Α-Carotene
{{Short description|Previtamin}}
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{{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 477318860
| ImageFile = Alpha-carotene.svg
| ImageClass = skin-invert-image
| ImageSize = 300px
| ImageAlt = Skeletal formula
| ImageFile1 = Alpha-Carotene-3D-spacefill.png
| ImageClass1 = bg-transparent
| ImageSize1 = 300px
| ImageAlt1 = Space-filling model
| Name = α-Carotene
| IUPACName = (6′R)-β,ε-Carotene
| SystematicName = 1,3,3-Trimethyl-2-
| OtherNames =
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 3571861
| InChI = 1/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-23,25-28,37H,15-16,24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21+,34-22+
| InChIKey = ANVAOWXLWRTKGA-JLTXGRSLBQ
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-23,25-28,37H,15-16,24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21+,34-22+
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = ANVAOWXLWRTKGA-JLTXGRSLSA-N
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
| CASNo = 7488-99-5
| PubChem = 6419725
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 45XWE1Z69V
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 28425
| SMILES = C\C2=C\CCC(C)(C)C2/C=CC(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(/C)CCCC1(C)C
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| C=40 |H=56
| MolarMass = 536.873
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|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
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α-Carotene (alpha-carotene) is a form of carotene with a β-ionone ring at one end and an α-ionone ring at the opposite end. It is the second most common form of carotene.
Human physiology
In American and Chinese adults, the mean concentration of serum α-carotene was 4.71 μg/dL. Including 4.22 μg/dL among men and 5.31 μg/dL among women.{{cite journal|vauthors=Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, Balluz LS, Giles WH, Liu S |title=Serum α-carotene concentrations and risk of death among US Adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Follow-up Study |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=171 |issue=6 |pages=507–15 |date=March 2011 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2010.440 |pmid=21098341 |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/archinternmed.2010.440v1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129085914/http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/archinternmed.2010.440v1|archive-date=November 29, 2010 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}
- {{cite news |vauthors=Nordqvist C|date=November 22, 2010 |title=Those With High Alpha-Carotene Blood Levels Live Much Longer |work=Medical News Today |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/208965.php}}[http://www.tuftshealthletter.com/ShowArticle.aspx?rowId=928 Alpha-carotene Linked to Lower Mortality Rates ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513164242/http://www.tuftshealthletter.com/ShowArticle.aspx?RowID=928 |date=May 13, 2012 }}, Tufts Health and Nutrition Letter, March 2011
Dietary sources
The following vegetables are rich in alpha-carotene:
- Yellow-orange vegetables: Carrots (the main source for U.S. adults), sweet potatoes, pumpkin, winter squash
- Dark-green vegetables: Broccoli, green beans, green peas, spinach, turnip greens, collards, leaf lettuce, avocado
Research
A 2018 meta-analysis found that both dietary and circulating α-carotene are associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality. The highest circulating α-carotene category, compared to the lowest, correlated with a 32% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality, while increased dietary α-carotene intake was linked to a 21% decrease in the risk of all-cause mortality.{{cite journal| vauthors=Jayedi A, Rashidy-Pour A, Parohan M, Zargar MS, Shab-Bidar S| title=Dietary Antioxidants, Circulating Antioxidant Concentrations, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies. | journal=Adv Nutr | year= 2018 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 701–716 | pmid=30239557 | doi=10.1093/advances/nmy040 | pmc=6247336 }}
References
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{{Carotenoids}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Carotene, Alpha-}}