1185 papal election

File:Biblioteca_Capitolare_cathedral_cloister.jpg. It was almost finished construction in 1185.]]

Pope Lucius III was elected on 1 September 1181, but had to be consecrated and enthroned at Velletri, due to the hostility of the Romans.Jaffé, p. 432. Gregorovius, p. 609. But, having refused to grant the consuetudines to the Romans which had been conceded by earlier popes, he was forced to retreat to Velletri.Gregorovius, p. 609 with note 2 (from Roger of Hoveden, citing Benedict of Peterborough): "grave dissidium ortum est inter Romanos et Papam Lucium super consuetudinibus quibusdam, quas praedecessores Papae Lucii facere solebant, quas Papa Lucius se nunquam facturum iuravit. Unde Romani indignati sunt it frequenter rapinas et iniquas combustiones facerunt in terra domini Papae. Dominus vero Papa, de loco in locum fugiens, castella sua et munitiones et civitates munitas adiit." In the meantime, refugees from Tusculum, which had been destroyed earlier in the century by the Roman commune, began to rebuild their fortifications. Annoyed by the challenge, the Roman commune reopened the war, devastated the territory of Tusculum in April 1184, and then turned their wrath against Latium. The pope then fled to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was at Verona, by way of Ancona, Rimini, Faenza, and Modena.Gregorovius, pp. 609-611. Jaffé, pp. 465-466. Some of the cardinals followed Pope Lucius to Verona; others, however, whose followers had perpetrated the outrages at Tusculum and in the Roman campagna, remained in the city.Gregorovius, p. 611. The Continuator of Sigibertus Aquicinctina, cited by Watterich II, p. 656, with note 4.

Ten cardinals who were with the refugee pope participated in the consecration of the cathedral of Modena on 14 July 1184. They were: Theodinus of Porto, Tebaldus of Ostia; Joannes of S. Marco, Laborans of S. Maria Transtiberim, Pandulfus of Ss. Apostolorum, Ubertus of S. Lorenzo in Damaso; Ardicio of S. Teodoro, Graziano of Ss. Cosma e Damiano, Goffredfus of S. Maria in Via Lata, and Albinus of S. Maria Nuova.Oliviero Iozzi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7FNSaaaNFO0C La tomba di Lucio III in Verona,] (Roma: Tipografia Labicana 1907), pp. 29-30.

Discussions between the pope and the emperor quickly turned sour. There was the matter of lay appointment to bishops, and the issue of the inheritance of Mathilda of Tuscany, which had been willed to S. Peter, but which was in imperial hands and of which the emperor insisted he was the feudal overlord.Watterich II, p. 660. Frustrated and angry, the emperor withdrew to the palace in Pavia. He placed a military cordon around Verona, permitting no one to go to the papal court and allowing no one to leave Verona. Anyone caught was subject to imprisonment and torture.Gregorovius IV. 2, p. 611-612.

There were probably 26 cardinals in the Sacred College at the death of Lucius III on 25 November 1185.I.S. Robinson, pp. 44 and 86. On 11 November 1185, two weeks before the pope's death, eighteen cardinals subscribed a bull in favor of the monastery of S. Peter Lobiensis. This was the last day on which bulls were signed before the pope's death.Jaffé, p. 492, no. 15471.

Ten electors were created by Pope Lucius III, five by Pope Alexander III, and three by Pope Adrian IV.

Four absentees were appointed by Alexander III, three by Lucius III, one by Adrian IV, and one by Pope Lucius II.

Pope Lucius III died at Verona on 25 November 1185, at very advanced age. On that same day, eighteen cardinals started proceedings to elect his successor. Majority of them came from Northern Italy and formed a radically anti-imperial faction, while more moderate cardinals (mostly Romans) were absent.I.S.Robinson, p. 86. In such circumstances, Northern Italian cardinals quickly secured the election of their candidate Uberto Crivelli of Milan. Crivelli was widely known to have a long-standing rancor against Barbarossa, who had singled out his family and followers when he had conquered Milan, some of whom he ordered to be executed, others to be mutilated."Gesta Treverorum" 98, quoted in: Watterich II, p. 665: "...cum imperator Fridericus Mediolanum...ad deditionem coegisset, cognatos et parentes domini Urbani Papae inter ceteros captivos teneri, quorum quosdam proscriptione damnavit, quosdam mutilatione membrorum deformari praecepit. Ob cuius itaqiue facti vindictam dicebant quidam praedictum Apostolicum, antequam ad sedem Apostolatus conscendisset, gravissimum rancorem servasse in corde suo contra imperatorem." In the words of Ferdinand Gregorovius, he was "... a violent and unyielding spirit, and a strong opponent of Frederick."Gregorovius IV. 2, p. 612. He was unanimously elected within a few hours after the death of Lucius III, and took the name Urban III. He was crowned at Verona in S. Pietro in monte, on 1 December 1185.Watterich II, p. 663, citing Ralph de Diceto.

After his election to the papacy, he retained the administration of the metropolitan see of Milan.D.R. Webster (1912), [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15211a.htm "Pope Urban III."] The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. Retrieved: 11 January 2022.

{{reflist}}

• Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1896). The History of Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. IV, part 2. London: George Bell 1896.
• {{cite book |author-link=Philipp Jaffé |last=Jaffé |first=Philipp |title=Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII |volume=II |location=Leipzig |year=1888|language=la}}
• {{cite book |first=Elfriede |last=Kartusch |title=Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227 |location=Wien |year=1948 }}
• {{cite book |first=Ian Stuart |last=Robinson |title=The Papacy, 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=0521264987 }}
• {{cite book|last=Watterich|first=J. B. M.|title=Pontificum Romanorum qui fuerunt inde ab exeunte saeculo IX usque ad finem saeculi XIII vitae: ab aequalibus conscriptae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bORTAAAAcAAJ|volume=Tomus II|year=1862|publisher=G. Engelmann|location=Leipzig|language=la}}

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1185

Category:1185 in Europe

Category:12th-century elections

Category:12th-century Catholicism

Category:12th century in the Papal States

Category:History of Verona

Category:Frederick Barbarossa