14th G7 summit
{{Short description|1988 G7 summit in Toronto, Canada}}
{{Infobox summit
| summit_name = 14th G7 summit
| image = Metrotorontosouthbuildingsign.jpg
| caption = Metro Toronto Convention Centre, Front Street entrance
| country = Canada
| dates = June 19–20, 1988
| venues = Metro Toronto Convention Centre
| precedes = 15th G7 summit
| follows = 13th G7 summit
}}
The 14th G7 Summit was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between June 19 and 21, 1988. The venue for the summit meetings was the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Downtown Toronto.Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA): [http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/summit/2000/past_summit/table_e/index.html Summit Meetings in the Past.]. Accessed 2009-03-11. 2009-04-30.
The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976),Saunders, Doug. [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080704.wG8-analysis05/BNStory/International/columnists "Weight of the world too heavy for G8 shoulders,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011063004/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080704.wG8-analysis05/BNStory/International/columnists |date=2008-10-11 }} Globe and Mail (Toronto). July 5, 2008 -- n.b., the G7 becomes the Group of Eight (G7) with the inclusion of Russia starting in 1997. and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981).Reuters: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081023185037/http://uk.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUKB26280520080703?sp=true "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?"], July 3, 2008. The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975.{{cite book|last1=Reinalda|first1=Bob|first2=Bertjan|last2=Verbeek|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC&q=G7+summit&pg=PA205|title=Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations|page=205|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780203450857}}
Unlike the relatively low key summit at Château Montebello in 1981, the Toronto summit was held under tight security with involvement of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and Metro Toronto Police.
Canada was the first member of the G7 or G8 to host both this kind of Summit and an Olympic Games in the same calendar year. In February, Calgary, Alberta, hosted the 1988 Winter Olympics. Canada would do this again 22 years later when they hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia and then the 36th G8 summit and the 4th G20 summit in Huntsville, Ontario and Toronto respectively.
Leaders at the summit
File:G-7 Economic Summit Leaders at the University of Toronto.jpg: (left to right) Jacques Delors, Ciriaco De Mita, Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan, Brian Mulroney, François Mitterrand, Helmut Kohl, and Noboru Takeshita]]
The G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.
The 14th G7 summit was the first summit for Italian Prime Minister Ciriaco De Mita and was the last summit for US President Ronald Reagan.Kurtaman, Joel. [https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/19/business/business-forum-reagan-s-final-summit-conference-forecast-for-all-talk-no-action.html?sq=1982+summit++conference+G7&scp=1&st=cse "Business Forum: Reagan's Final Summit Conference; The Forecast Is for All Talk, No Action,"] New York Times. June 19, 1988. It was also the first and only summit for Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita.
=Participants=
These summit participants are the current "core members" of the international forum:Rieffel, Lex. [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0327_global_governance_rieffel.aspx "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV),"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603074840/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0327_global_governance_rieffel.aspx |date=June 3, 2010 }} Brookings. March 27, 2009; [http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/ "core" members (Muskoka 2010 G-8, official site).] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602190742/http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/ |date=June 2, 2010 }}MOFA: [http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/summit/2000/past_summit/table_e/index.html Summit (14)]; European Union: [http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php "EU and the G8"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226165606/http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php |date=2007-02-26 }}
| class="wikitable" |
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:Gainsboro" |Core G7 members Host state and leader are shown in bold text. |
| style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center;"
! colspan=2 | Member ! Represented by ! Title |
| {{flagicon|CAN}}
| Canada |
|---|
| {{flagicon|FRA|1974}}
| France |
| {{flagicon|West Germany}} |
| {{flagicon|Italy}}
| Italy |
| {{flagicon|Japan|1947}}
| Japan |
| {{flagicon|UK}} |
| {{flagicon|US}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|European Union}}
| rowspan="2" | European Community |
| Helmut Kohl |
Issues
The summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions. Issues which were discussed at this summit included:
- International Economic Policy Cooperation
- Multilateral Trading System / Uruguay Round
- Newly Industrialized Economies
- Developing Countries and Debt
- Environment
- Future Summits
- Other Issues
- Annex on Structural Reform
Criticism
The Toronto-based Canadian Organization for the Rights of Prostitutes issued a number of press releases leading up to the economic summit pointing out that the local vice squads were tasked with cleaning up the city streets through a coordinated crackdown on sex workers.{{Cite web|url=https://aidsactivisthistory.omeka.net/items/show/785|title=Prostitution Crack Down - CORP Press Release · AIDS Activist History Project|website=aidsactivisthistory.omeka.net|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-28}} This crackdown and economic summit took place in Toronto amidst the tumultuous restructuring of the Canadian Criminal Code to outlaw commercial sex by criminalizing communication for the purpose of obtaining commercial sexual services in public.{{Cite web|url=https://aidsactivisthistory.omeka.net/items/show/783|title=The Case Against C-49 - CORP Position Statement · AIDS Activist History Project|website=aidsactivisthistory.omeka.net|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-28}} Similar crackdowns against other street-involved communities (drug users, the homeless, gays and lesbians, transgender people) continue today in the lead up to large economic summits like the G7, IMF, World Bank as well as sporting events like the World Cup, the Olympics, and Formula One.{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/how-the-olympic-clean-up-put-sex-workers-in-danger-7737986.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/how-the-olympic-clean-up-put-sex-workers-in-danger-7737986.html |archive-date=2022-05-01 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=How the Olympic clean-up put sex workers in danger|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-GB}}{{cbignore}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/03/vancouver-winter-olympics-homeless-row|title=Winter Olympics on slippery slope after Vancouver crackdown on homeless|last=Hyslop|first=Lucy|date=2010-02-03|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-10-28}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailyxtra.com/resisting-the-olympic-cleanup-11453|title=Resisting the Olympic cleanup|date=2009-12-29|work=Xtra|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/montreal-police-cracked-down-hard-on-f1-sex-tourism/|title=Montreal Police Cracked Down Hard on F1 Sex Tourism|date=2015-06-19|work=Vice|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-ca}}
Gallery of participating leaders
=Core G7 participants=
File:Brian Mulroney (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Canada}} Canada
Brian Mulroney,
Prime Minister (Host)
File:President François Mitterrand in 1983.jpg|{{flagicon|France|1974}} France
François Mitterrand,
President
File:Helmut Kohl (1996) cropped.jpg|{{flagicon|West Germany}} West Germany
Helmut Kohl,
Chancellor
File:Ciriaco De Mita (X).jpg|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italy
Ciriaco De Mita,
Prime Minister
File:Noboru Takeshita 19871106.jpg|{{flagicon|Japan|1947}} Japan
Noboru Takeshita,
Prime Minister
File:Margaret Thatcher (1983).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
Margaret Thatcher,
Prime Minister
File:Ronald Reagan 1985 presidential portrait (cropped).jpg| {{flagicon|United States}} United States Ronald Reagan, President
File:Jacques Delors (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|EU}} European Union
Jacques Delors,
Commission President
See also
Notes
{{reflist|2}}
References
- Bayne, Nicholas and Robert D. Putnam. (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BqkEAQAAIAAJ&q=G7+summit Hanging in There: The G7 and G8 Summit in Maturity and Renewal.] Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-1185-1}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/43186692 OCLC 43186692]
- Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations.] London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-16486-3}}; {{ISBN|978-0-203-45085-7}}; {{OCLC|39013643}}
External links
- No official website is created for any G7 summit prior to 1995 -- see the 21st G7 summit.
- University of Toronto: G8 Research Group, [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca G8 Information Centre]
- [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/1988toronto/index.html G7 1988, delegations & documents]
- CBC Digital Archives: [http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/international_politics/clips/17476/ "Leaders arrive at 1988 G7 Summit in Toronto,"] Broadcast Date: June 18, 1988.
{{G8 summits}}
{{Presidency of Ronald Reagan}}