1745 in Canada

• French Monarch: Louis XVGuéganic (2008), p. 13.
• British and Irish Monarch: George II{{cite web |date=30 December 2015 |title=George I |url=https://www.royal.uk/george-i-r-1714-1727 |access-date=18 April 2016 |website=Official web site of the British monarchy}}

• Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
• Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
• Governor of Nova Scotia: Paul Mascarene
• Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Edwards

• 16 June 1745 - After a six-week siege, the French fort of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island falls to the British colonial forces from New England organized by Governor William Shirley. This intensifies hostilities in what is known as King George's War, an extension of the European War of the Austrian Succession. The English go on to make new conquests from the French in the West Indies.

• Samuel Hearne, explorer, fur-trader, author, and naturalist (died 1792)

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Pamphlet (written in January 1745) argues that Île-Royale must be captured to protect valuable fishery in Newfoundland[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.20114/6?r=0&s=1 Considerations on the State of the British Fisheries in America] (1745). Accessed 14 October 2021

Rising British Army officer says few provisions, little gunpowder, poor discipline and leadership, and exposed defences make Louisbourg vulnerable[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015005553774&view=1up&seq=209 Bradstreet account] Louisbourg Journals, 1745 (1932), pgs. 171-8. Accessed 18 October 2021

Massachusetts government moves (relatively) quickly to mount military expedition to take Louisbourg and Île-Royale[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.20233/48?r=0&s=1 "About the Middle of January 1744/5"] Memoirs of the Principal Transactions of the Last War between the English and French in North America (1757), pgs. 35-40. Accessed 14 October 2021

Siege of Louisbourg ends with French defenders and British invaders agreeing to capitulation and transfer of French to France at British expenseJames Gibson, "Saturday 15" and "Sunday 16 [June]," A Journal of the Late Siege[...]against The French at Cape Breton[....] (1745), [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.35919/45?r=0&s=1 pgs. 34-5]. ([https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.35919/47?r=0&s=1 Surrender ceremony] is held "with all the Decency and Decorum imaginable," but on arrival in France, [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.35919/54?r=0&s=1 British are imprisoned and mistreated]) Accessed 14 October 2021

Governor William Shirley sends report and journal of Louisbourg siege, including details of soldiers' extremely heavy labour[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.48172/6?r=0&s=1 A Letter from William Shirley, Esq.(...)to his Grace the Duke of Newcastle(....)] (1746), pgs. 8 and 23-4. (See soldiers' [https://archive.org/details/cihm_47068/page/n15/mode/2up "Hardships and Dangers"] linked to Bible verses in thanksgiving sermon) Accessed 14 October 2021

"God fought for us" - Sermon crediting Providence for so many advantages of preparation, execution and luck leading to fall of LouisbourgCharles Chauncy, [https://archive.org/details/cihm_33495/page/n16/mode/1up "I scarce know of a Conquest"] Marvellous Things Done by the Right Hand and Holy Arm of God[....] (1745), pgs. 12-19. Accessed 14 October 2021

Photo: Monument erected by Society of Colonial Wars to the memory of New England soldiers killed at Louisbourg during siege of 1745[http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/CP713 Postcard] (20th century), Centre des études acadiennes; McCord Museum. Accessed 18 October 2021

During siege, whaleboats were loaded with ladders and 500 soldiers and marines to take Louisbourg's Island Battery, but fog prevented attemptJames Gibson, "Thursday 23 [May]," A Journal of the Late Siege[...]against The French at Cape Breton[....] (1745), [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.35919/31?r=0&s=1 pg. 20]. (Four days later, [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.35919/35?r=0&s=1 assault on Island Battery fails]) Accessed 14 October 2021

"After a Dance this Day, they fell upon him" - Report of torture killing of British soldier captured near LouisbourgJames Gibson, "Sunday 26 [May]," A Journal of the Late Siege[...]against The French at Cape Breton[....] (1745), [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.35919/33?r=0&s=1 pgs. 22-3]. Accessed 14 October 2021

"The Inhabitants were strangely surpris'd" - fire ship loaded with gunpowder used to damage King's Gate and other structures in LouisbourgJames Gibson, "Dedication" (July 3, 1745), A Journal of the Late Siege[...]against The French at Cape Breton[....] (1745), [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.35919/17?r=0&s=1 pgs. vi-vii] Accessed 13 October 2021

"A great deal of ill usage" - Reports of local Indigenous people being abused by British authorities after siege (Note: "savages" used)[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.46065/78?r=0&s=1 "In the month of July, 1745"] An Account of the Customs and Manners of the Micmakis and Maricheets[....] (1758), pgs. 64-6. Accessed 14 October 2021

Loss of Louisbourg eliminates France's benefit from rich North American fishery trade to Catholic Europe (Note: "savages" used)[https://archive.org/details/cihm_47242/page/n31/mode/2up "A Computation of the French Fishery(...)] An Accurate Journal and Account of the Proceedings of the New-England Land-Forces During the Late Expedition Against the French Settlements on Cape Breton[....] (1746), pgs. 27-40. Accessed 15 October 2021

Nova Scotia Council president Mascarene assures Acadians that none who are of mixed European and Indigenous origin will be scalped[https://archives.novascotia.ca/heartland/archives/?Number=Four&Page=54 Counsel meeting] (January 4, 1745), Nova Scotia Archives; Minutes of H.M. Council, 1736-1749, pgs. 54-6. Accessed 15 October 2021

Acadians supplying provisions to occupied Louisbourg threatened by its local Indigenous people, but those in Nova Scotia want peace[https://archives.novascotia.ca/heartland/archives/?Number=Four&Page=76 Council meeting] (August 20, 1745), Nova Scotia Archives; Minutes of H.M. Council, 1736-1749, pgs. 76-7. (See [https://archives.novascotia.ca/heartland/archives/?Number=Four&Page=77 peace proposals]) Accessed 18 October 2021

Council advised from Chignecto that Jean-Louis Le Loutre has arrived there from Quebec "with presents for the Indians"[https://archives.novascotia.ca/heartland/archives/?Number=Four&Page=79 Counsel meeting] (October 28, 1745), Nova Scotia Archives; Minutes of H.M. Council, 1736-1749, pg. 79. (See minutes of next meeting (same page) for details) Accessed 18 October 2021

Mascarene sternly cautions Acadians for seeking Le Loutre's permission to supply Annapolis, and then letting "11 or 12 Indians" stop them[https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=160 "Govr. Mascarene to Deputies of Mines"] (October 28, 1745), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pgs. 160-1. Accessed 18 October 2021

Uncooperative and hostile actions of Acadians (listed from 1710) make them, if not "utter Enemies," then "unprofitable Inhabitants"[https://archives.novascotia.ca/heartland/archives/?Number=Four&Page=80 "Representation of the State of His Majesties Province of Nova Scotia"] (November 8, 1745), Nova Scotia Archives; Minutes of H.M. Council, 1736-1749, pgs. 80-4. Accessed 18 October 2021

Quebec leaders report almost all Acadians desire "French Dominion" while amassing money as "a resource for an evil day"[https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=157 "From a letter of Messrs. DeBeauharnois and Hocquart to Count DeMaurepas"] (September 12, 1745), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pgs. 157-8. Accessed 18 October 2021

Joseph Robson investigates lower Nelson River for its usefulness to Hudson's Bay CompanyJoseph Robson, [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.38701/45?r=0&s=1 "In this interval of leisure"] An Account of Six Years Residence in Hudson's-Bay (1759), pgs. 24-6. (See details in [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.38701/185?r=0&s=1 "The Soundings of Nelson-River"]) Accessed 19 October 2021

Joseph Robson's argument for building Hudson's Bay Company forts of stone, not woodJoseph Robson, [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.38701/57?r=0&s=1 "In the year 1745 I wrote a letter to the Company"] An Account of Six Years Residence in Hudson's-Bay (1759), pgs. 32-4. Accessed 19 October 2021

Map of New France covers from Grand Banks to Pays d'en Haut to Baffin BayGuillaume de L'Isle, [http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M4694 "Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France et des Découvertes qui y ont été faites Dressée sur plusieurs Observations et sur un grand nombre de Relations imprimées ou manuscrites, 1745"] McCord Museum. Accessed 18 October 2021

English translation of Alain-René Lesage's fictionalized version of Canadian soldier/adventurer Beauchêne's exploits is published in London[https://digitalarchive.tpl.ca/objects/341339# The Adventures of Robert Chevalier, Call'd De Beauchene; Captain of a Privateer in New-France] (1745). Accessed 4 October 2021

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