127e programs

Section 127e of Title 10 of the United States Code, titled Support of special operations to combat terrorism, allows for the United States Secretary of Defense to spend a maximum of $100 million a year to "support to foreign forces, irregular forces, groups, or individuals engaged in supporting or facilitating authorized ongoing military operations by United States special operations forces" engaged in counterterrorism activities.{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/127e|title=10 U.S. Code § 127e - Support of special operations to combat terrorism|website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}{{Cite web|url=https://civiliansinconflict.org/blog/quick-reference-us-law-aumf-part-two/|title=A CIVIC Quick Reference Guide: US Law & Policy on the Use of Military Force and Lethal Operations – Part II (Partnered Operations)|first=Annie|last=Shiel|date=August 29, 2018}}

The authority originated in American government initiatives during the first few years of the War on terror, notably the Iraq War. It was originally known as Section 1208 authority, under the National Defense Authorization Act, and received funding of $10 million a year.{{Cite web|url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/02/08/fighting-terrorism-may-rely-on-secret-surrogate-forces-going-forward/|title=Special operations launches ‘secret surrogate’ missions in new counter-terrorism strategy|first=Kyle|last=Rempfer|date=February 8, 2019|website=Military Times}}

A number of 127e programmes have been conducted in Somalia, consisting of training regional forces for combat against Al-Shabaab.{{Cite web|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/exclusive-inside-secret-world-us-commandos-africa|title=Exclusive: Inside the Secret World of US Commandos in Africa|website=Pulitzer Center}} Other "direct action" missions involving direct combat with American forces have been conducted in Cameroon, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Niger, Somalia, Tunisia, Ethiopia, and Mauritania have been confirmed to have occurred by former American general Donald C. Bolduc.{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/exclusive-the-us-has-more-military-operations-in-africa-than-the-middle-east/|title=Exclusive: The U.S. has more military operations in Africa than the Middle East|website=Vice.com}} Operations under the authority have also been carried out in Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, and Yemen.

In 2017, the team ambushed in the Tongo Tongo ambush in Niger had been pulled off its original mission to assist another team that had been conducted a 127e operation.{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/07/02/secret-war-africa-pentagon-664005|title=Behind the secret U.S. war in Africa|website=POLITICO}} In 2019, the Rapid Intervention Battalion (BIR) of the Cameroon Armed Forces received American funding under 127e authority, until the programme was cut off due to accusations of human rights abuses by the BIR {{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2022/03/09/cameroon-military-abuses-bir-127e/|title=Even After Acknowledging Abuses, the U.S. Continued to Employ Notorious Proxy Forces in Cameroon|first1=Nick|last1=Turse|first2=Alice|last2=Speri|date=March 9, 2022|website=The Intercept}}

On the 24th of October 2023, The Intercept would put out an article describing how the US military used 127e programme to conduct what it described as a "secret war" in Lebanon, and warned of how it could inflame the ongoing 2023 Israel-Hamas war{{Cite news|url=https://theintercept.com/2023/10/24/israel-lebanon-us-military-hezbollah/|title=Secret U.S. War in Lebanon is Tinder for Escalation of Israel-Gaza conflict |first=Nick |last=Turse |date=October 24, 2023 |access-date=October 28, 2023|website=The Intercept}}

In 2014, Admiral William H. McRaven called the programme "probably the single most important authority we have in our fight against terrorism." In 2018, General Raymond A. Thomas stated that the programme's "unique access and capabilities achieve results." According to General Richard D. Clarke, "use of 127e authority has directly resulted in the capture or killing of thousands of terrorists."{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/what-are-us-forces-doing-abroad-we-dont-necessarily-know/|title=What Are US Forces Doing Abroad? We Don’t Necessarily Know.|first=Nick|last=Turse|date=March 21, 2020|via=www.thenation.com}}

Elias Yousif of the Center for International Policy and Daniel R. Mahanty of the Center for Civilians in Conflict have concerns about a lack of formal oversight mechanisms for the programme, saying that "the DOD has exempted 127e programs from basic human rights due diligence and vetting it applies to almost all other programs" and has allowed the Pentagon to avoid "critical questions about U.S. military involvement in foreign conflicts."{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/528656-when-exceptions-become-the-rule-forever-wars-result/|title=When exceptions become the rule, ‘forever wars’ result|author=Elias Yousif |author2= Daniel R. Mahanty|date=December 8, 2020}} Katherine Ebright of the Brennan Center for Justice has said that the Pentagon has used the programmes "to engage in combat beyond the scope of any authorization for use of military force or permissible self-defense," which "would contravene constitutional principles."

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Category:Title 10 of the United States Code

Category:United States federal defense and national security legislation