12 Victoria

{{Short description|Large main-belt asteroid}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

{{Infobox planet

| minorplanet = yes

| background = #D6D6D6

| name = 12 Victoria

| symbol = 24px (historical)

| image = 12 Victoria VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf

| caption =

| discoverer = John Russell Hind

| discovered = 13 September 1850

| mpc_name = (12) Victoria

| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|v|ɪ|k|ˈ|t|ɔər|i|ə}}Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language

| adjective = Victorian

| alt_names =

| named_after = Victoria ({{langx|la|Uictōria}})

| mp_category = Main belt

| orbit_ref = {{cite web

|type=2024-09-10 last obs

|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 12 Victoria

|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=12

|accessdate=2024-12-20}}

| epoch = 17.0 October 2024
(JD 2460600.5)

| observation_arc = 173.98 yr

| uncertainty = 0

| semimajor = {{Convert|2.33|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}

| perihelion = {{Convert|1.82|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}

| time_periastron = 15 February 2025

| aphelion = {{Convert|2.85|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}}

| eccentricity = 0.22013

| period = 3.57 yr (1302.6 d)

| inclination = 8.374°

| asc_node = 235.36°

| arg_peri = 69.55°

| mean_anomaly = 326.4°

| avg_speed = 19.50 km/s

| moid = {{Convert|0.83|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}

| jupiter_moid = {{Convert|2.42|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}

| tisserand = 3.522

| dimensions = {{val|140|x|116|x|96|u=km}} (± {{val|4|x|3|x|3|u=km}})

| mean_diameter = {{val|116|2|u=km}}P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. Astronomy & Astrophysics 54, A56
115.087 ± 1.199 km
124.09 ± 8.31 km

| flattening = 0.31{{efn|1=Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): $f=1-\backslash frac\{c\}\{a\}$, where (c/a) = {{val|0.69|0.03}}.}}

| mass = {{val|2.7|1.3|e=18|u=kg}}
{{val|2.45|0.46|e=18|u=kg}}

| density = {{val|3.4|1.7|u=g/cm3}}
{{val|2.45|0.67|u=g/cm3}}

| surface_grav = 0.0315 m/s²

| escape_velocity = 0.0596 km/s

| rotation = {{Convert|8.6599|h|d|abbr=on|lk=on}}
{{val|8.660345|0.000005|u=h}}

| axial_tilt = 110°

| spectral_type = S (Tholen)/L (SMASS)
A
L

| magnitude = 8.68{{cite web |title=AstDys (12) Victoria Ephemerides |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy |url=https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=12&oc=500&y0=1971&m0=7&d0=7&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=1971&m1=7&d1=12&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days |accessdate=2010-06-26}} to 12.82

| abs_magnitude = 7.30
7.24

| pole_ecliptic_lat = {{val|-27|3|u=deg}}

| pole_ecliptic_lon = {{val|177|2|u=deg}}

| albedo = 0.167 (calculated)
0.163 ± 0.027

| angular_size = 0.188" to 0.04"

| single_temperature = ~178 K

| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.276365|sup=ms}} / day

}}

12 Victoria is a large main-belt asteroid, orbiting the Sun with a period of 3.56 years and an eccentricity of 0.221. It is a stony (S-type) asteroid, about 112–124 km across with an albedo of 0.18 and a rotation period of 8.66 hours. Victoria has been observed to occult a star three times since its discovery. Radar and speckle interferometry observations show that the shape of Victoria is elongated, and it is suspected to be a binary asteroid, with a moon of irregular shape.[http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoonsq.html Other reports of asteroid/TNO companions]

This minor planet was discovered by English astronomer J. R. Hind on September 13, 1850. Victoria is officially named after the Roman goddess of victory, but the name also honours Queen Victoria. The goddess Victoria (Nike for the Greeks) was the daughter of Styx by the Titan Pallas. The coincidence with the name of the then-reigning queen caused quite a controversy at the time, and B. A. Gould, editor of the prestigious Astronomical Journal, adopted the alternate name Clio (now used by 84 Klio), proposed by the discoverer. However, W. C. Bond, of the Harvard College Observatory, then the highest authority on astronomy in America, held that the mythological condition was fulfilled and the name therefore acceptable, and his opinion eventually prevailed.{{cite book|last=Schmadel|first=Lutz D.|title=Dictionary of minor planet names|volume=1|edition=5th |date=2003|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin Heidelberg New York|isbn=3-540-00238-3|pages=16|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_13}}

The historical symbol for Victoria was a star with a branch of laurel. It is in the pipeline for Unicode 17.0 as U+1CEC5 𜻅 (12px).{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23207-historical-asteroids.pdf |title=Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols |last1=Bala |first1=Gavin Jared |last2=Miller |first2=Kirk |date=18 September 2023 |website=unicode.org |publisher=Unicode |access-date=26 September 2023 |quote=}}{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html |title=Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline |author=Unicode |date= |website=unicode.org |publisher=The Unicode Consortium |access-date=6 November 2023 |quote=}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 0.9em;" |+12 Victoria Earth approach on 26 June 2028 ! Date and time of closest approach ! Earth distance (AU) ! Sun distance (AU) ! Velocity relative to Earth (km/s) ! Velocity relative to Sun (km/s) ! Uncertainty region (3-sigma) ! Solar elongation
26 June 2028 ≈01:57	{{Convert|0.877|AU|e6km e6mi LD|abbr=unit|lk=on}}	{{Convert|1.88|AU|e6km e6mi|abbr=unit}}	6.4	23.7	± 7 km	166.9°

File:12Victoria (Lightcurve Inversion).png inversion|none]]