Jacques Delors

{{Infobox officeholder

| honorific-prefix = His Excellency

| name = Jacques Delors

| image = Jacques Delors (1993) (cropped).jpg

| caption = Delors in 1993

| order =

| office = President of the European Commission

| vicepresident = Frans Andriessen

| term_start = 7 January 1985

| term_end = 24 January 1995

| predecessor = Gaston Thorn

| successor = Jacques Santer

| office1 = Mayor of Clichy

| term_start1 = 19 March 1983

| term_end1 = 19 December 1984

| predecessor1 = Gaston Roche

| successor1 = {{ill|v=ib|Gilles Catoire|fr}}

| office2 = Minister of Finance

| primeminister2 = Pierre Mauroy

| term_start2 = 22 May 1981

| term_end2 = 17 July 1984

| predecessor2 = René Monory

| successor2 = Pierre Bérégovoy

| office3 = Member of the European Parliament

| term_start3 = 1 July 1979

| term_end3 = 25 May 1981

| constituency3 = East France

| birth_name = Jacques Lucien Jean Delors

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|07|20|df=yes}}

| birth_place = Paris, France

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|12|27|1925|07|20|df=yes}}

| death_place = Paris, France

| party = Socialist

| spouse = {{marriage|Marie Lephaille|1948|2020|end=d.}}

| children = 2, including Martine

| alma_mater = University of Paris

}}

Jacques Lucien Jean Delors ({{IPA|fr|ʒak lysjɛ̃ ʒɑ̃ dəlɔʁ|lang}}; 20 July 1925{{snd}}27 December 2023) was a French politician who served as the eighth president of the European Commission from 1985 to 1995. Delors played a key role in the creation of the single market, the euro and the modern European Union.

As president of the European Commission (EC), Delors was the most visible and influential leader in European affairs. He implemented policies that closely linked the member nations together and promoted the need for unity. He created a single market that made the free movement of persons, capital, goods, and services within the European Economic Community (EEC) possible. He also headed the Delors Committee, which proposed the monetary union to create the euro, a new single currency to replace individual national currencies. This was achieved by the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992.

Delors was a member of the French Socialist Party. Before becoming president of the EC, he was France's finance minister from 1981 to 1984, and a member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1981.

French politics

Born in Paris in a family originating from Corrèze, Delors first held in the 1940s through the 1960s a series of posts in French banking and state planning with the Bank of France.{{Cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/delors/index_en.htm |title=European Commission - Discover the former Presidents - Jacques Delors |access-date=21 September 2009 |archive-date=4 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104042326/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/history/delors/index_en.htm |url-status=dead }} As a member of the French Confederation of Christian Workers (CFTC), he participated in its secularization and the foundation of the French Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT). In 1969, he became social affairs adviser to the Gaullist Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas, a move which was presented as part of Chaban's outreach to the centre-ground and first attracted media attention to Delors personally.

In 1957, Delors left the CFDT when he became a high government official to avoid conflicts of interests. In 1974, he joined the Socialist Party, with other left-wing Christians. He was one of the rare members of the party to be openly religious, thus challenging its long-standing secular tradition of {{Lang|fr|laïcité}}.{{Cite web|url=http://biography.yourdictionary.com/jacques-delors|title=Jacques Delors Facts|website=biography.yourdictionary.com|language=en|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007170759/http://biography.yourdictionary.com/jacques-delors|url-status=live}} He served in the European Parliament from 1979 to 1981, becoming chairman of its Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, actively taking part in debates about economic, social, and monetary policies. Under President François Mitterrand, Delors served as Economics and Finance Minister from 1981 to 1983, and Economics, Finance, and Budget Minister from 1983 to 1984. He advocated a pause in the social policies, a clear acceptance of the market economy, and an alignment with European social democracy. Critically, he held the line on France's membership of the European Monetary System (EMS), giving priority to monetary stability over left-wing spending priorities. Mitterrand flirted with the idea of naming him Prime Minister, but never made the appointment.{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231227-from-community-to-union-jacques-delors-champion-of-europe|title=From community to union: Jacques Delors, champion of Europe|publisher=France 24|date=27 December 2023|accessdate=28 December 2023|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227224243/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231227-from-community-to-union-jacques-delors-champion-of-europe|url-status=live}}

President of the European Commission

File:1991, persconferentie Eurotop, MECC Maastricht.jpg, Dutch ministers Wim Kok, Hans van den Broek and Ruud Lubbers, after the European Council in Maastricht, 1991, which led to the 1992 Maastricht Treaty]]

Delors became the President of the European Commission in January 1985. During his presidency, he oversaw important budgetary reforms and laid the groundwork for the introduction of a single market within the European Community. It came into effect on 1 January 1993 and allowed the free movement of persons, capital, goods, and services within the Community.{{Cite journal|last1=Ross|first1=George|last2=Jenson|first2=Jane|year=2017|title=Reconsidering Jacques Delors' leadership of the European Union|journal=Journal of European Integration|volume=39|issue=2|pages=113–127|doi=10.1080/07036337.2016.1277718|s2cid=151526296|issn=0703-6337}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Delors|title=Jacques Delors {{!}} French politician|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en|archive-date=10 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010134304/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Delors|url-status=live}}

Delors also headed the Committee for the Study of Economic and Monetary Union, widely known as the Delors Committee, that in early 1989 proposed the creation of a new currency—the euro—to replace individual national currencies. This was achieved in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty.Michael J. Baun, "The Maastricht Treaty as High Politics: Germany, France, and European Integration." Political Science Quarterly 110.4 (1995): 605–624. [http://homes.ieu.edu.tr/~aburgin/IREU%20438%20Policy%20Making%20in%20the%20EU/Additional%20Readings/Additional%20Reading%20for%20students/Baun_The%20Maastricht%20Treaty%20as%20High%20Politics%20Germany%20France%20and%20European%20Integration.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809053410/http://homes.ieu.edu.tr/~aburgin/IREU |date=9 August 2016 }}

In opposition to the strident neoliberalism of US president Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) that dominated the American political agenda, Delors promoted an alternative interpretation of capitalism that embedded it in the European social structure. He synthesized three themes.{{Cite book|last=Warlouzet|first=Laurent|title=Governing Europe in a Globalizing World. Neoliberalism and its Alternatives following the 1973 Oil Crisis|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781138729421|location=London}} First, from the left came support for the redistribution of wealth and protection of the weakest. Second, a neo-mercantilist approach was designed to maximize European industrial output. And the third was reliance on the marketplace. His emphasis on the social dimension of Europe was and remains central to a strong narrative that became a key element of the self-identification of the European Union.Alessandra Bitumi, "'An uplifting tale of Europe'. Jacques Delors and the contradictory quest for a European social model in the Age of Reagan." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 16.3 (2018): 203–221 [http://www.academia.edu/download/61940641/An_uplifting_tale_of_Europe_Jacques_Delors_and_the_contradictory_quest_for_a_European_social_model_in_the_Age_of_Reagan20200130-80255-t7.pdf online]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.

The Delors presidency is considered to have been the apex of the European Commission's influence on European integration.

Post-presidency

Delors had a longstanding interest in education. As the initiator of a French law in 1971 ({{Lang|fr|la formation professionnelle continue}}, FPC) requiring firms to set aside part of their profits for educational opportunities for their employees, he also chaired a UNESCO Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century from 1993 to 1996, whose final report was published as Learning: the Treasure Within.{{Cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/delors/treasure.htm |title=UNESCO Task Force on Education, Publications |access-date=17 June 2006 |archive-date=15 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615040449/http://www.unesco.org/delors/treasure.htm |url-status=dead }} This work continues to have a significant influence on discourse on lifelong learning, forming the conceptual foundation for both the Canadian Composite Learning Index as well as the European Lifelong Learning Indicators (ELLI) project.{{cite web|url=https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/towards-and-individual-right-to-adult-learning-for-all-europeans-2/|title=Towards an individual right to adult learning for all Europeans|publisher=Jacques Delors Institute|accessdate=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228003852/https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/towards-and-individual-right-to-adult-learning-for-all-europeans-2/|url-status=live}}{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305625744|title=ELLI-Index: A sound measure for lifelong learning in the EU|publisher=European Commission: Joint Research Centre:DOI:10.2788/145|date=May 2010 |doi=10.2788/145 |accessdate=28 December 2023 |author1=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Institute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizen |last2=Saisana |first2=Michaela |isbn=978-92-79-15629-8 }}

In 1994, members of the Socialist Party attempted to persuade Delors to run for president. Polls showed that he would have a very good chance of defeating either of the main conservative contenders, Prime Minister Édouard Balladur and Mayor of Paris Jacques Chirac.{{Cite news|last=Drozdiak|first=William|date=1994-12-13|title=Delors' Vow Not to Run Could Boost French Anti-Europe Forces|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/13/delors-vow-not-to-run-could-boost-french-anti-europe-forces/ec680111-6a27-4aa3-a717-991b31455ae8/|access-date=2023-12-28|issn=0190-8286}} However Delors declined to run and the eventual Socialist nominee, Lionel Jospin, was defeated in the 1995 presidential election by Jacques Chirac.{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/europe/article/2023/12/27/jacques-delors-one-of-europe-s-greats-has-died_6381306_143.html|title=Jacques Delors, one of Europe's greats, has died|work=Le Monde|date=27 December 2023|accessdate=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228041042/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/europe/article/2023/12/27/jacques-delors-one-of-europe-s-greats-has-died_6381306_143.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|last1=Willsher|first1=Kim|last2=Badshah|first2=Nadeem|date=2023-12-27|title=Jacques Delors, former European Commission president, dies aged 98|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/27/jacques-delors-former-european-commission-president-dies-aged-98|access-date=2023-12-28|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228125317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/27/jacques-delors-former-european-commission-president-dies-aged-98|url-status=live}}

Delors founded the Paris-based, centre-left think tank Notre Europe in 1996 and remained one of its presidents for the rest of his life.{{cite book|title=The National Origins of Policy Ideas: Knowledge Regimes in the United States, France, Germany, and Denmark|last=Campbell & Pedersen|first=John L. & Ove K. |year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NY|isbn=978-0691161167|page=339}}{{cite web|url=http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00006981/01/LGI_Policy-Research-Institutes-Paper_2003.pdf|title=Policy research institutes and think tanks in Western Europe: Development trends and perspectives|last=Stone & Ullrich|first=Diane & Heidi|year=2013|language=en|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126000325/http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00006981/01/LGI_Policy-Research-Institutes-Paper_2003.pdf|url-status=live}} He was president of the {{Lang|fr|Conseil de l'emploi, des revenus et de la cohésion sociale}}, and an honorary member of both the Institut Aspen France and the Club of Rome.

On 15 September 2010, Delors supported the new initiative Spinelli Group, which was founded to reinvigorate the striving for federalization of the European Union. Other prominent supporters include Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Guy Verhofstadt, Sylvie Goulard, Andrew Duff, and Elmar Brok.{{cite web|url=http://www.spinelligroup.eu/who-we-are/|title=Spinelli group website, Members of the steering group|access-date=17 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921204036/http://www.spinelligroup.eu/who-we-are/|archive-date=21 September 2010}} In 2010, Delors was the first to be given the Leonardo European Corporate Learning Award.{{cite web|url=http://www.leonardo-award.eu/|title=Leonardo|website=leonardo-award.eu|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228053004/http://www.leonardo-award.eu/home.html|url-status=live}}

In 2012, Delors stated in the Handelsblatt newspaper that "If the British cannot support the trend towards more integration in Europe, we can nevertheless remain friends, but on a different basis. I could imagine a form such as a European economic area or a free-trade agreement."{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/11/jacques-delors-globalisation-austerity-wisdom-internationalist-spirit-missed |title=Jacques Delors foresaw the perils of austerity. How we need his wisdom now |work=The Guardian |date=11 August 2017 |accessdate=28 December 2023 |last1=Seddon |first1=Mark |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227193117/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/11/jacques-delors-globalisation-austerity-wisdom-internationalist-spirit-missed |url-status=live }}

On 25 June 2015, Donald Tusk announced that Delors would become the third person to have the title of Honorary Citizen of Europe bestowed upon them, in recognition of "his remarkable contribution to the development of the European project".{{cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/06/24-tusk-invitation-letter-european-council/|title=Invitation letter by President Donald Tusk to the members of the European Council – Consilium|publisher=Europa|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225524/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/06/24-tusk-invitation-letter-european-council/|url-status=live}}

In March 2024, Delors was posthumously given a "Special Recognition" award at The Parliament Magazine{{'s}} annual MEP Awards, in recognition of his contributions towards the European project, to mark the awards' 20th anniversary.{{cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/03/21/mep-awards-seven-lawmakers-recognised-for-outstanding-contribution-to-eu-policymaking|title=MEP awards: Seven lawmakers recognised for outstanding contribution to EU policymaking|date=21 March 2024|work=Euronews|accessdate=26 March 2024}}

Personal life and death

Delors was married to Marie Lephaille until her death in 2020.{{Cite news|title=En souvenir de Madame MARIE DELORS|url=https://www.libramemoria.com/defunts/delors-marie/2e14ed56bbb9498c8fc93654fd1e2ae7|access-date=2023-12-28|website=libramemoria.com|language=FR-fr|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707170006/https://www.libramemoria.com/defunts/delors-marie/2e14ed56bbb9498c8fc93654fd1e2ae7|url-status=live}} They had a daughter, Martine Aubry, who served as First Secretary of the Socialist Party from 2008 to 2012, and a son, Jean-Paul Delors, who was a journalist and died aged 29 in 1982 from leukaemia.{{Cite book|last=Drake|first=Helen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlQYBmKBwp8C&pg=PA1|title=Jacques Delors: Perspectives on a European Leader|date=11 September 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-80399-6|language=en|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228052923/https://books.google.com/books?id=FlQYBmKBwp8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}

Delors died in his sleep at his home in Paris, on 27 December 2023, aged 98.{{Cite news |date=27 December 2023 |title=Former EU Commission president Jacques Delors dies at 98 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231227-%F0%9F%94%B4-former-eu-commission-president-jacques-delors-dies-at-98 |publisher=France 24 |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227165721/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231227-%F0%9F%94%B4-former-eu-commission-president-jacques-delors-dies-at-98 |url-status=live }} He was honored with a state funeral at the Hôtel des Invalides in Paris on 5 January in the presence of political figures from all over Europe{{Cite news |date=5 January 2024 |title=France bids farewell to former EU chief Delors |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/european-union/article/2024/01/05/france-bids-farewell-to-former-eu-chief-delors_6403709_156.html |work=Le Monde |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106125907/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/european-union/article/2024/01/05/france-bids-farewell-to-former-eu-chief-delors_6403709_156.html |url-status=live }} before his burial alongside his wife and his son at the Fontaine-la-Gaillarde cemetery.{{Cite news |date=6 January 2024 |title=Obsèques de Jacques Delors: « Une vie tournée vers les autres »: l'homélie de Mgr Hérouard |url=https://www.la-croix.com/religion/obseques-de-jacques-delors-une-vie-tournee-vers-les-autres-l-homelie-de-mgr-herouard-20240106 |work=La Croix |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106113415/https://www.la-croix.com/religion/obseques-de-jacques-delors-une-vie-tournee-vers-les-autres-l-homelie-de-mgr-herouard-20240106 |url-status=live }}

Awards

1990: Franklin D. Roosevelt Freedom Medal for Freedom of Speech.{{cite web|url=https://rooseveltinstitute.org/events/franklin-d-roosevelt-four-freedoms-awards/|title=Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Awards|publisher=Roosevelt Institute|accessdate=28 December 2023|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215104352/https://rooseveltinstitute.org/events/franklin-d-roosevelt-four-freedoms-awards/|url-status=live}}
1998: UEFA President's Award.{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/about/how-we-work/president/|title=UEFA President's Award|publisher=UEFA|access-date=28 August 2019}}
1999: Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium.Index biographique des membres et associés de l'Académie royale de Belgique (1769–2005). p83
2005: Pax Christi International Peace Award.{{cite web|url=https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/pax-christi-prize-for-peace-2005-2/?fullPosts=true|title=Pax Christi prize for 2005|publisher=Jacques Delors Institute|date=31 October 2005|accessdate=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228103003/https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/pax-christi-prize-for-peace-2005-2/?fullPosts=true|url-status=live}}
2015: Honorary Citizen of Europe.
2024: Special Recognition 20th Anniversary Award at The Parliament Magazine{{'s}} MEP Awards.

Honours

{{flagu|Estonia}}: First Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana{{Bcn|date=December 2023}}
{{flagu|France}}: Commander of the Legion of Honour (2005; previously appointed Officer in 1999){{cite web |title=Décret du 25 mars 2005 portant promotion |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000629246 |website=Legifrance |date=25 March 2005 |access-date=28 December 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410092500/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000629246 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Décret du 2 avril 1999 portant promotion et nomination |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000759217 |website=Legifrance |date=2 April 1999 |access-date=28 December 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703092203/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000759217 |url-status=live }}
{{flagu|Germany}}: Medal of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg{{cite web|url=https://stm.baden-wuerttemberg.de/fileadmin/redaktion/dateien/PDF/160423_Verdienstorden_B-W_Ordenstraeger_1975-2016.pdf|title=Verdienstorden des Landes Baden-Württemberg: Liste der Ordensträger 1975 – 2016|publisher=Baden-Württemberg|accessdate=28 December 2023|language=de|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005231135/http://stm.baden-wuerttemberg.de/fileadmin/redaktion/dateien/PDF/160423_Verdienstorden_B-W_Ordenstraeger_1975-2016.pdf|url-status=live}}

Selected works

{{Cite book|last1=Delors|first1=Jacques|title=Mémoires|last2=Arnaud|first2=Jean-Louis|date=2004|publisher=Plon|isbn=978-2-259-19292-7|location=Paris}}

References

External links

[http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/cta/events02/world/eur/euro/delors.ram Delors addressing the British trade unions]
The infamous headline from The Sun in the UK: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/06/programmes_enl_1146754853/img/1.jpg "Up Yours Delors"]
{{C-SPAN|8819}}
{{Internet Archive author |sname= Jacques Delors}}
The electronic copies of [https://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/4056?item=AV-07.01 Jacques Delors's private papers] are consultable at the [https://www.eui.eu/en/academic-units/historical-archives-of-the-european-union Historical Archives of the European Union] in Florence