from Neglinnaya. Known as the Alevizov moat and with a length of {{convert|541|m|ft|abbr=off}}, width of {{convert|36|m|ft|abbr=off}}, and depth of {{convert|9.5|to(-)|13|m|ft|abbr=off}} was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, {{convert|4|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off|adj=mid|-thick}} cogged-brick walls.{{anchor|Tsardom}}

{{Further|Tsardom of Russia}}

File:Moscow StBasilCathedral d28.jpg, built in 1561]]

File:Mikhail Feodorovich Izbranie.jpg as tsar in 1613]]

File:Kremlenagrad.jpg during the reign of Alexis of Russia, 1663]]

In 1547, Ivan the Terrible was crowned in Moscow as not only the grand prince, but also the first tsar of all Russia.{{sfn|Bushkovitch|2011|p=48}} In the 16th and 17th centuries, three circular defenses were built: Kitay-gorod, the White City and the Earthen City. However, in 1547, fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the Crimean Tatars captured Moscow, burning everything except the Kremlin."[https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA260 The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122224602/https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA260&dq&hl=en |date=November 22, 2022 }}". John F. Richards (2006). University of California Press. p. 260. {{ISBN|0-520-24678-0 }} The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.

The Crimean Tatars attacked again in 1591, but were held back by new walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named Fyodor Kon. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the Novodevichy Convent and Donskoy, Danilov, Simonov, Novospasskiy, and Andronikov monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as Bielokamennaya, the "White-Walled". The city's limits as marked by the ramparts, are now marked by the Garden Ring. Three square gates existed on the east side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (after the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The Russian famine of 1601–1603 killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. Between 1610 and 1612, troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied Moscow, as its ruler Sigismund III tried to take the Russian throne. In 1612, Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities led by prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin rose against the Polish occupants, besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them. In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Michael Romanov aa tsar, establishing the Romanov dynasty. The 17th century saw several risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow uprising of 1682.

During the first half of the 17th century, the population doubled from 100,000 to 200,000, and it expanded beyond its ramparts in the latter part of the century. In the middle of the 17th century, 20% of Moscow suburb's inhabitants were from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, being driven from their homeland by the Muscovite invaders.{{Cite book |last=Абецедарский |first=Л. С. |title=Белоруссия и Россия |year=1978 |location=Москва |pages=213 |language=ru }} By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by Ukrainians and Belarusians abducted from their hometowns in the course of the Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667. These new outskirts became known as the Meshchanskaya sloboda, after Ruthenian meshchane "town people". The term meshchane acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М, 1948, p. 296. The entire city of the late 17th century are contained within what is today Moscow's Central Administrative Okrug.

Numerous disasters befell the city. The plague epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656.[https://books.google.com/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&pg=PA17 Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122224545/https://books.google.com/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&pg=PA17&dq&hl=en |date=22 November 2022 }}. John T. Alexander (2002). Oxford University Press US. p. 17. {{ISBN|0-19-515818-0 }} The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648.M.S. Anderson, Peter the Great (1978) p. 13 In 1712, Peter the Great moved his government to the newly built Saint Petersburg on the Baltic coast.

{{Main|Moscow Governorate}}

{{Further|Russian Empire}}

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After losing the status as capital, the population at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915. The 1770–1772 Russian plague killed up to 100,000 people in Moscow.{{cite journal |last=Melikishvili |first=Alexander |year=2006 |volume=36 |pages=19–31 |journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology |title=Genesis of the anti-plague system: the Tsarist period |issue=1 |url=http://cns.miis.edu/antiplague/pdfs/melikishvili.pdf |doi=10.1080/10408410500496763 |citeseerx=10.1.1.204.1976 |pmid=16610335 |s2cid=7420734 |access-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123034404/http://cns.miis.edu/antiplague/pdfs/melikishvili.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2009 |url-status=dead }} By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In 1730, permanent street lights were introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade {{convert|25|mi|km|order=flip}} long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by several streets called val ("ramparts"). In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The Tsar Cannon was located on the platform of the Lobnoye mesto. The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the M10 highway, was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old Tver road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as Peterburskoye Schosse after it was paved in the 1780s. Petrovsky Palace was built in 1776–1780 by Matvey Kazakov. Between 1781 and 1804 the Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first in Russia) was built.

File:Fireofmoscow.jpg, after the failed French invasion]]

File:Moscou. Le Kremlin LOC ppmsca.52725.jpg riverfront in the 19th century]]

When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Muscovites were evacuated. The Moscow fire was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's Grande Armée was forced to retreat and nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter. In 1813, following the destruction during the French occupation, a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the centre. Among many buildings constructed, or reconstructed, was the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury, the Moscow University, the Moscow Manege (Riding School), and the Bolshoi Theatre. The Arbat Street had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century. Moscow State University was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by Domenico Giliardi. The Moskovskiye Vedomosti newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.

In the 1830s, general Alexander Bashilov planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. Khodynka field south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of Belorussky Rail Terminal) was inaugurated in 1870. Sokolniki Park, in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban Savyolovsky Rail Terminal was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or Mayor, was officially introduced, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor.

When Catherine II came to power in 1762, the city's filth and the smell of sewage were depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly lifestyles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improved sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less discussion about the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put it back on the agenda.Alexander M. Martin, "Sewage and the City: Filth, Smell, and Representations of Urban Life in Moscow, 1770–1880", Russian Review (2008) 67#2 pp. 243–274. In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water supply was completed.

File:Plan of Moscow 1917.jpg

In November 1917, upon learning of the uprising in Petrograd, Moscow's Bolsheviks began their uprising. On 2 November (15), 1917, after heavy fighting, Soviet power was established in Moscow.{{Cite web |url=http://www.aha.ru/~mausoleu/documents/moscow_1.htm |title=Revolutionary war history. Moscow |website=www.aha.ru |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411165331/http://www.aha.ru/~mausoleu/documents/moscow_1.htm |url-status=live }} Vladimir Lenin, fearing invasion, moved the capital back to Moscow on 12 March 1918.{{cite web |url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619089 |title=Moscow becomes the capital of the Soviet State |access-date=12 March 2019 |date=2018 |publisher=Presidential Library |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401151158/https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619089 |url-status=live }} The Kremlin once again became the seat of power, political centre of the new state.

With the change in values imposed by communist ideology, the tradition of preserving cultural heritage was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks, were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with the collectivization of peasants; the destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. In 1937 letters were written to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to rename Moscow to "Stalindar" or "Stalinodar".One from an elderly pensioner whose dream was to "live in Stalinodar" and had selected the name to represent the "gift" (dar) of the genius of Stalin. Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941 Stalin rejected this suggestion.And after it was suggested again to him by Nikolai Yezhov, he was outraged, saying "What do I need this for?". This was following Stalin banning the renaming of places in his name in 1936. Simon Montefiore, The Court of the Red Tsar

During World War II, the Soviet State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the Red Army were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions, and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. Between October 1941 and January 1942, the German Army Group Centre was stopped at the outskirts of the city, then driven off in the Battle of Moscow. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from 20 October the city was declared to be in a siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On 1 May 1944, a medal "For the defence of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" was instituted. German and Soviet casualties during the battle have been debated, as sources provide different estimates. Total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the Wehrmacht and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army.Moscow Encyclopedia, ed. Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1997, entry "Battle of Moscow"Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1973–78, entry "Battle of Moscow 1941–42"John Erickson, Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies, table 12.4

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| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9p20dxtTkY Stalin's Moscow in 1953]

}}

During the postwar years, there was a housing crisis, solved by the invention of high-rise apartments. There are over 11,000 of these standardised and prefabricated apartment blocks, housing most of Moscow's population, making it by far the city with the most high-rise buildings.{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106210644/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Skyline Ranking |website=Emporis }} Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory, before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film Irony of Fate parodies this construction method. The city of Zelenograd was built in 1958 at {{convert|37|km|abbr=off}} from the city centre to the north-west, along with the Leningradskoye Shosse, and incorporated as one of Moscow's administrative okrugs. Moscow State University moved to its campus on Sparrow Hills in 1953.

File:Stalin's funeral procession entering Manezhnaya Square from Okhotny Ryad.jpg

In 1959, Nikita Khrushchev launched his anti-religious campaign. Of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished. On 8 May 1965, due to the actual 20th anniversary of the victory in World War II, Moscow was awarded a title of the Hero City.

The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running {{convert|109|km|abbr=off}} along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road were incorporated. In 1980, Moscow hosted the Summer Olympic Games, which were boycotted by the US and other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a coup attempt by conservative communists opposed to the liberal reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev.

When the USSR was dissolved in 1991, Moscow remained the capital of the Russian Federation. Since then, a market economy has emerged, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles. The city continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then, however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–97 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes.

In December 2002 Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The Third Ring Road, intermediate between the early 19th-century Garden Ring and the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there is heavy traffic congestion.Robert J. Mason and Liliya Nigmatullina, "Suburbanization and Sustainability in Metropolitan Moscow," Geographical Review (2011) 101#3 pp. 316–333. Multiple old churches and other examples of architectural heritage that had been demolished during the Stalin era have been restored, such as the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour.

In 2010s Moscow's Administration has launched some long duration projects like the Moja Ulitsa (in English: My Street) urban redevelopment program{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/11/04/city-of-the-future-moscow-gets-a-much-needed-makeover_644341 |title=City of the future: Moscow gets a much-needed makeover |first=special to |last=RBTH |date=4 November 2016 |access-date=23 May 2018 |archive-date=24 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524081811/https://www.rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/11/04/city-of-the-future-moscow-gets-a-much-needed-makeover_644341 |url-status=live }} or the Residency renovation one.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/oct/31/moscow-residents-vote-russia-demolition-rehousing |title=The wrecking ball swings at Moscow – a photo essay |first=Chris |last=Leslie |newspaper=The Guardian |date=31 October 2017 |via=www.theguardian.com |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228205451/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/oct/31/moscow-residents-vote-russia-demolition-rehousing |url-status=live }}

By its territorial expansion on 1 July 2012, southwest into the Moscow Oblast the area of the capital more than doubled, going from {{convert|1091|to|2511|km2|sp=us}}, resulting in Moscow becoming the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of 233,000 people.{{cite web |url=http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c32/461491.html |title=Expansion of Moscow borders to help it develop harmonically: mayor, Itar-tass, July 1, 2012 |date=1 July 2012 |publisher=Itar-tass.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113003818/http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c32/461491.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2014 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.mos.ru/about/history/ |title=Moscow city government official site |publisher=Mos.ru |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720113907/http://www.mos.ru/about/history/ |url-status=dead }} The annexed territory was officially named Новая Москва (New Moscow).

File:Moscow by Sentinel-2, 2020-05-11.jpg

Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River, which flows for just over {{cvt|500|km|0}} through the East European Plain in central Russia, not far from the natural border of the forest and forest-steppe zone. 49 bridges span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The elevation of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is {{convert|156|m|ft|abbr=off}}. Teplostan Upland is the city's highest point at {{convert|255|m|ft|abbr=off}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.darwin.museum.ru/expos/oopt/?t=40 |script-title=ru:Памятник природы "Высшая точка Москвы – 255 м над уровнем моря (Теплый Стан)" |publisher=www.darwin.museum.ru |access-date=29 April 2009 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825190425/http://darwin.museum.ru/expos/oopt/?t=40 |archive-date=25 August 2007 }} The width of Moscow city (not limiting MKAD) from west to east is {{cvt|39.7|km|1}}, and the length from north to south is {{cvt|51.8|km|1}}.

{{Main|Moscow Time}}

Moscow serves as the reference point for the time zone used in most of European Russia, Belarus and the Republic of Crimea. The areas operate in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK, {{lang|ru|МСК}}), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed. According to the geographical longitude the average solar noon in Moscow occurs at 12:30.{{cite web |title=Time in Moscow, Russia |url=http://dateandtime.info/city.php?id=524901 |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075524/http://dateandtime.info/city.php?id=524901 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Climate of Moscow}}

File:Moscow, VDNKh, Central Alley after rain (30580970263).jpg after rain]]

Moscow has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers. More extreme continental climates at the same latitude – such as parts of Eastern Canada or Siberia – have much colder winters than Moscow, suggesting that there is still significant moderation from the Atlantic Ocean{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} despite the fact that Moscow is far from the sea. Weather can fluctuate widely, with temperatures ranging from {{convert|−25|C}} in the city and {{convert|−30|C}} in the suburbs to above {{convert|5|C}} in the winter, and from {{convert|10|to|35|C}} in the summer.{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=6&year=2010 |script-title=ru:Погода и Климат – Климатический монитор: погода в Москве |trans-title=The weather in Moscow. The air temperature and rainfall. June 2010 |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |language=ru |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114063819/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=6&year=2010 |url-status=live }}

File:Петровский путевой дворец (зима, 2018).jpg on Leningradsky Avenue in winter]]

Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July, and August are around a comfortable {{convert|20|to|26|C}}, but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed {{convert|30|C}}, sometimes for a week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures normally drop to approximately {{convert|−10|C}}, though almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures rising above {{convert|0|C}}, and periods of cooling with night temperatures falling below {{convert|−20|C}}. These periods usually last about a week or two. The growing season in Moscow normally lasts for 156 days usually around 1 May to 5 October.{{Cite web |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/100524/Average-Weather-in-Moscow-Russia-Year-Round |title=Average Weather in Moscow, Russia, Year Round - Weather Spark |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730194124/https://weatherspark.com/y/100524/Average-Weather-in-Moscow-Russia-Year-Round |url-status=live }}

The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|38.2|C}}{{cite web |url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=7&year=2010 |title=Climate monitoring |access-date=27 July 2006 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070527/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=7&year=2010 |url-status=live }} at the VVC weather station and {{convert|39.0|C}} in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on 29 July 2010, during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Record high and average temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, June, July, August, November, and December in 2007–2022.{{cite web |url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/27612.htm |title=Pogoda.ru.net |access-date=15 December 2012 |language=ru |archive-date=21 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121105211/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/27612.htm |url-status=live }} The average July temperature from 1991 to 2020 is {{convert|19.7|C}}. The lowest ever recorded temperature was {{convert|−42.1|C}} in January 1940. Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid-October, while snow cover lies in late November and melts at the end of March.

On average, Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August.{{cite web |url=http://meteoweb.ru/2014/pss2014.php |title=Sunshine hours in 2014 and averages |language=ru |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125061126/http://meteoweb.ru/2014/pss2014.php |url-status=live }} This large annual variation is due to convective cloud formation. In the winter, moist air from the Atlantic condenses in the cold continental interior, resulting in very overcast conditions. However, this same continental influence results in considerably sunnier summers than oceanic cities of similar latitude such as Edinburgh. Between 2004 and 2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to more sunshine in summer months, up to a record 411 hours in July 2014, 79% of possible sunshine. December 2017 was the darkest month in Moscow since records began, with only six minutes of sunlight.{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/world/europe/moscow-darkness-sunlight.html |title=Moscow Got 6 Minutes of Sunlight in December |last=Luxmoore |first=Matthew |date=2018 |work=The New York Times |access-date=22 February 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165701/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/world/europe/moscow-darkness-sunlight.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42722931 |title=How to survive in Moscow without sunshine |date=2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=22 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207145307/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42722931 |url-status=live }}

Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average January temperature in the north-east of Moscow is {{convert|−6.2|C}}, in the suburbs it is about {{convert|−8.3|C}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27532.htm |title=Climate of Vladimir |language=ru |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027025756/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27532.htm |url-status=live }} The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of Moscow Oblast can sometimes be more than {{convert|10|C-change}} on frosty winter nights.

{{Moscow weatherbox}}

{{Weather box

|location = Moscow (VVC) normals 1961–1990

|collapsed=yes

|metric first = Yes

|single line = Yes

|Jan high C = −6.3

|Feb high C = −4.2

|Mar high C = 1.5

|Apr high C = 10.4

|May high C = 18.4

|Jun high C = 21.7

|Jul high C = 23.1

|Aug high C = 21.5

|Sep high C = 15.4

|Oct high C = 8.2

|Nov high C = 1.1

|Dec high C = −3.5

|year high C= 8.9

|Jan mean C = −9.3

|Feb mean C = −7.7

|Mar mean C = −2.2

|Apr mean C = 5.8

|May mean C = 13.1

|Jun mean C = 16.6

|Jul mean C = 18.2

|Aug mean C = 16.4

|Sep mean C = 11.1

|Oct mean C = 5.1

|Nov mean C = −1.2

|Dec mean C = −6.1

|year mean C= 5.0

|Jan low C = −12.3

|Feb low C = −11.1

|Mar low C = −5.6

|Apr low C = 1.7

|May low C = 7.6

|Jun low C = 11.5

|Jul low C = 13.5

|Aug low C = 12.0

|Sep low C = 7.1

|Oct low C = 2.0

|Nov low C = −3.3

|Dec low C = −8.6

|year low C= 1.2

|source 1 = {{cite web |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c00206.htm |title=WMO averages |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127062909/http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c00206.htm |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50 |title=VVC info |access-date=3 April 2018 |language=ru |archive-date=20 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120024949/http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612 |access-date=12 January 2011 |title=Climate monitor 2005–2011 |language=ru |archive-date=17 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217221623/http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php |title=Average monthly Sunshine hours |access-date=12 January 2011 |publisher=Meteoweb.ru |language=ru |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108014500/http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php |url-status=live }}

|date=January 2011

}}

Recent changes in Moscow's regional climate, since it is in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are often cited by climate scientists as evidence of global warming,{{cite web |url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html |title=Data.GISS: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (V4): Global Maps |access-date=13 September 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202101720/https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html |url-status=live }} though by definition, climate change is global, not regional. During the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city (2001, 2002, 2003, 2010, 2011, 2021). Along with a southern part of Central Russia,{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=34123&CONT=euro®ION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |title=Temperature – Voronezh – Climate Robot Russia |work=weatheronline.co.uk |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525004255/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=34123&CONT=euro®ION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=27947&CONT=euro®ION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |title=Temperature – Tambov – Climate Robot Russia |work=weatheronline.co.uk |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525002752/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=27947&CONT=euro®ION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |url-status=live }} after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets hot-summer classification trends. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the average January temperature in the early 1900s was {{convert|-12.0|C}}, while now it is about {{convert|−7.0|C}}.{{cite web |url=https://gezily.com/moskovada-nerede-kalinir |title=where to stay in moscow |publisher=Gezily |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117141540/https://gezily.com/moskovada-nerede-kalinir |url-status=dead }} At the end of January–February it is often colder, with frosts reaching {{convert|−30.0|C}} a few nights per year (2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013).

The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below:

{{Weather box

|location=Moscow (2014–2024, VVC)

|collapsed=

|metric first=yes

|single line=yes

|Jan high C= −4.2

|Feb high C= −1.6

|Mar high C= 4.3

|Apr high C= 11.7

|May high C= 19.3

|Jun high C= 22.9

|Jul high C= 24.4

|Aug high C= 23.7

|Sep high C= 17.0

|Oct high C= 8.7

|Nov high C= 1.8

|Dec high C= −2.0

|year high C=10.5

|Jan mean C= −6.2

|Feb mean C= −3.7

|Mar mean C= 0.8

|Apr mean C= 7.3

|May mean C= 14.1

|Jun mean C= 17.7

|Jul mean C= 19.6

|Aug mean C= 18.8

|Sep mean C= 13.0

|Oct mean C= 6.3

|Nov mean C= 0.3

|Dec mean C= −3.4

|year mean C= 7.1

|Jan low C= −7.9

|Feb low C= −5.8

|Mar low C= −2.7

|Apr low C= 2.9

|May low C= 8.9

|Jun low C= 12.5

|Jul low C= 14.9

|Aug low C= 13.9

|Sep low C= 9.1

|Oct low C= 3.8

|Nov low C= −1.2

|Dec low C= −4.7

|year low C= 3.6

|Jan sun= 37

|Feb sun= 65

|Mar sun= 142

|Apr sun= 213

|May sun= 274

|Jun sun= 299

|Jul sun= 323

|Aug sun= 242

|Sep sun= 171

|Oct sun= 88

|Nov sun= 33

|Dec sun= 14

|source 1= weatheronline.co.uk{{cite web |url=https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162®ION=0006&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2014&LMM=12&LYY=2024 |title=Temperature – Moscow |website=WeatherOnline |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422073042/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162®ION=0006&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2014&LMM=12&LYY=2024 |url-status=live }}

|date=April 2024

}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"

|-

! colspan="8" |Wind direction in Moscow from 2002 to 2012 (average values)

|-

|North

|Northeast

|East

|South East

|Southern

|Southwest

|West

|Northwest

|-

|15%

|6.8%

|7.8%

|12.2%

|12.6%

|14.6%

|16.4%

|14.5%

|-

| colspan="8" | Source: world-weather.ru[http://world-weather.ru/archive/russia/moscow/ world-weather.ru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726055137/http://world-weather.ru/archive/russia/moscow/|date=26 July 2016}}

|}

Moscow is one of the few cities with paleontological monuments of world significance on its territory.{{cite book |author=S. Ju. Malenkina, S. V. Naugolnykh |year=2017 |url=http://www.ginras.ru/materials/files/paleoecology2017.pdf#page=104 |title=Geological and historical monuments of upper streams of the Gorodnya River (Moscow, Bitsa forest). In "Palaeoecology. Methodological basis, factological potential, application for museum expositions" |publisher=Media-Grand |pages=104–120 |language=ru |isbn=978-5-9904241-5-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404160624/http://www.ginras.ru/materials/files/paleoecology2017.pdf#page=104 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |url-status=live }} One of them is the Gorodnya River with its tributaries, on the banks of which outcrops of the Quaternary and older Cretaceous periods are located. Fossils of the bivalve mollusk Inoceramus kleinii and tubular passages of burrowing animals, described in 2017 as a new ichnospecies Skolithos gorodnensis, were discovered in the Coniacian deposits near the stream bed of the Bolshaya Glinka River. Ichnogenera Diplocraterion, Planolites, Skolithos and possibly Ophiomorpha were found in the Albian deposits. Paleolithic flint tools were discovered in the Quaternary deposits of the Bolshaya Glinka stream bed.

In 1878, paleontologist Hermann Trautschold discovered the left flipper of an ichthyosaur near the village of Mnevniki, which later became part of Moscow. In 2014, the animal was named Undorosaurus trautscholdi, after its discoverer. Trautschold determined the age of the sediments from which the specimen was taken to be Kimmeridgian, but, according to more recent studies, they were formed in the Tithonian age of the Jurassic period.{{cite journal |author=Arkhangelsky M. S., Zverkov N. G. |year=2014 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266259363 |title=On a new ichthyosaur of the genus Undorosaurus |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS |volume=318 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.31610/trudyzin/2014.318.3.187 }}

Albian foraminifera and ammonites also known from the Moscow deposits.

Fossils of various organisms are on display in Moscow museums, including the Orlov Museum of Paleontology and Vernadsky State Geological Museum.

{{Historical populations

|1897|1038625

|1926|1995252|1939|4141633|1959|5045905|1970|6941961

|1979|7830509

|1989|8769117|2002|10382754

|2010|11503501

|2021|13010112|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

|source=Censuses{{cite web |title=(USSR) Urban population of the union republics, and their territorial units |url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census.php |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914185606/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census.php |url-status=live }}{{ cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls |title=Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Том. 1, таблица 4. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов - райцентров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203125040/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2012 }}{{ cite web |url=http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/resources/20d7bd804eba60379580f5263284271d/1.10.xlsx |title=Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Итоги по Красноярскому краю. 1.10 Численность населения гор.округов, мун.районов, гор. и сел. поселе |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093629/http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/resources/20d7bd804eba60379580f5263284271d/1.10.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |title=Таблица 5. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, городских округов, муниципальных районов, муниципальных округов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов с населением 3000 человек и более - Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2021 года |access-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2022 }}}}

According to the 2021 Russian census, the population was 13,010,112; up from 11,503,501 in the 2010 Russian census.{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census }}

File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Moscow -diff.png

{{clear}}

{{See also|Ethnic groups in Moscow}}

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Ethnicity

! colspan="11" |Year

|-

!1897{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=831 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161022/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=831 |url-status=live }}{{efn|Taken from language of respondents}}

!1939{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=39 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614185806/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=39 |url-status=live }}

!1959{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_59.php?reg=45 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706161009/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_59.php?reg=45 |url-status=live }}

!1970{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_70.php?reg=18 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614185805/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_70.php?reg=18 |url-status=live }}

!1979{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_79.php?reg=19 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706172633/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_79.php?reg=19 |url-status=live }}

!1989{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_89.php?reg=18 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625132501/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_89.php?reg=18 |url-status=live }}

!2002{{Cite web |date=17 February 2007 |title=NATIONAL COMPOSITION OF POPULATION FOR REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217070612/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2007 |access-date=14 June 2022 }}

! colspan="2" |2010

! colspan="2" |2021{{cite web |title=Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=Federal State Statistics Service |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}

|-

!Number (% of population)

!Number (%)

!Number (%)

!Number (%)

!Number (%)

!Number (%)

!Number (%)

!Number (%)

!% of ethnicity declared

!Number (%)

!% of ethnicity declared

|-

| Russians

|987,044 (95.0%)

|3,614,430

(87.4%)

|4,507,899 (88.6%)

|6,301,247 (89.2%)

|7,146,682 (90.1%)

|7,963,246 (89.7%)

|8,808,009 (84.8%)

|9,930,410 (86.3%)

|91.6%

|9,074,375 (69.7%)

|90.2%

|-

| Tatars

|4,288 (0.1%)

|57,687 (1.4%)

|80,489 (1.6%)

|109,252 (1.5%)

|131,328 (1.7%)

|157,376 (1.8%)

|166,083 (1.6%)

|149,043 (1.3%)

|1.4%

|84,373 (0.6%)

|0.8%

|-

| Armenians

|1,604 (0.1%)

|13,682 (0.3%)

|18,379 (0.4%)

|25,584 (0.4%)

|31,414 (0.4%)

|43,989 (0.5%)

|124,425 (1.2%)

|106,466 (0.9%)

|1.0%

|68,018 (0.5%)

|0.7%

|-

| Ukrainians

|4,478 (0.4%)

|90,479 (2.2%)

|115,489 (2.3%)

|184,885 (2.6%)

|206,875 (2.6%)

|252,670 (2.8%)

|253,644 (2.4%)

|154,104 (1.3%)

|1.4%

|58,788 (0.5%)

|0.6%

|-

| Azerbaijanis

| – (–)

|677 (–)

|2,528 (–)

|4,889 (–)

|7,967 (0.1%)

|20,727 (0.2%)

|95,563 (0.9%)

|57,123 (0.5%)

|0.5%

|37,259 (0.3%)

|0.4%

|-

| Uzbeks

| – (–)

|659 (–)

|2,478 (–)

|5,973 (–)

|4,222 (–)

|9,183 (0.1%)

|9,183 (0.1%)

|35,595 (0.3%)

|0.3%

|29,526 (0.2%)

|0.3%

|-

| Jews

|5,070 (0.4%)

|250,181 (6.0%)

|239,246 (4.7%)

|251,350 (3.6%)

|222,900 (2.8%)

|174,728 (2.0%)

|79,359 (0.8%)

|53,145 (0.5%)

|0.5%

|28,014 (0.2%)

|0.3%

|-

| Georgians

| – (–)

|4,251 (0.1%)

|6,365 (0.1%)

|9,563 (0.1%)

|12,180 (0.2%)

|19,608 (0.2%)

|54,387 (0.5%)

|38,934 (0.3%)

|0.4%

|26,222 (0.2%)

|0.3%

|-

| Tajiks

| – (–)

|184 (–)

|1,005 (–)

|1,652 (–)

|1,221 (–)

|2,893 (–)

|35,385 (0.4%)

|27,280 (0.2%)

|0.2%

|22,783 (0.2%)

|0.2%

|-

| Belarusians

|1,016 (–)

|24,952 (0.6%)

|34,370 (0.7%)

|50,257 (0.7%)

|59,193 (0.7%)

|73,005 (0.8%)

|59,353 (0.6%)

|39,225 (0.3%)

|0.4%

|17,632 (0.1%)

|0.2%

|-

| Kyrgyz

| – (–)

|77 (–)

|– (–)

|– (–)

|1,173 (–)

|3,044 (–)

|4,102 (–)

|18,736 (0.2%)

|0.2%

|16,858 (0.1%)

|0.2%

|-

| Others

|– (–)

|

|76,173 (–)

|

|

|

|

| 225,031 (2.0%)

|2.1%

|595,543 (4.6%)

|5.9%

|-

|No ethnicity declared

| – (–)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|668,409 (5.8%)

|–

|2,950,721 (22.7%)

|–

|-

!Total

!1,038,591 (100%)

!4,137,018 (100%)

!5,085,581 (100%)

!7,061,008

!7,931,602 (100%)

!8,875,579 (100%)

!10,382,754 (100%)

!11,503,501 (100%)

!100% (10,835,092)

!13,010,112 (100%)

!100% (10,059,391)

|}

;

• 668,409 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 |title=Перепись-2010: русских становится больше |publisher=Perepis-2010.ru |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111852/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |url-status=dead }}

The official population of Moscow is based on those holding "permanent residency". According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow holds 1.8 million official "guests" who have temporary residency on the basis of visas or other documentation, giving a legal population of 14.8 million. The number of Illegal immigrants, the vast majority originating from Central Asia, is estimated to be an additional 1 million people,{{cite web |url=http://www.rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html |title="Российская газета" о мигрантах в Москве |date=9 February 2009 |publisher=Rg.ru |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711032510/http://www.rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html |url-status=live }} giving a total population of about 15.8 million.

Vital statistics for 2024:{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |title=Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Rosstat}}

• Births: 120,215 (9.1 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 116,478 (8.9 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2024):{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах {{!}} Москва |url=https://fedpress.ru/article/3365231 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=ФедералПресс |language=ru-RU}}

1.46 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat) |access-date=1 June 2022 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia |archive-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821222854/https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |url-status=live }}

Total — 74.55 years (male — 71.00, female — 77.94)

{{Bar box

|title=Religion in Moscow (2020){{cite web |title=Об оскорблении религиозных чувств |url=https://fom.ru/TSennosti/14494 |publisher=Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation) |language=ru |date=17 November 2020 |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420224528/https://fom.ru/TSennosti/14494 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Об оскорблении религиозных чувств |url=https://fom.ru/posts/download/14494 |publisher=Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation) |language=ru |date=17 November 2020 |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420225121/https://fom.ru/posts/download/14494 |url-status=live }}

|float=left

|bars=

{{Bar percent|Russian Orthodoxy|DarkOrchid|55}}

{{Bar percent|Atheism and irreligion|Black|28}}

{{Bar percent|Islam|Green|8}}

{{Bar percent|Other religions|Red|3}}

{{Bar percent|Other Christians|DeepSkyBlue|2}}

{{Bar percent|Undeclared|Gray|4}}

}}

{{multiple image

| align = right

| perrow = 2

| total_width = 350

| image1 = Moscow July 2011-6a.jpg

| width1 = 530

| height1 = 400

| image2 = Moscow Immaculate Conception Church asv2019-06 img1.jpg

| width2 = 500

| height2 = 400

| image3 = Московская хоральная синагога.jpg

| width3 = 530

| height3 = 400

| image4 = Moscow Cathedral Mosque 01-2016.jpg

| width4 = 500

| height4 = 400

| footer = Clockwise from left: the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, demolished during the Soviet period and reconstructed from 1990–2000; Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception; Moscow Cathedral Mosque; and Moscow Choral Synagogue

}}

Christians form the majority of the city's population; most of whom adhere Russian Orthodox Church. The Patriarch of Moscow serves as the head of the church and resides in the Danilov Monastery. Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40 churches"—prior to 1917. Moscow is Russia's capital of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which has been the country's traditional religion.

Other religions practiced in Moscow include Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Yazidism, and Rodnovery. The Moscow Mufti Council claimed that Muslims numbered around 1.5 million of 10.5 million of the city's population in 2010.{{cite magazine |author=Maxim Kireev |title=Planned Mosque Sparks Controversy in Russia |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,723799,00.html |magazine=Der Spiegel |access-date=8 February 2011 |archive-date=10 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410090113/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,723799,00.html |url-status=live }} There are four mosques in the city.{{cite news |author=Kiran Moodley |title=Eid al-Fitr 2015: Drone shows huge crowds celebrating the end of Ramadan in Moscow |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eid-alfitr-2015-drone-shows-huge-crowds-celebrating-the-end-of-ramadan-in-moscow-10395950.html |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925190139/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eid-alfitr-2015-drone-shows-huge-crowds-celebrating-the-end-of-ramadan-in-moscow-10395950.html |url-status=live }}

{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Moscow}}

File:Museo Estatal de Historia, Moscú, Rusia, 2016-10-03, DD 49.jpg, an example of the Neo-Russian style]]

File:Moscow July 2011-7a.jpg, an example of Neo-Byzantine architecture]]

Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of Saint Basil's Cathedral, with its elegant onion domes, as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters. The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century.

Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries.

The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aurae of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches.

The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated by constant fires and the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style.{{cite book |title=The architecture and planning of classical Moscow: a cultural history |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_STn96Qeg3D4C |last=Schmidt |first=Albert J |publisher=American Philosophical Society |date=1 April 1989 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_STn96Qeg3D4C/page/n24 5]–25 }}

For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of Joseph Stalin's large-scale effort to "modernize" Moscow. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's demolitions was the Sukharev Tower, a longtime city landmark, as well as mansions and commercial buildings. The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply secular nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however, were lost.{{cite journal |title=onlinelibrary.wiley.com |journal=City & Society |volume=10 |pages=269–314 |publisher=onlinelibrary.wiley.com |date=28 June 2008 |doi=10.1525/city.1998.10.1.269 |last1=Khazanov |first1=Anatoly M. |s2cid=145807994 }}

File:0169 - Moskau 2015 - Roter Platz (25795529393).jpg department store, facing the Red Square]]

File:Ostankino Tower, 2015.JPG, the tallest freestanding structure in Europe, and the eighth-tallest in the world]]

While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with VKHUTEMAS, responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was Vladimir Shukhov, famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many hyperboloid towers designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company.{{cite web |url=http://www.stako.ru/static.php?&id=mem_shukhov&lang=eng&data=mem_shukhov |publisher=Melnikov Institute |title=Memorial |access-date=6 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527154019/http://www.stako.ru/static.php?&id=mem_shukhov&lang=eng&data=mem_shukhov |archive-date=27 May 2008 }} Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the GUM department store on Red Square, bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults.

File:Moscow, Hotel Ukraina (30585861673).jpg, Hotel Ukraina, is the tallest hotel in Europe, and one of the tallest hotels in the world.|thumb]]

File:Zhivopisny Bridge1.jpg, the highest cable-stayed bridge in Europe]]

Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called Seven Sisters, seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow's skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the Manhattan Municipal Building in New York City, and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as Stalinist Gothic architecture. All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the Ostankino Tower, which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world's seventy-second tallest, ranking among buildings such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, Taipei 101 in Taiwan and the CN Tower in Toronto.List of tallest buildings in the world

The Soviet goal of providing housing for every family, and the rapid growth of Moscow's population, led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.). They are usually badly maintained.

Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have elevators. It is estimated that Moscow has over twice as many elevators as New York City and four times as many as Chicago. Moslift, one of the city's major elevator operating companies, has about 1500 elevator mechanics on call, to release residents trapped in elevators.{{citation |url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/12/the-elevator-rescue-teams-of-moscow.html |date=4 December 2012 |title=The Elevator-Rescue Teams of Moscow |first=Sally |last=McGrane |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329031821/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/12/the-elevator-rescue-teams-of-moscow.html |url-status=live }}

Stalinist-era buildings, mostly found in the central part of the city, are massive and usually ornamented with Socialist realism motifs that imitate classical themes. However, small churches—almost always Eastern Orthodox–found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old Arbat Street, a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist façades of Tverskaya Street, for example) are also examples of bourgeois architecture typical of Tsarist times. Ostankino Palace, Kuskovo, Uzkoye and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some convents, and monasteries, both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists.

File:Москва, Россия (Unsplash -kgrPSetNW8).jpg.]]

Attempts are being made to restore many of the city's best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These restored structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet avant-garde work too, such as the house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for alleged disrespect of historical authenticity. Facadism is also widely practiced.{{cite web |url=http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single |title=Moscow Architecture Preservation Society |publisher=Maps-moscow.com |date=17 April 2006 |access-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111182743/http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single |archive-date=11 January 2008 }} Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi-Modernist styles employed, such as with the Novy Arbat project, familiarly known as "false teeth of Moscow" and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in central Moscow involved in the project.

File:Borovitskaya square1.jpg and Pashkov House]]

Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well known outside (or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia. There are also many "museum houses" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city.

Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing, with several new towers under construction.

In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/arts-and-culture/2007/11/moscow-russia-buildings |title=Appetite for destruction |magazine=New Statesman |date=29 November 2007 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=29 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629011125/http://www.newstatesman.com/arts-and-culture/2007/11/moscow-russia-buildings |url-status=live }} to make space for luxury apartments and hotels.{{cite web |url=http://www.zagraevsky.com/moscow_engl.htm |title=Dr. Sergey Zagraevsky. Photogallery of the most serious violations of historical environment of Moscow in the last decade |publisher=Zagraevsky.com |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718150635/http://www.zagraevsky.com/moscow_engl.htm |url-status=live }} Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics blame the government for not enforcing conservation laws: in the last 12 years, more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century.{{cite web |url=http://www.gif.ru/eng/news/maps-third/ |title=Art of Russia – The third bulletin of the Moscow Architectural Preservation Society (MAPS) |publisher=Gif.ru |date=13 July 2004 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044427/http://www.gif.ru/eng/news/maps-third/ |url-status=dead }} Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov{{cite news |author=Close |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1580263,00.html |title=Eastern blocks |access-date=5 May 2009 |location=London |date=29 September 2005 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=4 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304212153/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1580263,00.html |url-status=live }} and Mayakovskaya metro station.

Some organizations, such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society{{Cite web |url=http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111182743/http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single |url-status=dead |title=Moscow Architecture Preservation Society |archive-date=11 January 2008 }} and Save Europe's Heritage,{{cite web |url=http://www.savebritainsheritage.org/english/english.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102100135/http://www.savebritainsheritage.org/english/english.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2008 |title=Save Europe's Heritage |date=2 November 2008 }} are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems.{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/82C2116A-568F-4413-A9AF-5528525AEE75.html |title=[Russia: Moscow's Architectural Heritage Under Threat] – [Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008] |publisher=Rferl.org |date=22 May 2007 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=15 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615211819/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/82c2116a-568f-4413-a9af-5528525aee75.html |url-status=live }}

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{{See also|List of Moscow tourist attractions}}

{{wide image|Panorama 360 Red Square edit.jpg|1500px|align-cap=center|Red Square is a World Heritage Site.}}

There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four botanical gardens. There are {{convert|450|km2|sqmi}} of green zones besides {{convert|100|km2|sqmi}} of forests.{{cite web |url=http://www.mos.ru/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9SP0o83hXN1e3QHMPIwMDl1BLAyM_y5AAEy8zQwMnI_3InNT0xORK_Qj9KDMkdaauxiB1JkD1fkYG_ob6BTmuigB2wqj-?nID=6_EFEFQ7H2005E302N94DU9N20O1&cID=6_EFEFQ7H2005E302N94DU9N20O1&rubricId=1716&documentId=42215 |script-title=ru:СТОЛИЦА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ЦИФР, ФАКТОВ И СОБЫТИЙ |publisher=Moscow government |access-date=28 April 2010 |language=ru}} {{dead link|date=March 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic }} Moscow is a very green city, if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and North America; this is partly due to a history of having green "yards" with trees and grass, between residential buildings. There are on average {{convert|27|m2|sp=us}} of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for Paris, 7.5 in London and 8.6 in New York.{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.screen.ru/moscow/zelen.htm Green dress of Moscow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727132007/http://www.screen.ru/moscow/zelen.htm |date=27 July 2013 }}

File:Moscow Gorky Park main portal 08-2016 img1.jpg|alt=]]

Gorky Park (officially the Central Park of Culture and Rest named after Maxim Gorky), was founded in 1928. The main part ({{convert|689,000|m2|acre|disp=or|abbr=off}}) along the Moskva river contains estrades, children's attractions (including the Observation Wheel water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the Neskuchny Garden ({{convert|408,000|m2|acre|disp=or|abbr=off}}), the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand people.{{cite web |url=http://mosday.ru/photos/?neskuchniy |title=Neskuchniy Garden |publisher=Mosday.ru |access-date=10 June 2012 |archive-date=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424133353/http://mosday.ru/photos/?neskuchniy |url-status=live }} Several parks include a section known as a "Park of Culture and Rest", sometimes alongside a much wilder area (this includes parks such as Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki). Some parks are designated as Forest Parks (lesopark).

File:Island of Dreams2.jpg, the largest indoor theme park in Europe]]

Izmaylovsky Park, created in 1931, is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with Richmond Park in London. Its area of {{convert|15.34|km2|sqmi}} is six times greater than that of Central Park in New York.

Bauman Garden, officially founded in 1920 and renamed in 1922 after the bolshevik Nikolay Bauman, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow. It is standing on the site of the former Golitsyn estate and eighteenth-century public garden.{{cite book |last1=Vostryshev |first1=M.I. |last2=Shokarev |first2=S.Y. |date=2011 |script-title=ru:Вся Москва от А до Я. Энциклопедия |trans-title=Moscow from A to Z. Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ontKDwAAQBAJ |language=ru |location= |publisher=Алгоритм |isbn=978-5-4320-0001-9 |pages=57–58 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213053142/https://books.google.com/books?id=ontKDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}

File:Novodevichy Convent Night.jpg is a World Heritage Site.|alt=]] Sokolniki Park, named after the falcon hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of {{convert|6|km2|sqmi}}. A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple, and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds.

Losiny Ostrov National Park ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than {{convert|116|km2|sqmi}}, borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is quite wild, and is also known as the "city taiga" – elk can be seen there.

File:Церковь Вознесения Господня в Коломенском (19.08.2018).jpg is a World Heritage Site.]]

Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe.{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.gbsad.ru/ The Official Site of the Main Moscow Botanical Garden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624024714/http://www.gbsad.ru/ |date=24 June 2012 }}. Retrieved on 18 July 2006. It covers the territory of {{convert|3.61|km2|sqmi}} bordering the All-Russia Exhibition Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand species of plants from around the world, as well as a lab for scientific research. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than {{convert|5,000|m2|0|abbr=off}} of land.

The All-Russian Exhibition Center (Всероссийский выставочный центр), formerly known as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), though officially named a "permanent trade show", is one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era monumental architecture. Among the large spans of a recreational park, areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a branch of Soviet industry and science or a USSR republic. Even though during the 1990s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping center (most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains (Stone Flower and Friendship of Nations) and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. In 2014 the park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy, and in the same year, huge renovation works had been started.{{cite web |url=http://vdnh.ru/en/about/ |title=About VDNH |work=vdnh.ru |access-date=25 June 2016 |archive-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112200308/http://vdnh.ru/en/about/ |url-status=dead }}

Lilac Park, founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium. Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square,UNESCO considers the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square to be part of a single World Heritage Site. See also [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 UNESCO's profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906015318/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 |date=6 September 2017 }} on this site. which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries.{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 |title=Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow |access-date=15 July 2006 |publisher=UNESCO |work=World Heritage List |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906015318/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 |url-status=live }} The Church of the Ascension at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction.{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/634 |title=Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye |access-date=15 July 2006 |publisher=UNESCO |work=World Heritage List |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512044135/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/634/ |url-status=live }}

Near the new Tretyakov Gallery there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called "the graveyard of fallen monuments" that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution.

Other attractions include the Moscow Zoo, a zoological garden in two sections (the valleys of two streams) linked by a bridge, with nearly a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens.{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowzoo.ru/ |title=General Information |publisher=Moscow Zoo |access-date=15 July 2006 |archive-date=12 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712103540/http://www.moscowzoo.ru/ |url-status=live }} Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors. Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments.

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Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings").

1. The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso (Boulevard Ring), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called Bely Gorod (White Town).{{cite web |url=http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf |title=Along the Moscow Golden Ring |publisher=Moscow, Russia Tourist Information center |access-date=5 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723084926/http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2006 }} The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a horseshoe-shaped arc that begins at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the Yauza River.
2. The second primary ring, located outside the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso (Garden Ring). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th-century wall that used to encompass part of Moscow. File:ISS-38 Nighttime image of Moscow, Russia.jpg, 29 January 2014]]
3. The Third Ring Road, was completed in 2003 as a high-speed freeway.
4. The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, was planned, but cancelled in 2011. A system of chordal highways will replace it.

Aside from the aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of Moscow Metro is a circle-shaped looped subway line (hence the name Koltsevaya Liniya, literally "ring line"), which is located between the Sadovoye Koltso and Third Transport Ring.

Two modern overlapping lines of Moscow Metro form "two hearts":

• Line 14. Since 10 September 2016, Moscow Central Circle renovated railroad (former Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga) was introduced as Line 14 of Moscow Metro. The cone-shaped railroad initially opened in 1908 (freight-only railway from 1934 until the 2016 reopening).
• Line 11. Another circle metro line - Big Circle Line (Bolshaya Koltsevaya Liniya) is under construction and will be finished in 2023. Kakhovskaya-Savyolovskaya western half of the line was launched in late 2021.

The outermost ring within Moscow is the Moscow Ring Road (often called MKAD, acronym word for Russian Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога), which forms the cultural boundary of the city, and was established in the 1950s. It is to note the method of building the road (usage of ground elevation instead of concrete columns throughout the whole way) formed a wall-like barrier that obstacles building roads under the MKAD highway itself).

• Before 2012 expansion of Moscow, MKAD was considered an approximate border for Moscow boundaries.

Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits, with the notable examples of Betonka roads (highways A107 and A108), originally made of concrete pads.

In order to reduce transit traffic on MKAD, the new ring road (called CKAD - Centralnaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga, Central Ring Road) is now under construction beyond the MKAD.

{| class="wikitable sortable"

! Length

! Name

! Type

|-

| 9 km || Boulevard Ring – Bulvarnoye Koltso (not a full ring) || Road

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| 16 km || Garden Ring – Sadovoye Koltso ("B") || Road

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| 19 km || Koltsevaya line (Line 5) || Metro

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| 35 km || Third Ring Road – Third Transport Ring – Tretye Transportnoye Koltso (TTK) || Road

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| 54 km || Little Ring of the Moscow Railway, re-opened as Moscow Central Circle (MCC) – Line 14 || Railway

|-

| 20.2 km || Bolshaya Koltsevaya line – Line 11 || Metro

|-

| 109 km || Moscow Automobile Ring Road – Moskovskaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga (MKAD) || Road

|}

One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery, which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov, a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city.{{cite web |url=http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/ |title=The Official site of the Tretyakov Gallery |publisher=Tretyakovgallery.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=21 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221163028/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/ |url-status=dead }} The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition.{{cite web |url=http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/about.shtml |title=About The State Tretyakov Gallery |access-date=10 July 2006 |publisher=The State Tretyakov Gallery |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927110355/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/about.shtml |archive-date=27 September 2007 }} The works of famous pre-Revolutionary painters, such as Ilya Repin, as well as the works of early Russian icon painters can be found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century iconographer Andrei Rublev.

The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of Vladimir Tatlin's famous Monument to the Third International and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like Kazimir Malevich and Wassily Kandinsky. Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.

File:Gmii.jpg|alt=]]

Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, which was founded by, among others, the father of Marina Tsvetaeva. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the British Museum in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts paintings from every major Western era; works by Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne, and Pablo Picasso are present in the museum's collection.

The State Historical Museum of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million. The Polytechnical Museum,See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716112000/http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ |date=16 July 2006 }} Retrieved on 23 July 2006. ([http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ English version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716112000/http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ |date=16 July 2006 }} ) founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items.{{cite web |url=http://eng.polymus.ru/?s=19&lvl=1 |title=The Museum Collections |publisher=Polytechnical Museum |access-date=4 August 2006 |archive-date=19 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719045139/http://eng.polymus.ru/?s=19&lvl=1 |url-status=dead }} The Borodino Panorama{{cite web |url=http://www.1812panorama.ru/ |title=The official site of Borodino Panorama museum |publisher=1812panorama.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608214523/http://www.1812panorama.ru/ |url-status=live }} museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° diorama. It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon's army, that includes also the triumphal arch, erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum that includes statues, and military hardware.

Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics under the Monument to the Conquerors of Space at the end of Cosmonauts Alley is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials.

The Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect Alexey Shchusev near the Kremlin area.

Moscow will get its own branch of the Hermitage Museum in 2024, with authorities having agreed upon the final project, to be executed by Hani Rashid, co-founder of New York-based 'Asymptote Architecture' - the same bureau that is behind the city's stock market building, the Busan-based World Business Center Solomon Tower and the Strata Tower in Abu-Dhabi.{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/334157-moscow-own-hermitage-museum |title=Moscow is getting its own Hermitage Museum! (PICS) |last=Sinelschikova |first=Yekaterina |work=Russia Beyond |date=2 September 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920003340/https://www.rbth.com/arts/334157-moscow-own-hermitage-museum |url-status=live }}

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Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including ballet and film, with 68 museums{{cite web |url=http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html# |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150702180223/http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 July 2015 |title=Russian Ministry of Culture official statistics }} 103{{cite web |url=http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html# |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150702180223/http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 July 2015 |title=Russian Ministry of Culture official stats |access-date=2 December 2015 }} theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls. Among Moscow's theaters and ballet studios is the Bolshoi Theatre and the Malyi Theatre{{cite web |url=https://www.moscovery.com/state-academic-maly-theatre/ |title=State Academic Maly Theatre |date=8 July 2016 |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925230442/https://www.moscovery.com/state-academic-maly-theatre/ |url-status=dead }} as well as Vakhtangov Theatre and Moscow Art Theatre.

The Moscow International Performance Arts Center,{{cite web |url=http://www.mmdm.ru/en |title=The Official Site of the Moscow International Performance Arts Centre |publisher=Mmdm.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513131136/http://www.mmdm.ru/en/ |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead }} opened in 2003, also known as Moscow International House of Music, is known for its performances in classical music. It has the largest organ in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall.

There are also two large circuses in Moscow: Moscow State Circus and Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy BoulevardSee also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.circusnikulin.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Nikulun Circus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717153240/http://www.circusnikulin.ru/ |date=17 July 2006 }}. Retrieved on 17 July 2006. named after Yuri Nikulin.

The Mosfilm studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions.{{cite web |url=http://www.mosfilm.ru/index.php?File=units/eng/history.htm&Style=text&Lang=eng |title=History of the Mosfilm concern studios foundation |publisher=MosFilm |access-date=10 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927063958/http://www.mosfilm.ru/index.php?File=units%2Feng%2Fhistory.htm&Style=text&Lang=eng |archive-date=27 September 2007 }} However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema{{cite web |url=http://www.museikino.ru/ |title=The Official Site of the Museum of Cinema |language=ru |publisher=Museikino.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626132633/http://www.museikino.ru/ |url-status=live }} collection are shown regularly. International film festivals such as the Moscow International Film Festival, Stalker, Artdocfest, and Moscow Jewish Film Festival are staged in Moscow.

{{See also|Football in Moscow}}

File:LuzhnikiStadium.jpg hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics and the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final.]]

File:Sparrow_Hills_fanzone_2018.jpg fanzone during 2018 FIFA World Cup]]

File:Moscow 05-2017 img48 Olimpiysky Arena.jpg was built for the 1980 Summer Olympics.]]

Over 500 Olympic sports champions lived in the city by 2005.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4626831.stm |title=The mood in Moscow |work=BBC News |date=3 July 2005 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=26 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526121800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4626831.stm |url-status=live }} Moscow is home to 63 stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which Luzhniki Stadium is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the 1998–99 UEFA Cup, 2007–08 UEFA Champions League finals, the 1980 Summer Olympics, and the 2018 FIFA World Cup with 7 games total, including the final). Forty other sports complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial ice. The Olympic Stadium was the world's first indoor arena for bandy and hosted the Bandy World Championship twice.Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/cwttEMCM-Y8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110125202043/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwttEMCM-Y8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwttEMCM-Y8 |title=Russia grabs World Bandy Championship |publisher=YouTube |access-date=15 June 2010}}{{cbignore }} Moscow was again the host of the competition in 2010, this time in Krylatskoye.{{cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/2/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/2/%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=qyW7UPq6KKri4QS03YE4&ved=0CC4Q7gEwAA |title=Google Translate |publisher=Translate.google.se |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525002747/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F2%2F&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F2%2F%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=qyW7UPq6KKri4QS03YE4&ved=0CC4Q7gEwAA |url-status=live }} That arena has also hosted the World Speed Skating Championships. There are also seven horse racing tracks in Moscow, of which Central Moscow Hippodrome,See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.cmh.ru/ The Official Site of the Central Moscow Hippodrome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325082648/http://www.cmh.ru/ |date=25 March 2008 }} founded in 1834, is the largest.

File:CSKA Arena (Quintin Soloviev).jpg during a game of KHL, considered to be the second-best ice hockey league in the world]]

Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics, with the yachting events being held at Tallinn, in present-day Estonia. Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had made a bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, when final voting commenced on 6 July 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to London.

The most titled ice hockey team in the Soviet Union and in the world, HC CSKA Moscow comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow are HC Dynamo Moscow, which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, and HC Spartak Moscow.

The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled Euroleague clubs, is the basketball club from Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow. Moscow hosted the EuroBasket in 1953 and 1965.

Moscow had more winners at the USSR and Russian Chess Championship than any other city.

The most titled volleyball team in the Soviet Union and in Europe (CEV Champions League) is VC CSKA Moscow.

In football, FC Spartak Moscow has won more championship titles in the Russian Premier League than any other team. They were second only to FC Dynamo Kyiv in Soviet times. PFC CSKA Moscow became the first Russian football team to win a UEFA title, the UEFA Cup (present-day UEFA Europa League). FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow and FC Torpedo Moscow are other professional football teams also based in Moscow.

File:Стадион «Лукойл Арена» в Москве (08.01.2024) 01.jpg|Lukoil Arena, home of FC Spartak Moscow

File:Arena CSKA.jpg|VEB Arena, home of PFC CSKA Moscow

File:VTB Arena8.jpg|VTB Arena, home of FC Dynamo Moscow and HC Dynamo Moscow

File:Lokomotiv Stadium.jpg|RZD Arena, home of FC Lokomotiv Moscow

Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. Because sports organisations in the Soviet Union were once highly centralized, two of the best Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces (CSKA) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Dinamo). There were army and police teams in most major cities. As a result, Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo were among the best-funded teams in the USSR.

The Irina Viner-Usmanova Gymnastics Palace is located in the Luzniki Olympic Complex. The building works started in 2017 and the opening ceremony took place on 18 June 2019. The investor of the Palace is the billionaire Alisher Usmanov, husband of the former gymnast and gymnastics coach Irina Viner-Usmanova. The total surface of the building is 23,500 m², which include 3 fitness rooms, locker rooms, rooms reserved for referees and coaches, saunas, a canteen, a cafeteria, 2 ball halls, a Medical center, a hall reserved for journalists, and a hotel for athletes.See also: [http://en.investmoscow.ru/calendar-of-events/2019-06/21sergey-sobyanin-otkryl-dvorets-gimnastiki-v-luzhnikakh/Article about the Palace of Gymnastics on the Moscow Investment Portal] {{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Because of Moscow's cold local climate, winter sports have a following. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing and frozen ponds for skating.

File:2018 World Cup Final - France v Croatia - 1st Half.jpg in Moscow, which hosted games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup]]

Moscow hosts the annual Kremlin Cup, a popular tennis tournament on both the WTA and ATP tours. It is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year.

SC Olimpiyskiy hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, the first and so far the only Eurovision Song Contest arranged in Russia.

Slava Moscow is a professional rugby club, competing in the national Professional Rugby League. Former rugby league heavyweights RC Lokomotiv have entered the same league {{As of|2011|lc=y}}. The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens.

In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times Russian League champions Dynamo Moscow. They have also won the World Cup thrice and European Cup six times.

MFK Dinamo Moskva is one of the major futsal clubs in Europe, having won the Futsal Champions League title once.

When Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the Luzhniki Stadium got an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that have been built: the Dynamo Stadium, and the Spartak Stadium, although the first one later was dismissed from having World Cup matches.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Club !! Founded !! League !! League Rank !! Stadium

|-

| Spartak Moscow || 1922 || Premier League || 1st || Lukoil Arena

|-

| CSKA Moscow || 1911 || Premier League || 1st || VEB Arena

|-

| Lokomotiv Moscow || 1923 || Premier League || 1st || RZD Arena

|-

| Dynamo Moscow || 1923 || Premier League || 1st || VTB Arena

|-

| Torpedo Moscow || 1924 || First League || 2nd || Eduard Streltsov Stadium

|-

| Rodina Moscow || 2015 || First League || 2nd || Spartakovets Stadium

|-

| Veles Moscow || 2016 || Second League || 3rd || Avangard Stadium

|}

{{See also|List of shopping malls in Moscow}}

File:Arbat Street in MSK.jpg, in the historical centre of Moscow]]

The city is full of clubs, restaurants, and bars. Tverskaya Street is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow.

The adjoining Tretyakovsky Proyezd, also south of Tverskaya Street, in Kitai-gorod, is host to upmarket boutique stores such as Bulgari, Tiffany & Co., Armani, Prada and Bentley.{{cite news |url=http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/show/497 |title=Go Magazine |newspaper=The Moscow Times |access-date=20 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220063958/http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/show/497 |archive-date=20 February 2007 }} Nightlife in Moscow has moved on since Soviet times and today the city has many of the world's largest nightclubs.{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/06/13/moscow-city-that-never-sleeps-a65948 |title=Moscow: The City That Never Sleeps |date=3 June 2019 |publisher=The Moscow Times |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504044143/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/06/13/moscow-city-that-never-sleeps-a65948 |url-status=live }} The hottest area is located around the old chocolate factory, where bars, nightclubs, galleries, cafés and restaurants are placed.{{cite web |url=https://www.n1ght.com/en/blog/article/moscow-nightlife-best-party-spots |title=Moscow Nightlife: The Best Party Spots |date=19 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124231936/https://www.n1ght.com/en/blog/article/moscow-nightlife-best-party-spots |archive-date=24 November 2015 }}

Dream Island is an amusement park in Moscow that opened on 29 February 2020.{{cite news |url=https://iz.ru/703885/2018-02-03/park-ostrov-mechty-otkroetsia-v-moskve-v-2019-godu |title=Парк "Остров мечты" откроется в Москве в 2019 году |date=3 February 2018 |language=ru |newspaper=Izvestia |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135532/https://iz.ru/703885/2018-02-03/park-ostrov-mechty-otkroetsia-v-moskve-v-2019-godu |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.themeparx.com/dream-island-moscow/ |title=Dream Island Moscow |website=Theme Park Construction Board |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421072549/https://www.themeparx.com/dream-island-moscow |url-status=live }} It is the largest indoor theme park in Europe.

The park covers 300,000 square meters. The complex includes a landscaped park along with a concert hall, a cinema, a hotel, a children's sailing school, restaurants, and shops.

File:Tverskaya13 Moscow 06-2015.jpg]]

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Moscow is an independent federal subject of the Russian Federation, a city of federal importance.

The Mayor of Moscow is the leading official in the executive, leading the Government of Moscow, which is the highest organ of executive power.

The Moscow City Duma is the city duma (city council or local parliament) and local laws must be approved by it. It includes 45 members who are elected for a five-year term on single-mandate constituency basis.

From 2006 to 2012, direct elections of the mayor were not held due to changes in the Charter of the city of Moscow, with the mayor appointed by presidential decree. The first direct elections from the time of the 2003 vote were to be held after the expiration of the current mayor in 2015, however, in connection with his resignation of his own free will, they took place in September 2013.

Local administration is carried out through eleven prefectures, uniting the districts of Moscow into administrative districts on a territorial basis, and 125 regional administrations. According to the law "On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow", since the beginning of 2003, the executive bodies of local self-government are municipalities, representative bodies are municipal assemblies, whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of the intracity municipality.

File:Дом правительства РФ.jpg]]

In Moscow, as in a city endowed with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the legislative, executive, and judicial federal authorities of the country are located, with the exception of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which has been located in Saint Petersburg since 2008.

The supreme executive authority – the Government of the Russian Federation – is located in the House of the Government of the Russian Federation (the White House) on Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment in the center of Moscow. The State Duma sits on Okhotny Ryad. The Federation Council is located in a building on Bolshaya Dmitrovka. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is also located in Moscow.

The Moscow Kremlin is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The president's working residence in the Kremlin is located in the Senate Palace.

File:Police bmw.jpg of the Moscow Police on patrol]]

In a ranking of the safest cities by The Economist in 2021, Moscow occupied the 38th position with a score of 62.5 points.{{Cite web |url=https://impact.economist.com/projects/safe-cities/ |title=Safe Cities Index 2021 | NEC |website=www.nec.com |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003004430/https://www.nec.com/en/global/ad/safecitiesindex2019/index.html |url-status=live }} The general level of crime is quite low.{{Cite web |url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/in/Moscow |title=Crime in Moscow |website=www.numbeo.com |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002230229/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/in/Moscow |url-status=live }} More than 170,000 surveillance cameras in Moscow are connected to the facial recognition system. The authorities recognized the successful two-month experiment with automatic recognition of faces, gender, and age of people in real-time – and deployed the system to the whole city. The network of video surveillance unites access video cameras (95% of residential apartment buildings in the capital), cameras in the territory and in buildings of schools and kindergartens, at the MCC stations, stadiums, public transport stops, and bus stations, in parks, underground passages.{{Cite web |url=https://geeks-world.github.io/articles/407023/index.html |title=In Moscow, the face recognition system will work through CCTV cameras |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623084209/https://geeks-world.github.io/articles/407023/index.html |archive-date=23 June 2020 |url-status=dead }}

The emergency numbers are the same as in all the other regions of Russia: 112 is the Single Emergency Number, 101 is the number of the Fire Service and Ministry of Emergency Situations, 102 is the Police one, 103 is the ambulance one, 104 is the Emergency Gas number.{{Cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/26869073/ |title=Ambulance, police and Emergencies Ministry: Who to call in case of emergency |date=2 September 2017 |website=Moscow City Web Site |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091140/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/26869073/ |url-status=dead }} Moscow's EMS is the second most efficient one among the world's megacities, as reported by PwC during the presentation of the international study Analysis of EMS Efficiency in Megacities of the World.{{Cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/63830073/ |title=Moscow's EMS ranks as the second most efficient in the world |date=24 October 2019 |website=Moscow City Web Site |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091142/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/63830073/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Main|Administrative divisions of Moscow}}

{| border=1 align="right" class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em; font-size: 95%;"

! style="padding-left:50px; background:#ccf" | Federal city of Moscow

| width="50px" | File:Coat of Arms of Moscow.svg

|-

| City administrative divisions|| 12

|-

| City districts|| 125

|-

| City settlements|| 21

|}

{|

|-

|Colspan=2|Moscow is divided into 12 administrative districts:

|rowspan=3|File:Msk all districts.svg

|-

|

1. Central Administrative Okrug
2. Northern Administrative Okrug
3. North-Eastern Administrative Okrug
4. Eastern Administrative Okrug
5. South-Eastern Administrative Okrug
6. Southern Administrative Okrug
7. South-Western Administrative Okrug
8. Western Administrative Okrug
9. North-Western Administrative Okrug
10. Zelenogradsky Administrative Okrug
11. Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug
12. Troitsky Administrative Okrug

|}

File:Moscow territory 1922 1995.gif

The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor (Sergey Sobyanin). The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 125 districts.

The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th century when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development when strong fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings, laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital.

The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However, contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the MKAD, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of Zelenograd. A part of Moscow Oblast's territory was merged into Moscow on 1 July 2012; as a result, Moscow is no longer fully surrounded by Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with Kaluga Oblast.Official website of the Government of Moscow. [http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/ Draft of adopted measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the expansion of the borders of Moscow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821063010/http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/ |date=21 August 2011 }} {{in lang|ru }} In all, Moscow gained about {{convert|1500|km2|sp=us}} and 230,000 inhabitants. Moscow's Mayor Sergey Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help Moscow and the neighboring region, a "mega-city" of twenty million people, to develop "harmonically".

All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms and flags as well as individual heads of the area.

In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the Botanical Garden, large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the Chinatowns that exist in some North American and East Asian cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious.{{cite web |script-title=ru:Цены на Квартиры в Москве по Административным Районам и Станциям Метро |url=http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/ |work=Metrinfo.ru |access-date=27 September 2010 |language=ru |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227235220/http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/ |url-status=live }}

Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of Moscow Oblast, although the city itself is not a part of the oblast.According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the government bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially named the administrative centre of the oblast.

{{See also|Economy of Russia}}

{|class="toc" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"

|-

| colspan="6" style="background:tan;"|Largest private companies based
in Moscow
(ranked by 2019 revenues)

|- style="background:#ccc;"

|| Moscow|||| style="background:#ccc;"|corporation|||| style="background:#ccc;"|Russia

|-

| 1||||Lukoil||||1

|-

| 2|||| X5 Retail Group|||||3

|-

| 3||||Novatek||||6

|-

| 4||||Nornickel||||9

|-

| 5|||| UC Rusal||||11

|-

| 6|||| Sibur||||13

|-

| 7|||| SUEK||||15

|-

| 8||||MTS||||17

|-

| 9||||Metalloinvest|||||18

|-

| 10||||EuroChem||||21

|-

| 11||||MegaFon||||22

|-

| 12||||M.video||||24

|-

| 13||||TMK||||25

|-

| 14||||Mechel||||26

|-

|colspan="5"|Source: Forbes{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.ru//rating/383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes |title=200 крупнейших частных компаний России — 2019. Рейтинг Forbes | Бизнес |date=16 September 2019 |website=Forbes.ru |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027224136/https://www.forbes.ru/rating/383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes |url-status=live }}

|}

Moscow has one of the largest municipal economies in Europe and it accounts more than one-fifth of Russia's gross domestic product (GDP).{{cite news |last=Arkhipov |first=Ilya |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-28/medvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html |title=Medvedev Fires Moscow Mayor Luzhkov After Conflict |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=28 September 2010 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202151836/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-28/medvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html |url-status=live }} {{As of|2021}}, the GRP of Moscow reached almost ₽24.5 trillion(US$332 billion).{{cite web |url=https://77.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202021%20%D0%B3..htm |title="GRP volume at current basic prices (billion rubles)" |publisher=rosstat.gov.ru |access-date=14 April 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414173212/https://77.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202021%20%D0%B3..htm |url-status=live }} GMP of Moscow Region was ₽31.3 trillion or around US$425 billion.

File:Moscow Exhacnge main building.jpg]]

The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽123,688{{cite web |title=Среднемесячная номинальная начисленная заработная плата работников в целом по экономике Российской Федерации в 1991-2022 гг. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries |access-date= |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319154712/https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries |url-status=live }} (US$2,000), which is around twice the national average of ₽66,572 (US$1,000), and one of the highest among the federal subjects of Russia.

Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world,{{cite web |author=Giacomo Tognini |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |title=World's Richest Cities: The Top 10 Cities Billionaires Call Home |work=Forbes |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407105020/https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |url-status=live }} and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe. It is the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as oil giant Rosneft. Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country.{{cite web |url=http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/A0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC/0/w201042.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5tmjrHFzM?url=http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/A0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC/0/w201042.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2010 |title=BOFIT Weekly 42/2010 |publisher=Bank of Finland's Institute for Economies in Transition |date=22 October 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 October 2010 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables%5CUROV-7.htm |publisher=Federal Service on State Statistics |title=Average monthly salaries |access-date=7 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824030354/http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables/UROV-7.htm |archive-date=24 August 2007 }} Since the 1998 Russian financial crisis, business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption still hinder business development.

Primary industries in Moscow include the chemical, metallurgy, food, textile, furniture, energy production, software development and machinery industries.

The Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant is a manufacturer of military and civil helicopters. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations Mir, Salyut and the ISS as well as Proton launch vehicles and military ICBMs. Sukhoi, Ilyushin, Mikoyan, Tupolev and Yakovlev aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. NPO Energomash, producing the rocket engines for Russian and American space programs, as well as Lavochkin design bureau, which built fighter planes during WWII, but switched to space probes since the Space Race, are in nearby Khimki, an independent city in Moscow Oblast that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. Automobile plants ZiL and AZLK, as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and Metrovagonmash metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The Poljot Moscow watch factory produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad.

The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery{{cite web |url=http://eng.kristall.ru/ |title=The Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery |publisher=Eng.kristall.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528082514/http://eng.kristall.ru/ |archive-date=28 May 2012 }} is the oldest distillery in Russia producing vodka types, including "Stolichnaya" while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery.See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.mmvz.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010220092957/http://www.mmvz.ru/ |date=20 February 2001 }}. Retrieved on 7 July 2006. The Moscow Jewelry FactorySee also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.miuz.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702194811/http://www.miuz.ru/ |date=2 July 2006 }}. Retrieved on 7 July 2006. and the JewellerpromSee also: {{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20100218032111/http://www.jewellerprom.ru/ The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom]. Retrieved on 7 July 2006, are producers of jewelry in Russia.

There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including Ruselectronics companies.

Gazprom, the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the largest Russian company, has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas, and electricity companies.

Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of telecommunications and technology companies, including 1C, ABBYY, Beeline, Kaspersky Lab, Mail.Ru Group, MegaFon, MTS, Rambler&Co, Rostelecom, Yandex, and Yota.

Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city.

{{See also|Hotels in Moscow}}

File:Moscow 09-13 img11 Tretyakovsky Passage.jpg]]

File:2019-07-25-3032-Moscow-Nikolskaya-Street.jpg|alt=|left]]

File:Mitino-3_from_d40_2011-09N28.jpg in Mitino built in the 1990s]]

During Soviet times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes, and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). Private ownership of apartments was limited until the 1990s when people were permitted to secure property rights to their inhabited places. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area.

The price of real estate in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4,000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft) on the outskirts of the city{{cite web |url=http://waybackmachine.org/*/http://rus.intermark.ru/about-us/press/mt_20_10/ |title=US$4,500 for a Square Meter of Apartment Space. The Moscow Times |publisher=Waybackmachine.org |date=19 July 2011 |access-date=10 June 2012 }} or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat.{{Cite web |url=https://regnum.ru/news/643249.html |title=Преодолен абсолютный рекорд роста цен на недвижимость: московский стройкомплекс в зеркале СМИ |website=ИА REGNUM |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410052915/https://regnum.ru/news/643249.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Humphries |first=Conor |title=Dividing the Spoils of the Boom |url=http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817152833/http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13 |archive-date=17 August 2007 |newspaper=The Moscow Times |date=20 June 2006 |access-date=14 July 2006 }}{{cite web |url=http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006 |title=Costs of realty in Moscow (2006) |publisher=Mosday.ru |language=ru |access-date=4 August 2006 |archive-date=2 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702171121/http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006 |url-status=live }} It costs about US$1,200 per month to rent a one-bedroom apartment and about US$1,000 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow.

A typical one-bedroom apartment is about {{convert|30|m2|sqft|spell=in|lk=out|abbr=off}}, a typical two-bedroom apartment is {{convert|45|m2|sqft|spell=in|abbr=off}}, and a typical three-bedroom apartment is {{convert|70|m2|sqft|spell=in|abbr=off}}. Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in dachas (country houses) outside the city.

In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's most expensive city for expatriate employees, ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable Russian ruble as well as increasing housing prices within the city.{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm |last=Sahadi |first=Jeanne |date=23 June 2006 |access-date=4 July 2006 |publisher=CNNMoney |title=World's most expensive cities |archive-date=3 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703140408/https://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm |url-status=live }} Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place.{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#Top_50 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009 |publisher=Mercer.com |date=7 July 2009 |access-date=15 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615061034/http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr |archive-date=15 June 2010 }}

In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the list of most expensive cities for the third year in a row.{{Cite web |url=http://www.msn.com/en-us/money |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805100832/http://realestate.msn.com/buying/Article_forbes.aspx?cp-documentid=8839818>1=35000 |url-status=dead |title=Stock Quotes, Business News and Data from Stock Markets | MSN Money |archive-date=5 August 2008 |website=www.msn.com }}

In 2014, according to Forbes, Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. Forbes ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior.{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/ |title=The Most Expensive Cities In The World |first=Deborah L. |last=Jacobs |work=forbes.com |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714004726/https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}

In 2019 the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living survey put Moscow to 102nd place in the biannual ranking of 133 most expensive cities.{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/19/moscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863 |title=Moscow Nose-Dives in Global Living Cost Rankings |work=The Moscow Times |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320124846/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/19/moscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863 |url-status=live }} ECA International's Cost of Living 2019 Survey ranked Moscow at number 120 among 482 locations worldwide.{{cite web |url=https://www.eca-international.com/news/june-2019/europe-falls-behind-usa-in-cost-of-living |title=Europe falls behind USA in cost of living |work=ECA International |date=13 June 2019 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616212508/https://www.eca-international.com/News/June-2019/Europe-falls-behind-USA-in-cost-of-living |url-status=live }}

The heating of buildings in Moscow, like in other cities in Russia is done using central heating system. Before 2004, state unitary enterprises were responsible to produce and supply heat to the clients by the operation of heating stations and heating distribution system of Mosgorteplo, Mosteploenergo, and Teploremontnaladka which gave service to the heating substations in the north-eastern part of the city. Clients were divided between the various enterprises based on their geographical location. A major reform launched in 2004 consolidated the various companies under the umbrella of MIPC which became the municipal heat supplier. Its subsidiaries were the newly transformed Joint-stock companies. The city's main source of heating is the power station of Mosenergo which was reformed in 2005, when around ten subsidiaries were separated from it. One of the newly independent companies was the District Heating Network Company (MTK) ({{langx|ru|Московская теплосетевая компания}}). In 2007 the Government of Moscow bought controlling stakes in the company.[Andrey Kovalev, Liliana Proskuryakova. "Innovation in Russian District Heating: Opportunities, Barriers, Mechanisms", pp. 45-46]

"Our city" is a geo-information portal created in 2011 under the mayor of Moscow Sergei Sobyanin with the aim of building a constructive dialogue between Moscow residents and the city's executive authorities. The portal is being developed by the State Public Institution "New Management Technologies" together with the Moscow Department of Information Technologies. In its 10 years of operation, more than 1.7 million users have joined the portal, and during this time it has become an effective tool for monitoring the state of urban infrastructure.{{Cite web |url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/09/25/mil-osi-submissions-russia-how-the-portal-of-the-government-of-moscow-our-city-helps-to-solve-problems-in-the-field-of-urban-economy/ |title=MIL-OSI Submissions: Russia – How the portal of the Government of Moscow "Our City" helps to solve problems in the field of urban economy | ForeignAffairs.co.nz |access-date=5 October 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005094106/https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/09/25/mil-osi-submissions-russia-how-the-portal-of-the-government-of-moscow-our-city-helps-to-solve-problems-in-the-field-of-urban-economy/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Further|Education in Russia}}

File:МГУ, вид с воздуха.jpg|alt=|left]]

There are 1,696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges. Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education, including 60 state universities and the Lomonosov Moscow State University, which was founded in 1755.{{cite web |url=http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html |title=MSU History |publisher=Moscow State University |access-date=6 July 2006 |archive-date=2 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702222014/http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html |url-status=live }} The main university building located in Vorobyovy Gory (Sparrow Hills) is {{convert|240|m|ft}} tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the continent.{{cite book |title=Is Progress Speeding Up?: Our Multiplying Multitudes of Blessings |last=Templeton |first=John Marks |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-890151-02-7 |page=99 |publisher=Templeton Foundation Press }} The university has over 30,000 undergraduate and 7,000 postgraduate students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia.

The I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University named after Ivan Sechenov or formerly known as Moscow Medical Academy (1stMSMU) is a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1785 as the faculty of the Moscow State University. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. More than 9200 students are enrolled in 115 academic departments. It offers courses for post-graduate studies.

File:Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Frontal View.jpg|alt=|left]]

The Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (formerly known as Russian State Medical University) is a medical higher education institution in Moscow, Russia founded in 1906. It is fully accredited and recognized by Russia's Ministry of Education and Science and is currently under the authority of the Ministry of Health and Social Development. Named after Russian surgeon and pedagogue N.I. Pirogov (1810–1888), it is one of the largest medical institutions and the first university in Russia to allow women to acquire degrees.

Moscow is one of the financial centers of the Russian Federation and CIS countries and is known for its business schools. Among them are the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation; Plekhanov Russian University of Economics; The State University of Management, and the National Research University - Higher School of Economics. They offer undergraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate, and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and MBAs. Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world.

File:Moscow MSTU Bauman main building asv2021-08.jpg]]

Bauman Moscow State Technical University, founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering technical degrees.{{cite web |url=http://www.bmstu.ru/mstu/English |last=Fedorov |first=I.B. |publisher=МГТУ им.Н.Э.Баумана (Bauman Moscow State Technical University) |title=General (English) |access-date=6 July 2006 |archive-date=6 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706130144/http://www.bmstu.ru/mstu/English/ |url-status=dead }}

File:Moscow 05-2017 img41 Conservatory.jpg building|alt=|left]]

The Moscow Conservatory,{{cite web |url=http://www.mosconsv.ru/ |title=The Official Site of the Moscow Conservatory |publisher=Mosconsv.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615213653/http://www.mosconsv.ru/ |url-status=live }} founded in 1866, is a prominent music school in Russia.

File:Vgik.jpg, the world's oldest
film school|alt=|left]]

The Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography, abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in Cinematography, founded by Vladimir Gardin in 1919.

Moscow State Institute of International Relations, founded in 1944, remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books—of which 20,000 are considered rare—can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.{{cite web|url=http://www.mgimo.ru/showcontent.asp?UID={7F81DBB2-6EEE-4796-B2DF-7230433C5C41} |title=Facts and Figures |publisher=MGIMO (Moscow State Institute of International Relations) |access-date=6 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201220/http://www.mgimo.ru/showcontent.asp?UID=%7B7F81DBB2-6EEE-4796-B2DF-7230433C5C41%7D |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}

Other institutions are the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, also known as Phystech, the Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, founded in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon Svyatoslav Fyodorov, the Moscow Aviation Institute, the Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has taught numerous Nobel Prize winners, including Pyotr Kapitsa, Nikolay Semyonov, Lev Landau and Alexander Prokhorov, while the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute is known for its research in nuclear physics.{{cite web |url=http://www.icra.it/Icranet/Members/struc_russia2.htm |title=Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) |publisher=International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics |access-date=4 August 2006 |archive-date=3 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703205759/http://www.icra.it/Icranet/Members/struc_russia2.htm |url-status=dead }} The highest Russian military school is the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the Master of Business Administration. Student exchange programs with numerous countries, specially with the rest of Europe, have also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while schools within the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for corporate employees and businessmen.

File:Moscow 1152 (14384525084).jpg]]

Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences are located in Moscow as well as research and applied science institutions. The Kurchatov Institute, Russia's leading research and development institution in the fields of nuclear energy, where the first nuclear reactor in Europe was built, the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems and Steklov Institute of Mathematics are all situated in Moscow.

There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children. The Russian State Library,{{cite web |url=http://rsl.ru/index.php?lang=en |title=The official homepage of the Russian State Library |publisher=Rsl.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717065412/http://www.rsl.ru/index.php?lang=en |url-status=live }} founded in 1862, is the national library of Russia. The library is home to over {{cvt|275|km|0}} of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 languages account for 29% of the collection.{{cite web |url=http://leninka.ru/index.php?doc=950 |script-title=ru:Краткая статистическая справка |publisher=Russian State Library |access-date=4 August 2006 |date=1 January 2006 |language=ru |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183703/http://leninka.ru/index.php?doc=950 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://rsl.ru/index.php?f=2 |title=Stacks |publisher=The Russian State Library |access-date=4 August 2006 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920133805/https://www.rsl.ru/index.php?f=2 |url-status=live }}

The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in Russian history. Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages, mostly on Russian and world history, heraldry, numismatics, and the history of science.{{Cite web |url=http://www.shpl.ru/shpage.php?menu=1&h=le |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823161550/http://www.shpl.ru/shpage.php?menu=1&h=le |url-status=dead |title=Official site of the State Public Historical Library |archive-date=23 August 2006 }}

In regard to primary and secondary education, in 2011, Clifford J. Levy of The New York Times wrote, "Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades."{{cite news |first=Clifford J. |last=Levy |author-link=Clifford J. Levy |title=My Family's Experiment in Extreme Schooling |work=The New York Times |date=15 September 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/magazine/my-familys-experiment-in-extreme-schooling.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225205215/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/magazine/my-familys-experiment-in-extreme-schooling.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Transportation in Moscow}}

{{Main|Moscow Metro}}

File:Moscow metro map sb.svg route map with planned stations]]

File:Moscow MayakovskayaMetroStation 0943.jpg station, opened in 1938]]

The Moscow Metro system is famous for its art, murals, mosaics, and ornate chandeliers. It started operation in 1935 and immediately became the centrepiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and reward the populace, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. Lazar Kaganovich was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilisation as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus" (Soviet man).Isabel Wünsche, "Homo Sovieticus: The Athletic Motif in the Design of the Dynamo Metro Station", Studies in the Decorative Arts (2000) 7#2 pp. 65–90

The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity.Andrew Jenks, "A Metro on the Mount", Technology & Culture (2000) 41#4 pp. 697–723 Soviet workers did the labour and the artwork, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground. The Britons called for tunneling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock.Michael Robbins, "London Underground and Moscow Metro", Journal of Transport History, (1997) 18#1 pp. 45–53. The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR.Gordon W. Morrell, "Redefining Intelligence and Intelligence-Gathering: The Industrial Intelligence Centre and the Metro-Vickers Affair, Moscow 1933", Intelligence and National Security (1994) 9#3 pp. 520–533.

Today, the Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 203 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance, the Park Pobedy station, completed in 2003, at {{convert|84|m}} underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. The Moscow Metro is the busiest metro system in Europe, as well as one of the world's busiest metro systems, serving about ten million passengers daily (300,000,000 people every month).{{cite web |url=http://www.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=99 |language=ru |script-title=ru:Московский метрополитен |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714154607/http://www.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=99 |archive-date=14 July 2006 |access-date=4 July 2006 }} Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has plans for expanding its Metro. In 2016, the authorities launched a new circle metro railway that contributed to solving transportation issues, namely daily congestion at Koltsevaya Line.{{cite web |url=https://rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/09/09/how-moscows-new-light-rail-system-will-make-life-easier-for-passengers_628517 |title=How Moscow's new light rail system will make life easier for passengers |last=RBTH |first=special to |work=Russia Beyond |date=9 September 2016 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912060005/http://rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/09/09/how-moscows-new-light-rail-system-will-make-life-easier-for-passengers_628517 |url-status=live }}

Due to the treatment of Metro stations as possible canvas for art, characterized by the fact that workers of Moscow would get to see them every day, many Stalin-era metro stations were built in different "custom" designs (where each station's design would be, initially, a massive installation on a certain theme. For example, Elektrozavodskaya station was themed solely after nearby lightbulb factory and ceramic ribbed lightbulb sockets);{{cite web |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/features/moscow-metro-stations/ |title=The people's palace: exploring Moscow Metro's evolving designs |work=RailwayTechnology |date=10 December 2018 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002221948/https://www.railway-technology.com/features/moscow-metro-stations/ |url-status=live }} the tradition of "Grand Designs" and, basically, decorating metro stations as single-themed installations, was restored in late 1979.

Moscow's metro is one of the world's busiest, handling 2.6 billion passengers in 2019.{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4e02625c-ef1e-4ee0-bb3b-6fc7ea044f40 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/4e02625c-ef1e-4ee0-bb3b-6fc7ea044f40 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |title=The people's subway: the Soviet Union's ornate metros in pictures |work=Financial Times |last=Seddon |first=Max |date=13 February 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |url-access=subscription }}

In the Russian capital, there are over 21.5 thousand Wi-Fi access points, in student dormitories, in parks, cultural and sports institutions, and within the Garden Ring and the Third Transport Ring. From September 2020 to August 2021, 1,700 new access points to urban Wi-Fi were launched in Moscow.{{cite web |url=https://www.totaltele.com/511683/Online-city-17-thousand-new-Wi-Fi-access-points-have-been-installed-in-Moscow-in-a-year |title=Online city: 1.7 thousand new Wi-Fi access points have been installed in Moscow in a year |publisher=Total Telecom |date=16 November 2021 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206091403/https://www.totaltele.com/511683/Online-city-17-thousand-new-Wi-Fi-access-points-have-been-installed-in-Moscow-in-a-year |url-status=dead }} The structure of the Wi-Fi network allows citizens to use the Internet without re-authorization.{{cite web |url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/06/29/mil-osi-submissions-russian-federation-city-wi-fi-network-is-available-in-four-more-student-dormitories-in-moscow/ |title=MIL-OSI Submissions: Russian Federation – City Wi-Fi network is available in four more student dormitories in Moscow |work=foreignaffairs.co.nz |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803170655/https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/06/29/mil-osi-submissions-russian-federation-city-wi-fi-network-is-available-in-four-more-student-dormitories-in-moscow/ }}

{{Main|Moscow Monorail}}

File:Monorail Moskau - Einfahrt in Station Telezentrum.jpg]]

The Moscow Metro operates a short monorail line (line 13). The line connects Timiryazevskaya metro station and Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina, passing close to VDNH (and Line 6 Metro station "V.D.N.Kh."). The line opened in 2004. It accepts overground interchanges, no additional fare is needed if a ride was spent at Moscow Metro within previous 90 minutes.

{{Main|Electric buses in Moscow}}

File:Выход 500-го электробуса на линию в Москве (09).jpg in Europe, with 500 operating {{as of|October 2020|lc=y}}.{{cite web |title=В Москве вышел на линию 500-й электробус |url=https://www.mos.ru/mayor/themes/2299/6851050/ |website=Mos.ru |access-date=8 October 2020 |language=ru |date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015115109/https://www.mos.ru/mayor/themes/2299/6851050/ |url-status=live }}]]

As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to {{convert|4|km}}, a bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses (Central Bus Terminal) with a daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.kvartirant.ru/news/?news_id=10891&date=12.05.2006&date2=2006-05-12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101064615/http://www.kvartirant.ru/news/?news_id=10891&date=12.05.2006&date2=2006-05-12|date=1 January 2016}} Realty news. Retrieved on 22 July 2006.

Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus route and have trolley wires over them.

With the total line length of almost {{convert|600|km|abbr=off}} of a single wire, 8 depots, 104 routes, and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system was the largest in the world. But municipal authority, headed by Sergey Sobyanin, began to destroy the trolleybus system in Moscow in 2014 due the planned replacement of trolleybuses by electric buses. In 2018 Moscow trolleybus system has only 4 depots and dozens of kilometers of unused wires. Almost all trolleybus wires inside Garden Ring (Sadovoe Koltso) were cut in 2016–2017 due to the reconstruction of central streets ("Moya Ulitsa"). Opened on 15 November 1933, it is also the world's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system.

In 2018 the vehicle companies Kamaz and GAZ have won the Mosgortrans tender for delivering 200 electric buses and 62 ultra-fast charging stations to the city transport system. The manufacturers will be responsible for the quality and reliable operation of the buses and charging stations for the next 15 years. The city will be procuring only electric buses as of 2021, replacing the diesel bus fleet gradually. According to expectations, Moscow will become the leader amongst the European cities in terms of electric and gas fuel share in public transport by 2019.{{Cite web |url=http://rusautonews.com/2018/09/04/first-electric-buses-have-started-operating-in-moscow-in-regular-transport |title=First electric buses have started operating in Moscow in regular transport |date=4 September 2018 |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000432/http://rusautonews.com/2018/09/04/first-electric-buses-have-started-operating-in-moscow-in-regular-transport/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Main|Moskva River cable car}}

File:Moscow Cable Car.jpg and the Luzhniki Stadium]]

On 26 November 2018, the mayor of Moscow Sergey Sobyanin took part in the ceremony to open the cable car above the Moskva River. The cable car will connect the Luzhniki sports complex with Sparrow Hills and Kosygin Street. The journey from the well-known viewpoint on Vorobyovy Gory to Luzhniki Stadium will last for five minutes instead of 20 minutes that one would have to spend on the same journey by car.

{{Main|Trams in Moscow}}

File:Moscow TverZastava Vityaz asv2018-09.jpg]]

Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899.{{cite web |url=https://moscowseasons.com/en/news/the-long-trip-to-vityaz-or-the-story-of-the-moscow-tram-system/ |title=The long trip to Vityaz or the story of the Moscow tram system |website=MoscowSeasons |date=22 September 2018 |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329113420/https://moscowseasons.com/en/news/the-long-trip-to-vityaz-or-the-story-of-the-moscow-tram-system/ |url-status=dead }} The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross-links between metro lines, for example between Universitet station of Sokolnicheskaya Line (#1 red line) and Profsoyuznaya station of Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line (#6 orange line) or between Voykovskaya and Strogino.

File:Moscow tram map 2022-04.svg

There are three tram networks in the city:

• Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform Dmitrovskaya. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about {{convert|1|km|chain|0|spell=on|abbr=off}} of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane (passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because now it is neither a normal transfer point nor a repair terminal).
• The Apakov depot services the south-western part from the Varshavsky lane – Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to the Universitet station in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is connected only by the four-way Dubininskaya and Kozhevnicheskaya streets. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was withdrawn in 1987 due to a fire at the Dinamo plant and has not been recovered, and remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38).
• Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant.

In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion.

Commercial taxi services and route taxis are in widespread use. In the mid-2010s, service platforms such as Yandex.Taxi, Uber and Gett displaced many private drivers and small service providers and were in 2015 servicing more than 50% of all taxi orders in Moscow.{{cite web |url=http://top.rbc.ru/money/20/07/2015/55ad01229a794778050020f6 |title=Гонки на такси: на чем быстрее и дешевле ездить |work=rbc.ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724134238/http://top.rbc.ru/money/20/07/2015/55ad01229a794778050020f6 |archive-date=24 July 2015 }}[http://i.rbc.ru/publication/analytic/otsifrovannye_shashki_kak_tehnologii_perekroili Оцифрованные шашки: как технологии перекроили рынок такси / РБК Инновации] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805050244/http://i.rbc.ru/publication/analytic/otsifrovannye_shashki_kak_tehnologii_perekroili|date=5 August 2015 }}

Russian tech firm Yandex is testing self-driving taxis in Moscow.{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/russian-tech-firm-yandex-test-self-driving-taxis-moscow-this-year-2021-09-08/ |title=Russian tech firm Yandex to test self-driving taxis in Moscow this year |newspaper=Reuters |date=8 September 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029110105/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/russian-tech-firm-yandex-test-self-driving-taxis-moscow-this-year-2021-09-08/ |url-status=live }}

File:Komsomolskaya square as seen from Leningradskaya hotel in winter (2014) -Вид на Комсомольскую площадь из гостиницы Ленинградская - panoramio.jpg known as "Three Station Square" thanks to three ornate rail terminal situated there: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky, and Kazansky.]] Several train stations serve the city. Moscow's ten rail terminals (or {{transliteration|ru|vokzals}}) are:

• Belorussky Rail Terminal
• Kazansky Rail Terminal
• Kiyevsky Rail Terminal
• Kursky Rail Terminal
• Leningradsky Rail Terminal
• Paveletsky Rail Terminal
• Rizhsky Rail Terminal
• Savyolovsky Rail Terminal
• Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal
• Vostochny railway Terminal

File:Bullet-Train.jpg train links Moscow with Saint Petersburg.]]

The terminals are located close to the city center, along with the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metro line to the centre of town. Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia.{{cite news |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/bytrain.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708154220/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/bytrain.html |archive-date=8 July 2006 |newspaper=The Moscow Times |title=Getting to Russia: Arriving by Train |access-date=3 July 2006 }} There are many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travel for Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is the western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which traverses nearly {{convert|9300|km}} of Russian territory to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast.

Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter elektrichka (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to {{cvt|140|km|mi|0|disp=or}}) large railway stations.

During the 2010s, the Little Ring of the Moscow Railway was converted to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on 10 September 2016. A connecting railway line on the North side of the town connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines. This is used by some suburban trains.

File:MCC_12LUZH_7041_PLAT.jpg" station (Line 14)]]

The Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga formed a ring around the now-downtown Moscow since 1903, but only served as a non-electrified, fueled locomotive-only railway prior to reconstruction into MCC in 2010's.

The Moscow Central Circle is a {{convert|54|km|mi|adj = mid|-long}} urban-metro railway orbital line that encircles historical Moscow. It was built alongside Little Ring of the Moscow Railway, taking some of its tracks into itself as well. M.C.C. was opened for passenger use on 10 September 2016.

The line is operated by the Moscow Government owned company MKZD through the Moscow Metro, with the Federal Government owned Russian Railways selected as the operation subcontractor.

File:EG2Tv arrives to Belorussky rail terminal (platform 4).jpg train arriving at the Moscow Belorussky railway station]]

File:Moscow Central Diameters - passenger scheme1.jpg]]

Another system, which forms "genuine S-Bahn" as in "suburbia-city-suburbia"-designed railway, is the Moscow Central Diameters, a pass-through railways system, created by constructing bypasses from "vokzals" final stations (e.g. by avoiding the central stations of already existing Moscow Railway, used for both intercity and urban-suburban travel before){{Cite web |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/news/moscow-central-diameters-opened-public/ |title=Moscow Central Diameters, Russia, opens to the public |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224183501/https://www.railway-technology.com/news/moscow-central-diameters-opened-public/ |url-status=live }} and forming a train line across Moscow's centre.

Out of 5 projected lines, the first 2 lines were completed and launched on 2019-11-21.

File:Площадь Тверская Застава (вид сверху).jpg]]

There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems.

The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), along with the Third Transport Ring and the canceled Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. Several other roadway systems form concentric circles around the city.

There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: Sheremetyevo (SVO), Domodedovo (DME), Vnukovo (VKO), Zhukovsky (ZIA), Ostafyevo (OSF).

File:Airbus A319-112, CSA - Czech Airlines AN2166020.jpg, is ranked as the eleventh-busiest airport in Europe.]]

Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most globally connected of Moscow's airports, handling 60% of all international flights.{{cite news |url=http://www.go-russia.com/angela.php |title=Moscow Airports |date=7 October 2007 |access-date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011092857/http://go-russia.com/angela.php |archive-date=11 October 2007 |publisher=Go-Russia }} It is also a home to all SkyTeam members, and the main hub for Aeroflot (itself a member of SkyTeam). Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. It is a hub for S7 airlines, and most of OneWorld and Star Alliance members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Vnukovo International Airport handles flights of Turkish Airlines, Wizz Air Abu Dhabi and others. Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily to business aviation.

Moscow's airports vary in distances from the MKAD beltway: Domodedovo is the farthest at {{cvt|22|km|0}}; Vnukovo is {{cvt|11|km|0}}; Sheremetyevo is {{cvt|10|km|0}}; and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about {{convert|8|km|mi}} from MKAD.

There are a number of smaller airports close to Moscow (19 in Moscow Oblast) such as Myachkovo Airport, that are intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters.{{Cite web |url=https://www.sostav.ru/news/2004/08/18/72/ |title=Аэропорт сменил хозяев. "Мячково" будет развивать компания "Финпромко" |website=sostav.ru |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922142137/https://www.sostav.ru/news/2004/08/18/72/ |url-status=live }}

Moscow has two passenger terminals, (South River Terminal and North River Terminal), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along the Moskva and Oka rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The North River Terminal, built in 1937, is the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight ports serving Moscow.

{{See also|Carsharing in Moscow}}

File:Каршеринг в Москве (Яндекс.Драйв).jpg in the world, with more than 30,000 cars.{{cite web |url=https://stroi.mos.ru/city_news/moskva-vyshla-v-mirovyie-lidiery-po-parku-karshieringha |title=Москва вышла в мировые лидеры по парку каршеринга |date=10 January 2020 |work=stroi.mos.ru |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017134213/https://stroi.mos.ru/city_news/moskva-vyshla-v-mirovyie-lidiery-po-parku-karshieringha |url-status=live }}]]

Moscow has different vehicle sharing options that are sponsored by the local government. There are several car sharing companies which are in charge of providing cars to the population. To drive the automobiles, the user has to book them through the app of the owning company. In 2018 the mayor Sergey Sobyanin said Moscow's car sharing system has become the biggest in Europe in terms of vehicle fleet.{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/03/09/moscows-car-sharing-market-becomes-biggest-in-europe-mayor-says-a60762 |title=Moscow's Car Sharing Market Becomes Biggest in Europe, Mayor Says |date=9 March 2018 |website=The Moscow Times |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421134424/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/03/09/moscows-car-sharing-market-becomes-biggest-in-europe-mayor-says-a60762 |url-status=live }} Every day about 25,000 people use this service. In the end of the same year Moscow carsharing became the second in the world in therms of fleet with 16.5K available vehicles.{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-08/here-is-the-future-of-car-sharing-and-carmakers-should-be-terrified |title=Here Is the Future of Car Sharing, and Carmakers Should Be Terrified |date=8 February 2019 |website=Bloomberg |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306234833/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-08/here-is-the-future-of-car-sharing-and-carmakers-should-be-terrified |url-status=live }} Another sharing system is bike sharing (Velobike) of a fleet formed by 3000 traditional and electrical bicycles.{{cite web |url=https://velobike.ru/en/ |title=Велобайк |website=velobike.ru |access-date=20 May 2018 |archive-date=21 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521023351/https://velobike.ru/en/ |url-status=live }} The Delisamokat is a new sharing service that provides electrical scooters.{{cite web |url=https://delisamokat.ru/en/ |title=Delisamokat |website=delisamokat.ru |access-date=20 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521024358/https://delisamokat.ru/en |archive-date=21 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}

File:Перспективное новое строительство в Москва-Сити (2020).jpg and its adjacent territory implies the construction of even more skyscrapers during the period of 2020–2027.{{cite web |title=Собянин назвал сроки реализации проекта развития "Большого Сити" |url=https://rg.ru/2020/09/16/reg-cfo/sobianin-nazval-sroki-realizacii-proekta-razvitiia-bolshogo-siti.html |publisher=Rossiyskaya Gazeta |author=Любовь Проценко, Сергей Михеев |date=16 September 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128062417/https://rg.ru/2020/09/16/reg-cfo/sobianin-nazval-sroki-realizacii-proekta-razvitiia-bolshogo-siti.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Собянин обещал достроить "Большой Сити" через семь лет |url=https://realty.rbc.ru/news/5f620ab99a794772c9fe4682 |publisher=Rbc.ru |author=Вера Лунькова |work=РБК Недвижимость |date=16 September 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129064309/https://realty.rbc.ru/news/5f620ab99a794772c9fe4682 |url-status=live }}]]

In 1992, the Moscow government began planning a projected new part of central Moscow, the Moscow International Business Center, with the goal of creating a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe,{{cite news |date=23 December 2005 |script-title=ru:Москва-Сити начинается строительство Города столиц |language=ru |agency=Lenta.ru |url=http://lenta.ru/news/2005/12/23/city/ |access-date=24 May 2009 |archive-date=22 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622153322/http://www.lenta.ru/news/2005/12/23/city/ |url-status=live }} that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. Situated in Presnensky District and located at the Third Ring, the Moscow City area is under intense development. The construction of the MIBC takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up to {{convert|1|km2|acre|spell=in|abbr=off}}. The area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes.

The Federation Tower, completed in 2016, is the second-tallest building in Europe. It is planned to include a water park and other recreational facilities; business, office, entertainment, and residential buildings, a transport network and a new site for the Moscow government. The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned.

• A rail shuttle service, directly connecting MIBC with the Sheremetyevo International Airport is also planned.

Major thoroughfares through MIBC are the Third Ring and Kutuzovsky Prospekt.

Three metro stations were initially planned for the Filyovskaya Line. The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005 and was later renamed Vystavochnaya in 2009. The branch extended to the Mezhdunarodnaya station in 2006, and all work on the third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between Kiyevskaya and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the Savyolovskaya station, on the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line.

The cellphone service provider MTS announced on 5 March 2021, that they would begin the country's first pilot 5G network in Moscow.{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/03/05/russias-mts-launches-pilot-5g-network-in-moscow-hotspots-a73164 |title=Russia's MTS Launches Pilot 5G Network in Moscow Hotspots |work=Moscow Times |date=5 March 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025010605/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/03/05/russias-mts-launches-pilot-5g-network-in-moscow-hotspots-a73164 |url-status=live }}

{{See also|Media of Russia}}

Moscow is home to nearly all of Russia's nationwide television networks, radio stations, newspapers, and magazines.

{{Update section|date=February 2024}}

{{Further|List of newspapers in Russia}}

English-language media include The Moscow Times and Moscow News, which are, respectively, the largest{{cite news |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/doc/Adv.html |newspaper=The Moscow Times |title=Advertising Information |access-date=6 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706182233/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/doc/Adv.html |archive-date=6 July 2006 }} and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of Russia. {{Lang|ru-latn|Kommersant}}, Vedomosti and Novaya Gazeta are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. {{Lang|ru-latn|Kommersant}} and Vedomosti are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business newspapers.

{{See also|Television in Russia}}

File:2019-07-28-3422-Moscow.jpg building]]

Other media in Moscow include the Echo of Moscow, the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and NTV, one of the first privately owned Russian television stations. The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50.

Moscow television networks:

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

• Channel One
• Russia-1
• Russia-2
• NTV
• TV Tsentr
• Channel 5
• Rossiya Kultura
• Russia-24
• Public Television of Russia
• REN TV
• STS
• TNT
• TV-3
• Zvezda
• Domashny
• Carousel
• Peretz
• Euronews
• 2x2
• Pyatnica!
• Disney Channel
• RBC
• Moskva 24
• Dozhd
• RU.TV
• Petersburg – Channel 5

{{div col end}}

Moscow radio stations:

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

• "Russian (Russkoye) Radio"
• "Europa Plus"
• "DFM"
• "NRJ (Russia)"
• "Radio Maximum"
• "Voice of Russia (in English)"
• "Radio Freedom (Svoboda)"
• "Megapolis FM"
• "Radio Kultura (Culture)"
• "Pioneer FM"
• "Zvezda"
• "Komsomolskaya Pravda"
• "Orpheus"
• "Monte Carlo"
• "Love Radio"
• "The Main" Главная
• "Govorit Moskva"
• "Radio Dacha"
• "Nashe Radio"
• "Radio 7"
• "Humor FM"
• "Retro FM"
• "Ultra"
• "Keks FM"
• "Carnival"
• "Dobrye Pesni (Good Songs)"
• "Voyage FM"
• "Kino FM"
• "Finam FM"
• "First Popular"
• "Politseiskaya Volna (Police Wave)"
• "Radio Sport"
• "Radio Rossii"
• "Radio Podmoskovye"
• "Radiocompany Moscow"
• "UFM"
• "Mayak"
• "Business FM"
• "Autoradio"
• "Moya Semia (My Family)"
• "XFM"
• "Fresh Radio"
• "Silver Rain"
• "Chanson"
• "M-Radio"
• "Orphey"
• "Echo of Moscow"
• "Radio Jazz"
• "Classic Radio"
• "Vesti FM"
• "City FM"
• "Relax FM"
• "Kommersant FM"
• "Rock FM"
• "Children's Radio"
• "Radio Alla"
• "Best FM"
• "Next FM"
• "Hit FM"
• "Radio Record"
• "Capital FM Moscow"

{{div col end}}

{{Main|List of people from Moscow}}

{{Further|Category:People from Moscow}}

File: Portrait of Alexander Pushkin (Orest Kiprensky, 1827).PNG|Alexander Pushkin, the founder of modern Russian literature, was born in Moscow in 1799.

File:Vasily Perov - Портрет Ф.М.Достоевского - Google Art Project.jpg|Fyodor Dostoyevsky was born in Moscow in 1821.

File:Joseph Kreutzinger - Portrait of Count Alexander Suvorov - WGA12281.jpg|Alexander Suvorov was born in Moscow in 1730.

File:Peter de Grote.jpg|Peter the Great was born in Moscow in 1672.

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

Moscow is twinned with:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Almaty, Kazakhstan{{cite web |title=Есть ли побратимы у Актау и других городов Казахстана |url=https://tumba.kz/zhizn-regiona/11-zhizn-regiona/43012-Est_li_pobratimy_u_Aktau_i_drugih_gorodov_Kazahstan.html |website=tumba.kz |publisher=Tumba |language=ru |date=4 May 2019 |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=12 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212082104/https://tumba.kz/zhizn-regiona/11-zhizn-regiona/43012-Est_li_pobratimy_u_Aktau_i_drugih_gorodov_Kazahstan.html |url-status=live }}
• Ankara, Turkey{{cite web |title=Sister Cities of Ankara |url=https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara |website=ankara.bel.tr |publisher=Ankara |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428004055/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara |url-status=dead }}
• Astana, Kazakhstan
• Baku, Azerbaijan{{cite web |title=Bakının qardaşlaşdığı şəhərlər - SİYAHI |url=https://modern.az/az/news/96318 |website=modern.az |language=az |date=16 February 2016 |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205184915/https://modern.az/az/news/96318 |url-status=live }}
• Bangkok, Thailand{{cite web |title=Moscow |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=32 |publisher=Bangkok Metropolitan Administration |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105040202/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=32 |url-status=live }}
• Beijing, China{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities_2017/ |website=ebeijing.gov.cn |publisher=Beijing |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202081742/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities_2017/ |url-status=dead }}
• Bucharest, Romania{{cite web |title=Cu cine este înfrăţit Bucureştiul? |url=https://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html |website=adevarul.ro |publisher=Adevărul |language=ro |date=21 February 2011 |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217103242/https://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html |url-status=live }}
• Buenos Aires, Argentina{{cite web |title=Convenios Internacionales |url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |website=buenosaires.gob.ar |publisher=Buenos Aires |language=es |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803135328/https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |url-status=live }}
• Cusco, Peru{{cite web |title=Ciudades Hermanas de Cusco |url=https://www.aatccusco.com/ciudades_hermanas.php |website=aatccusco.com |publisher=Asociación de Agencias de Turismo del Cusco |language=es |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329013108/https://www.aatccusco.com/ciudades_hermanas.php |url-status=live }}
• Dubai, United Arab Emirates{{cite web |title=بحضور عمدة مدينة فرانكفورت إزاحة الستار عن النصب التذكاري |url=https://www.moccae.gov.ae/ar/media-center/news/9/3/2014/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.aspx |website=moccae.gov.ae |publisher=Ministry of Climate Change and Environment of United Arab Emirates |language=ar |date=9 March 2014 |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310201922/https://www.moccae.gov.ae/ar/media-center/news/9/3/2014/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.aspx |url-status=live }}
• Ganja, Azerbaijan{{cite web |title=Gədəbəy şəhəri ilə ABŞ-ın Oklahoma şatatının Stilluater (Stillwater) şəhəri arasında qardaşlaşma memorandumu imzalanıb |url=https://anews.az/az/gedebey-seheri-ile-amerika-birlesmis-statlarinin-oklahoma-seheri-arasinda-qardaslasma-memorandumu-imzalanib-fotolar/ |website=anews.az |publisher=Azerbaijan News |language=az |date=9 November 2019 |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627220320/https://anews.az/az/gedebey-seheri-ile-amerika-birlesmis-statlarinin-oklahoma-seheri-arasinda-qardaslasma-memorandumu-imzalanib-fotolar/ |url-status=dead }}
• Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam{{cite web |title=Các địa phương kết nghĩa với TPHCM |url=http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554/ |website=mofahcm.gov.vn |publisher=Foreign affairs in Ho Chi Minh City |language=vi |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926182926/http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554 |url-status=dead }}
• Jakarta, Indonesia{{cite web |title=Djarot to visit Moscow to extend sister city agreement |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/08/02/djarot-to-visit-moscow-to-extend-sister-city-agreement.html |website=thejakartapost.com |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=2 August 2017 |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413062641/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/08/02/djarot-to-visit-moscow-to-extend-sister-city-agreement.html |url-status=live }}
• Ljubljana, Slovenia{{cite web |title=Intercity cooperation |url=https://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/international-cooperation/intercity-cooperation/ |website=ljubljana.si |publisher=Mestna občina Ljubljana |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030135926/https://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/international-cooperation/intercity-cooperation/ |url-status=live }}
• London, United Kingdom{{cite web |title=Indulge Your Wanderlust With A Trip To London's Twin Cities |url=https://secretldn.com/londons-twin-cities/ |website=secretldn.com |publisher=Secret London |date=8 October 2017 |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803095547/https://secretldn.com/londons-twin-cities/ |url-status=live }}
• Manila, Philippines{{cite web |title=Manila, Bacoor sign sister city accord |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/08/16/manila-bacoor-sign-sister-city-accord/ |website=news.mb.com.ph |publisher=Manila Bulletin |date=16 August 2017 |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218155037/https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/08/16/manila-bacoor-sign-sister-city-accord/ |url-status=dead }}
• New Delhi, India{{cite web |title=Twin-cities celebrate India-Russia connect |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/01/26/twin-cities_celebrate_india-russia_connect_14631 |website=rbth.com |publisher=Russia Beyond |date=26 January 2012 |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218155034/https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/01/26/twin-cities_celebrate_india-russia_connect_14631 |url-status=live }}
• Pyongyang, North Korea{{cite book |last=Corfield |first=Justin |title=Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196 |year=2013 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-85728-234-7 |page=196 |chapter=Sister Cities |access-date=14 September 2018 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218091156/https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196 |url-status=live }}
• Rasht, Iran{{cite web |title=About city |url=http://www.gums.ac.ir/velayat/5555/About-City.aspx |website=gums.ac.ir |publisher=Guilan University of Medical Sciences |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807025249/http://www.gums.ac.ir/velayat/5555/About-City.aspx |url-status=dead }}
• Reykjavík, Iceland{{cite web |title=Minnisblað |url=https://reykjavik.is/sites/default/files/skjol_borgarstjornarfundur/180914_minnisblad_reykjavikurborg_endurskodun_stefnu_i_erlendum_samskiptum.pdf |website=reykjavik.is |publisher=Reykjavík |page=3 |language=is |date=14 September 2018 |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611095517/https://reykjavik.is/sites/default/files/skjol_borgarstjornarfundur/180914_minnisblad_reykjavikurborg_endurskodun_stefnu_i_erlendum_samskiptum.pdf |url-status=live }}
• Riga, Latvia{{cite web |title=Riga Twin Cities |url=https://www.riga.lv/en/riga-twin-cities |website=riga.lv |publisher=Riga |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512070258/https://www.riga.lv/en/riga-twin-cities |url-status=live }}
• Seoul, South Korea{{cite web |title=Sister and Friendship Cities |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/policy/international-exchange/sister-cities/ |website=seoul.go.kr |publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504045307/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |url-status=dead }}
• Tashkent, Uzbekistan{{cite web |title=Ну, здравствуй, брат! Города-побратимы Ташкента |url=http://vot.uz/article/2015/11/10/neobratimi%D0%B5-pobratimi |website=vot.uz |publisher=The Voice of Tashkent |language=ru |date=10 November 2015 |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203081144/http://vot.uz/article/2015/11/10/neobratimi%D0%B5-pobratimi |url-status=dead }}
• Tehran, Iran{{cite web |title=گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا |url=https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7 |website=isna.ir |publisher=Iranian Students' News Agency |language=fa |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528203620/https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7 |url-status=live }}
• Tokyo, Japan{{cite web |title=Sister Cities(States) of Tokyo |url=https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm |website=metro.tokyo.lg.jp |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925190844/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm |url-status=live }}
• Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia{{cite web |title=Улаанбаатар хоттой ах, дүү хотууд |url=https://about.barilga.mn/n/946/ |website=barilga.mn |publisher=Barilga |language=mn |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132843/https://about.barilga.mn/n/946/ |url-status=live }}

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Moscow has cooperation agreements with:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Bangkok, Thailand (1997){{cite web |title=Protocol of friendly ties between the cities of Bangkok and Moscow |date=19 June 1997 |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Moscow.pdf |author1=Bangkok Metropolitan Administration |author2=City of Moscow |access-date=3 August 2016 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805065125/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Moscow.pdf |url-status=dead }}
• Lisbon, Portugal (1997){{cite web |title=Acordos de Cooperação e/ou Amizade |url=https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos/acordos-de-cooperacao-e/ou-amizade |website=lisboa.pt |publisher=Lisboa |language=pt |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203073440/https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos/acordos-de-cooperacao-e/ou-amizade |url-status=dead }}
• Madrid, Spain (2006){{cite web |title=Agreements with cities |url=https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |website=madrid.es |publisher=Madrid |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |url-status=dead }}
• Tel Aviv, Israel (2001){{cite web |title=ערים שותפות |url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx |website=tel-aviv.gov.il |publisher=Tel Aviv |language=he |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171118182155/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx |url-status=live }}
• Tunis, Tunisia (1998){{cite web |title=Coopération internationale |url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771 |website=commune-tunis.gov.tn |publisher=Tunis |language=fr |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140222092512/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771 |url-status=live }}
• Yerevan, Armenia (1995){{cite web |title=Partner cities |url=https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/ |website=yerevan.am |publisher=Yerevan |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220142/http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html |url-status=live }}

{{div col end}}

• Berlin, Germany (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine){{Cite web |last= |date=2023-07-10 |title=Berliner Städtepartnerschaft mit Moskau liegt auf Eis |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/news/ukraine-krieg-berliner-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau-liegt-auf-eis-li.367861 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Berliner Zeitung |language=de}}
• Brno, Czech Republic (terminated due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine){{cite web |url=https://www.praguemorning.cz/brno-ends-partnerships-with-russian-cities/ |title=Brno Ends Partnerships With Russian Cities |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306130201/https://www.praguemorning.cz/brno-ends-partnerships-with-russian-cities/ |url-status=live }}
• Chicago, United States (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine){{Cite web |url=https://justthenews.com/world/chicago-severs-ties-sister-city-moscow#:~:text=The%20city%20of%20Chicago%20is%20suspending%20its%20relationship,to%20demonstrate%20a%20strong%20condemnation%20of%20the%20invasion. |title=Chicago cut ties with 'sister city' Moscow, among latest to disassociate with Russia's aggression |website=justthenews.com |author=Sophie Mann |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=10 May 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510181618/https://justthenews.com/world/chicago-severs-ties-sister-city-moscow#:~:text=The%20city%20of%20Chicago%20is%20suspending%20its%20relationship,to%20demonstrate%20a%20strong%20condemnation%20of%20the%20invasion. |url-status=live }}
• Düsseldorf, Germany (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine){{cite web |title=Düsseldorf legt Städtepartnerschaft mit Moskau auf Eis |url=https://www.rtl.de/cms/duesseldorf-legt-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau-auf-eis-4925998.html |language=de |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227224017/https://www.rtl.de/cms/duesseldorf-legt-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau-auf-eis-4925998.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Weltweite Kontakte: Türöffner für Bürger, Wirtschaft und Kultur |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften.html |website=duesseldorf.de |publisher=Düsseldorf |language=de |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144546/https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften.html |url-status=live }}
• Kharkiv, Ukraine{{cite web |title=Російські міста — більше не побратими Харкову — міський голова |url=https://suspilne.media/233295-rosijski-mista-bilse-ne-pobratimi-harkovu-miskij-golova/ |website=suspilne.media |date=27 April 2022 |language=uk |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008193659/https://suspilne.media/233295-rosijski-mista-bilse-ne-pobratimi-harkovu-miskij-golova/ |url-status=live }}
• Kyiv, Ukraine{{cite web |title=Kyiv and Moscow - no longer twin cities |url=https://old.qha.com.ua/en/society/kyiv-and-moscow-no-longer-twin-cities/137143/ |website=QHA |access-date=22 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222191019/https://old.qha.com.ua/en/society/kyiv-and-moscow-no-longer-twin-cities/137143/ |url-status=dead }}
• Prague, Czech Republic (suspended since 2014 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine){{cite web |title=Partnerská města HMP |url=http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html |website=zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu |publisher=Prague |language=cs |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=25 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.praha.eu/jnp/cz/o_meste/zivot_v_praze/praha_pozastavila_partnerstvi_s_moskvou$5465-export.html |title=Praha pozastavila partnerství s Moskvou. Kvůli Ukrajině (Portál hlavního města Prahy) |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829122355/https://www.praha.eu/jnp/cz/o_meste/zivot_v_praze/praha_pozastavila_partnerstvi_s_moskvou$5465-export.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/domaci-prazsky-magistrat-posle-ukrajine-deset-milionu-hrib-chce-konec-partnerstvi-s-moskvou-40388211 |title=Pražský magistrát pošle Ukrajině deset milionů. Hřib chce konec partnerství s Moskvou - Novinky |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829122354/https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/domaci-prazsky-magistrat-posle-ukrajine-deset-milionu-hrib-chce-konec-partnerstvi-s-moskvou-40388211 |url-status=live }}
• Tallinn, Estonia{{cite web |title=Moskva |url=https://www.tallinn.ee/et/valissuhted/moskva |website=tallinn.ee |publisher=Tallinn |language=et |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803065014/https://www.tallinn.ee/et/valissuhted/moskva |url-status=live }}
• Vilnius, Lithuania{{cite web |title=Miestai partneriai |url=http://www.ivilnius.lt/pazink/apie-vilniu/miestai-partneriai |website=ivilnius.lt |publisher=Vilnius |language=lt |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927093052/http://www.ivilnius.lt/pazink/apie-vilniu/miestai-partneriai |url-status=live }}
• Warsaw, Poland (terminated due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine){{cite web |url=https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996 |language=pl |title=Rada Warszawy: najważniejszym zadaniem jest stworzyć uchodźcom drugi dom |date=3 March 2022 |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511060219/https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996 |url-status=live }}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• List of churches in Moscow
• List of Moscow tourist attractions
• List of museums in Moscow
• List of shopping malls in Moscow
• Mayor of Moscow
• Moscow Millionaire Fair

{{div col end}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |last1=Bushkovitch |first1=Paul |title=A Concise History of Russia |date=5 December 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50444-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Le-n7ZYjGWkC |language=en}}
• {{cite book |last1=Crummey |first1=Robert O. |title=The Formation of Muscovy 1300 - 1613 |date=6 June 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-87200-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMwFBAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
• {{cite book |last1=Fennell |first1=John |authorlink1=John Lister Illingworth Fennell |title=The Emergence of Moscow, 1304–1359 |date=15 November 2023 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-34759-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymzfEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
• {{cite book |last1=Kuchkin |first1=V. A. |editor1-last=Kravets |editor1-first=S. L. |title=Болшая Российская энциклопедия. Том 21: Монголы — Наноматериалы |date=2013 |publisher=Болшая Российская энциклопедия |isbn=978-5-85270-355-2 |pages=308-310|language=ru |chapter=Московское великое княжество |trans-chapter=Grand Principality of Moscow}}
• {{cite book |last1=Riasanovsky |first1=Nicholas V. |last2=Steinberg |first2=Mark D. |authorlink1=Nicholas V. Riasanovsky |authorlink2=Mark D. Steinberg |title=A history of Russia |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0190645588 |edition=Ninth}}
• {{cite book |last1=Smirnova |first1=E. S. |editor1-last=Kravets |editor1-first=S. L. |title=Болшая Российская энциклопедия. Том 21: Монголы — Наноматериалы |date=2013 |publisher=Болшая Российская энциклопедия |isbn=978-5-85270-355-2 |pages=273–274|language=ru |chapter=Московская школа |trans-chapter=Moscow school}}

{{Sister project links|Moscow|voy=Moscow}}

• {{Commons category-inline}}
• {{official website|https://www.mos.ru/en/}}
• [https://strelkamag.com/ru/article/moscow-housing-map Interactive map of housing in Moscow from 1785–2018]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623093543/https://strelkamag.com/ru/article/moscow-housing-map |date=23 June 2020 }}.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20170722083414/http://en.travel2moscow.com/ Travel2moscow.com – Official Moscow Guide]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120505061015/http://mos.ru/en/index.php Official Moscow Administration Site]
• [http://xn--80adxhks.xn--h1akdx.xn--80aswg/ Informational website of Moscow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527141051/http://www.xn--80adxhks.xn--h1akdx.xn--80aswg/ |date=27 May 2020 }} {{in lang|ru}}
• [http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/moscow/moscow.html Old maps of Moscow]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116220851/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/moscow/moscow.html |date=16 January 2021 }}. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The National Library of Israel. In [http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html Historic Cities Research Project]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html |date=25 March 2022 }}.

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Category:12th-century establishments in Russia

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