1788–89 United States House of Representatives elections

{{Infobox election

| election_name = 1788–89 United States House of Representatives elections

| country = United States

| flag_year = 1777

| type = legislative

| ongoing = no

| previous_election =

| previous_year =

| elected_members = 1st United States Congress

| next_election = 1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections

| next_year = {{Nowrap|1790 & 1791}}

| seats_for_election = All 59 seats in the United States House of Representatives{{Efn|name="excl"|Not including the six seats were added by North Carolina and Rhode Island after the start of this Congress.}}

| majority_seats = 30

| election_date = November 24, 1788 – March 5, 1789{{Efn|name="excl"}}

| image_size = x180px

| party1 = Pro-Administration Party (US)

| image1 = Frederick Muhlenberg.jpg

| leader1 = Frederick Muhlenberg

| leaders_seat1 = {{Ushr|PA|AL|T}}

| seats1 = 37{{Cite web |title=Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |url=https://history.house.gov/Institution/Party-Divisions/Party-Divisions/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}{{Efn|name="late"| Includes late elections: North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified the United States Constitution after the 1st Congress had started to meet, and did not hold their elections for U.S. representatives until February and August 1790, respectively.}}

| party2 = Anti-Administration Party (US)

| image2 = James Madison by Gilbert Stuart 1804.jpeg

| leader2 = James Madison

| leaders_seat2 = {{Ushr|VA|5|T}}

| seats2 = 28{{Efn|name="late"}}

| map_image = {{switcher|300px|Results by faction|300px|Results by if the elected member had been a Federalist or Anti-Federalist|default=1}}

| map_size = 320px

| map_alt =

| map_caption = Results:{{Efn|name="late"}}
{{Legend0|#008000|Pro-Administration gain}} {{Legend0|#91e718|Anti-Administration gain}}
{{Legend0|#808080|Undistricted territory}}

| title = Speaker

| before_election = None {{Small|(This was the first U.S. House of Representatives election)}}

| before_party =

| after_election = Frederick Muhlenberg

| after_party = Pro-Administration Party (US)

}}

The 1788–89 United States House of Representatives elections were the first U.S. House of Representatives elections following the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. Each state set its own date for its congressional elections, ranging from November 24, 1788, to March 5, 1789, before or after the first session of the 1st United States Congress convened on March 4, 1789. They coincided with the election of George Washington as the first president of the United States.

With the new form of government needing to be operational prior to the completion of the first national census, Article{{nbs}}I, Section 2, Clause{{nbs}}3 of the U.S. Constitution set a temporary apportionment of seats. Among the original 13 states, 11 of them ratified the Constitution and elected 59 total representatives. North Carolina and Rhode Island did not ratify the Constitution until after the 1st Congress began, and consequently did not elect their representatives until 1790.

Actual political parties did not yet exist, but new members of Congress were informally categorized as either "pro-Administration" (i.e., pro-Washington and pro-Hamilton) or "anti-Administration".

The first session of the first House of Representatives came to order in Federal Hall, New York City on March 4, 1789, with only thirteen members present. The requisite quorum (thirty members out of fifty-nine) was not present until April 1, 1789. The first order of business was the election of a Speaker of the House. On the first ballot, Frederick Muhlenberg was elected Speaker by a majority of votes. The business of the first session was largely devoted to legislative procedure rather than policy.

Election summaries

Article{{nbs}}I, Section 2, Clause{{nbs}}3 of the U.S. Constitution set a temporary congressional apportionment until the first national census was completed in 1790.

In the 18th and much of the 19th century, each state set its own date for elections. In many years, elections were even held after the legal start of the Congress, although typically before the start of the first session. In the elections for the 1st Congress, five states held elections in 1788, electing a total of 29 Representatives, and six held elections in 1789, electing a total of 30 Representatives. Two states, North Carolina and Rhode Island, did not ratify the Constitution until November 21, 1789 and May 29, 1790 respectively, well after the Congress had met for the first time, and, consequently, elected representatives late, in 1790, leaving North Carolina unrepresented in the 1st session and Rhode Island in the 1st and 2nd sessions of a total of 3 sessions.

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
valign=bottom ! State ! Type ! data-sort-type="date" \| Date ↑ ! Total seats ! {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} \| Anti- Administration ! {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro- Administration
colspan=6 \| General elections
South Carolina \| Districts \| November 24–25, 1788 \| 5 \| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} \| 3 \| Pro-Administration \| 2
Pennsylvania \| At-large \| November 26, 1788 \| 8 \| Anti-Administration \| 2 \| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| 6
New Hampshire \| At-large \| December 15, 1788{{Efn\|New Hampshire had a majority vote requirement for election. No representatives were elected in the general election and three were returned at a subsequent trial held February 2, 1789.}} \| 3 \| Anti-Administration \| 1 \| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| 2
Massachusetts \| Districts \| December 18, 1788{{Efn\|Massachusetts had a majority vote requirement for election. Four representatives were elected in the general election and four in subsequent trials, a total of 5 trials had to be held between January 29, 1789 and May 11, 1789.}} \| 8 \| Anti-Administration \| 2 \| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| 6
Connecticut \| At-large \| December 22, 1788 \| 5 \| Anti-Administration \| 0 \| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| 5
Delaware \| At-large \| January 7, 1789 \| 1 \| Anti-Administration \| 0 \| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| 1
Maryland \| At-large / Districts{{Efn\|Maryland had six representatives elected by the whole state electorate, who had to choose one candidate from each district.}} \| January 7–11, 1789 \| 6 \| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} \| 4 \| Pro-Administration \| 2
Virginia \| Districts \| February 2, 1789 \| 10 \| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} \| 7 \| Pro-Administration \| 3
Georgia \| At-large / Districts{{Efn\|Georgia had three representatives elected by the whole state electorate, who had to choose one candidate from each district.}} \| February 9, 1789 \| 3 \| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} \| 3 \| Pro-Administration \| 0
New Jersey \| At-large \| February 11, 1789 \| 4 \| Anti-Administration \| 0 \| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| 4
New York \| Districts \| March 3–5, 1789 \| 6 \| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} \| 3 \| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| 3
colspan=6 \| Late elections
North Carolina \| Districts \| February 1790 \| 5 \| Anti-Administration \| 3 \| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| 2
Rhode Island \| At-large \| August 31, 1790 \| 1 \| Anti-Administration \| 0 \| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| 1
colspan=3 \| Total{{Efn\|name="late"}} ! 65 ! {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} \| 28 {{Small\|43.1%}} ! {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| 37 {{Small\|56.9%}}

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"

valign=bottom

! State

! Type

! data-sort-type="date" | Date ↑

! Total
seats

! {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-
Administration

! {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-
Administration

colspan=6 | General elections

South Carolina

| Districts

| November 24–25, 1788

| 5

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | 3

| Pro-Administration | 2

Pennsylvania

| At-large

| November 26, 1788

| 8

| Anti-Administration | 2

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | 6

New Hampshire

| At-large

| December 15, 1788{{Efn|New Hampshire had a majority vote requirement for election. No representatives were elected in the general election and three were returned at a subsequent trial held February 2, 1789.}}

| 3

| Anti-Administration | 1

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | 2

Massachusetts

| Districts

| December 18, 1788{{Efn|Massachusetts had a majority vote requirement for election. Four representatives were elected in the general election and four in subsequent trials, a total of 5 trials had to be held between January 29, 1789 and May 11, 1789.}}

| 8

| Anti-Administration | 2

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | 6

Connecticut

| At-large

| December 22, 1788

| 5

| Anti-Administration | 0

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | 5

Delaware

| At-large

| January 7, 1789

| 1

| Anti-Administration | 0

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | 1

Maryland

| At-large / Districts{{Efn|Maryland had six representatives elected by the whole state electorate, who had to choose one candidate from each district.}}

| January 7–11, 1789

| 6

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | 4

| Pro-Administration | 2

Virginia

| Districts

| February 2, 1789

| 10

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | 7

| Pro-Administration | 3

Georgia

| At-large / Districts{{Efn|Georgia had three representatives elected by the whole state electorate, who had to choose one candidate from each district.}}

| February 9, 1789

| 3

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | 3

| Pro-Administration | 0

New Jersey

| At-large

| February 11, 1789

| 4

| Anti-Administration | 0

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | 4

New York

| Districts

| March 3–5, 1789

| 6

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | 3

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | 3

colspan=6 | Late elections

North Carolina

| Districts

| February 1790

| 5

| Anti-Administration | 3

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | 2

Rhode Island

| At-large

| August 31, 1790

| 1

| Anti-Administration | 0

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | 1

colspan=3 | Total{{Efn|name="late"}}

! 65

! {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | 28
{{Small|43.1%}}

! {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | 37
{{Small|56.9%}}

{{bar box|title=House seats|titlebar=#ddd|width=600px|barwidth=650px|bars={{bar percent|Pro-Admin|{{party color|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}|56.92}}

{{bar percent|Anti-Admin|{{party color|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}|43.08}}}}

House composition

= Beginning of the 1st Congress =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=300px

| colspan=8 |

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration/active}} | A

{{Party shading/Anti-Administration/active}} | A

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration/active}} | A

{{Party shading/Anti-Administration/active}} | A

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration/active}} | A

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration/active}} | P

colspan=9 align=right | Majority →

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration/active}} | P

{{Party shading/Pro-Administration/active}} | P

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration/active}} | P

{{Party shading/Pro-Administration/active}} | P

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration/active}} | P

| colspan=8 |

= End of the 1st Congress (1791) =

Six seats were filled late because North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified the Constitution late. One pro-Administration representative resigned and the seat remained open at the end of the Congress.

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=300px

{{Party shading/Anti-Administration/active}} | A

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration/active}} | A

| colspan=8 |

{{Party shading/Anti-Administration/active}} | A

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | A

{{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | A

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | A

{{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | A

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | A

| {{Party shading/Vacant/active}} | V

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | P

colspan=9 align=right | Majority →

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | P

{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | P

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | P

{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | P

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | P

{{Party shading/Pro-Administration/active}} | P

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | P

{{Party shading/Pro-Administration/active}} | P

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration/active}} | P

| colspan=8 |

valign=top

! Key:

| align=center width=25px {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | A

| = Anti-Administration

align=center width=25px {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | P

| = Pro-Administration

align=center width=25px {{Party shading/Vacant}} | V

| = Vacant

Special election

This was the first special election to the United States House of Representatives.

{{See also|Special elections to the United States House of Representatives}}

! nowrap | {{Ushr|NH|AL|X}}

| Benjamin West

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration

| 1788/89

| {{Party shading/Hold}} | Member-elect (see below) chose not to serve.
New member elected June 22, 1789.
Pro-Administration hold.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party}}{{Aye}} Abiel Foster (Pro-Admin.) 1,804 votes 58.3%
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}John S. Sherburne (Anti-Admin.) 538 votes 17.4%
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}James Sheate (Unknown){{Efn|name="np"| Party affiliation not available}} 190 votes 6.1%
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Elisha Payne (Unknown){{Efn|name="np"}} 139 votes 4.5%
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Joshua Atherton (Unknown){{Efn|name="np"}} 112 votes 3.6%
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Nathaniel Peabody (Unknown){{Efn|name="np"}} 86 votes 2.9%
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Simeon Olcott (Pro-Admin.) 76 votes 2.5%{{Cite web |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=279423 |title=Our Campaigns - NH At-Large - Special Race - Jun 22, 1789 |website=www.ourcampaigns.com |access-date=November 6, 2019}}}}

Connecticut

{{Main|1788 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut}}

{{See also|List of United States representatives from Connecticut}}

rowspan=5 \| {{Ushr\|Connecticut\|AL\|X}} {{Small\|5 seats on a general ticket}} \| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win. \| rowspan=5 nowrap \| {{Plainlist\| {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Benjamin Huntington{{Efn\|name="nd"\|Source does not give numbers of votes.}} (Pro-Admin.) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Roger Sherman (Pro-Admin.) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Jonathan Sturges (Pro-Admin.) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Jonathan Trumbull Jr. (Pro-Admin.) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Admin.) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}John Chester (Unknown) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}Jesse Root (Unknown) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}Jedediah Strong (Unknown) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}Erastus Wolcott (Unknown) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}James Hillhouse (Pro-Admin.) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}John Treadwell (Unknown) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Stephen Mix Mitchell (Pro-Admin.)}}
class=wikitable
valign=bottom ! District ! Result ! Candidates
{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win.
{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win.
{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win.
{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win.

Delaware

{{Main|1789 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware}}

Delaware had a single representative. The election was held January 7, 1789. Under the law at the time, each voter cast two votes for representative, at least one of whom had to be from a different county.{{Cite web |url=http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:de.uscongress.1789 |title=A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825 - Delaware 1789 U.S. House of Representatives |publisher=Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University |access-date=June 3, 2018 |archive-date=January 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129054451/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:de.uscongress.1789 |url-status=dead }}

class=wikitable

valign=bottom

! District

! Result

! Candidates

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} John Vining (Pro-Admin.) 898 votes (43.6%)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Rhoads Shankland (Anti-Admin.) 491 votes (23.9%)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Gunning Bedford Jr. (Unknown) 308 votes (15.0%)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Joshua Clayton (Pro-Admin.) 272 votes (13.2%)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Allen MacLean (Unknown) 90 votes (4.4%)

}}

Georgia

{{Main|1789 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia}}

Georgia had a mixed at-large/district system for the 1st Congress. Representatives were elected at-large, but for three district-based seats.

class=wikitable

valign=bottom

! District

! Result

! Candidates

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/b2773w18h

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} James Jackson (Anti-Admin.) 50.89% (604 votes)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}William Houstoun (Unknown) 33.61% (399 votes)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Henry Osborne (Unknown) 14.49% (172 votes)

}}{{collapsible list

| title = {{nobold|Others}}|{{Party stripe|Unknown}}James Seagrove (Unknown) 0.59% (7 votes)|Others 0.42% (5 votes)

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap |{{Cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/x920fx75n |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=elections.lib.tufts.edu}}

{{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Abraham Baldwin (Anti-Admin.) 69.19% (1,096 votes)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Henry Osborne (Unknown) 15.21% (241 votes)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Joseph Sumner (Unknown) 10.42% (165 votes)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Isaac Briggs (Unknown) 2.65% (42 votes)

}}{{collapsible list

| title = {{nobold|Others}}|{{Party stripe|Unknown}}William Houstoun (Unknown) 1.45% (23 votes)|{{Party stripe|Unknown}}James Jackson (Unknown) 0.57% (9 votes)|Others 0.51% (8 votes)

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap |{{Cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/rf55z808j |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=elections.lib.tufts.edu}}

{{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} George Mathews (Anti-Admin.) 96.26% (1,158 votes)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Henry Osborne (Unknown) 2.00% (24 votes)

}}{{collapsible list

| title = {{nobold|Others}}|{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Anthony Wayne (Unknown) 0.67% (8 votes)|{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Joseph Sumner (Unknown) 0.42% (5 votes)|Others 0.67% (8 votes)

}}

Maryland

{{Main|1789 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland}}

Maryland had a mixed district/at-large system similar to Georgia's. Under Maryland law, "candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district."{{Cite web |url=http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:md.uscongress.1789 |title=A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825 - Maryland 1789 U.S. House of Representatives |publisher=Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University |access-date=January 17, 2015 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031338/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:md.uscongress.1789 |url-status=dead }}

class=wikitable

valign=bottom

! District

! Result

! Candidates

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Michael J. Stone (Anti-Admin.) 65.36% (5,154 votes)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}George Dent (Pro-Admin.) 34.64% (2,731 votes)

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Joshua Seney (Anti-Admin.) 100% (7,616 votes)}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Benjamin Contee (Anti-Admin.) 70.07% (5,476 votes)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}John F. Mercer (Anti-Admin.) 29.93% (2,339 votes)

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} William Smith (Anti-Admin.) 69.08% (5,415 votes)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Samuel Sterett (Anti-Admin.) 30.92% (2,424 votes)

}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} George Gale (Pro-Admin.) 70.74% (5,456 votes)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}John Done (Anti-Admin.) 23.75% (1,832 votes)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}William V. Murray (Pro-Admin.) 5.51% (425 votes)

}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Daniel Carroll (Pro-Admin.) 74.77% (5,819 votes)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Abraham Faw (Anti-Admin.) 25.23% (1,964 votes)

}}

Massachusetts

{{See also|List of United States representatives from Massachusetts}}

{{Election box begin no change | title = Massachusetts House Elections, December 18, 1788 – May 11, 1789}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change

| party = Pro-Administration Party (US)

| candidate = 6 elected

| votes = 6,232

| percentage = 54.4}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change

| party = Anti-Administration Party (US)

| candidate = 2 elected

| votes = 5,228

| percentage = 45.6}}

Massachusetts required a majority vote, necessitating additional votes if no one won a majority. This was necessary in 4 of the districts.

In the fourth district, {{Blockquote|The first election in the district was in part a reflection of the rivalry between Hampshire and Berkshire counties. Berkshire was the less populous county, but four of the six candidates who received the most votes - Theodore Sedgwick, William Whiting, Thompson J. Skinner, and William Williams - were residents of the county. The two Hampshire candidates were Samuel Lyman and John Worthington. The first election did not reflect the fact that the two counties were centers of agrarian discontent and of support for Shays's Rebellion. Nor did it reflect the fact that in the state Convention the Hampshire delegates voted 32 to 19 and the Berkshire delegates voted 16 to 6 against ratification of the Constitution. Only Whiting was regarded as a Shaysite and an Anti-Federalist, while the other five men were Federalists - and two of these - Worthington and Williams - had been virtual if not actual Loyalists during the Revolution. The issue of amendments to the Constitution was not raised during the first election in the district, but it became so important in the ensuing elections that Theodore Sedgwick, who opposed amendments, publicly promised to support them before the fifth election, which he won.| {{Cite book| title=The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections: 1788-1790 | volume=I | page=603}}}}

In the fifth district, {{Blockquote|The only problem was whether Partridge could retain his post of sheriff of Plymouth County and accept a seat in Congress, as he had done in 1779-1782 and 1783-1785. He received a certificate from Governor Hancock on 10 January notifying him of his election. Partridge wrote three letters to the Governor. In the first, which he apparently did not send, he refused the appointment. He accepted in the two following letters but explained that he would not take the seat if he had to give up his post as sheriff (12, 20 January, 23 February). The issue of whether or not a state officeholder could retain a state post and still serve in Congress had been and would be raised in other states. On 12 February Governor Hancock asked his Council for advice about Partridge and about George Leonard, judge of probate in Bristol County, who had been elected to Congress from the Bristol-Dukes-Nantucket District. The Council replied in writing the same day that it was 'inexpedient' for a man to hold the office of judge of probate and a seat in Congress, but that it did not find anything in the state constitution which prevented a sheriff from also being a member of Congress. The Council advised, however, that it would be inexpedient to introduce the practice of sheriffs being absent for long periods although Partridge 'may at present be indulged' and take a seat in Congress 'consistently with the safety of that county' (Council Proceedings, Thursday 12 February, M-Ar). The next day Governor Hancock sent the Council's written reply to the legislature and asked for its advice (13 February, Miscellaneous Legislative Documents, House Files, M-Ar). The two houses appointed a joint committee which wrote a report that was approved and sent to the Governor on Monday, 16 February. The legislature declared that if George Leonard continued to hold the office of judge of probate and also took a seat on Congress, any future legislature would address the Governor authorizing him and the Council to appoint another person judge of probate in Bristol County. But the legislature refused to give advice about George Partridge. It pointed out that sheriffs served during the pleasure of the governor, and (with the advice of his Council) were removable by him at any time. Sheriffs were not removable in any other way except through impeachment by the House and a trial before and conviction by the Senate. Therefore the House and Senate declared that intervention by the legislature was 'neither necessary or proper; and from the conduct and advice of your Council, they see no reason to doubt the wisdom of that constitutional provision' (House and Senate Proceedings, 13, 14, 16 February). | {{Cite book| title=The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections: 1788-1790 | volume=I | pages=575–76}}}}

In the eighth district, {{Blockquote|It was evident before the elections were completed in Worcester District that a candidate who did not support amendments to the Constitution had no chance of winning. The three leading candidates in the three Worcester District elections were Jonathan Grout, Timothy Paine, and Artemas Ward. Grout, a local leader during the Revolution, had voted against ratification of the Constitution and in 1788 was a member of the legislature. Paine, a prominent officeholder in the county for two decades before the Revolution, had been appointed to the Royal Council in 1774. Unlike most 'mandamus councillors,' he did not become a Loyalist. By 1788 he had regained much of his influence in the town of Worcester. Ward had been appointed commanding general of Massachusetts troops after Lexington and Concord, he remained in charge until George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in July 1775. The popular Ward resigned his commission in April 1776 and returned to state politics. The past records of these three men did not become a public issue until shortly before the third and final election.
...
AS in the two previous election, the two Worcester newspapers, with one exception, printed nothing until their last issues before the election on 2 March. The exception consisted of two items (one of which supported Timothy Paine) in the Massachusetts Spy on 19 February. Then on 26 February the Massachusetts Spy published five articles. Two of them supported Jonathan Grout, one supported Artemas Ward, one backed Timothy Paine, and the fifth did not mention any names. On the same day the American Herald published four items. One supported Grout, one opposed Paine because he had been a mandamus councillor, and the other two items urged that he be elected. The issue of Paine's appointment as a mandamus councillor by the British government in 1774 had been brought up for the first time by the Boston Independent Chronicle, 12 February, and not by the Worcester newspapers. Despite the ambivalence of the newspapers, there was a considerable increase of interest, for the vote almost doubled over the first election on 18 December 1788: from 1,886 to 3,484. Grout was elected Representative by a decisive majority. Artemas Ward, who ran a poor third in each of the three elections, finally defeated Grout in the election to the second Congress in 1791. Paine was elected to the state House of Representatives in 1789.|{{Cite book| title=The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections: 1788-1790 | volume=I | pages=601, 676}}}}

class=wikitable

valign=bottom

! District

! Result

! Candidates{{Efn|name="m1"|Only candidates with at least 1% of the vote listed.}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Fisher Ames (Pro-Admin.) 818 votes (50.7%)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Samuel Adams (Anti-Admin.) 521 votes (32.3%)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Samuel A. Otis (Unknown) 70 votes (4.3%)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Charles Jarvis (Unknown) 45 votes (2.8%)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Benjamin Austin (Unknown) 43 votes (2.7%)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}John Adams (Pro-Admin.) 30 votes (1.9%)
Others 86 votes (5.3%)

}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{collapsible list|title=First ballot {{Small|(December 18, 1788)}}|

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Benjamin Goodhue (Pro-Admin.) 567 votes (38.6%)

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Jonathan Jackson (Pro-Admin.) 392 votes (26.6%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Nathan Daneseg 295 votes (20.1%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Samuel Holten 202 votes (13.8%)

| Scattering 13 votes}}

Second ballot {{Small|(January 29, 1789)}}
{{Plainlist |

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Benjamin Goodhue (Pro-Admin.) 1,491 votes (67.0%)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Jonathan Jackson (Pro-Admin.) 724 votes (33.0%)
Scattering 7 votes

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{collapsible list|title=First ballot {{Small|(December 18, 1788)}}|

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Nathaniel Gorham (Unknown) 536 votes (36.4%)

| {{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Elbridge Gerry (Anti-Admin.) 384 votes (26.1%)

| {{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Joseph Bradley Varnum (Anti-Admin.) 254 votes (17.2%)

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}John Brooks (Pro-Admin.) 106 votes (7.2%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}James Winthrop (Unknown) 50 votes (3.4%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Loammi Baldwin (Unknown) 43 votes (2.9%)

| Scattering 100 votes (4.4%)}}

Second ballot {{Small|(January 29, 1789)}}
{{Plainlist |

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Elbridge Gerry (Anti-Admin.) 1,140 votes (61.1%)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Joseph Bradley Varnum (Anti-Admin.) 366 votes (19.6%)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}William Hulberg (Pro-Admin.) 205 votes (11.0%)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}James Winthrop (Anti-Admin.) 82 votes (4.4%)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Ebenezer Bridge (Unknown) 52 votes (2.8%)
Others 22 votes (1.2%)

}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{collapsible list|title=First ballot {{Small|(December 18, 1788)}}|

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Theodore Sedgwick (Pro-Admin.) 835 votes (35.6%)

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Samuel Lyman (Pro-Admin.) 330 votes (14.7%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}William Whiting (Unknown) 302 votes (13.4%)

| {{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Thomson J. Skinner (Anti-Admin.) 256 votes (10.4%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}William Williams (Unknown) 181 votes (8.7%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}John Worthington (Unknown) 178 votes (7.3%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}John Bacon (Unknown) 93 votes (4.1%)}}

{{collapsible list|title=Second ballot {{Small|(January 29, 1789)}}|

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Samuel Lyman (Pro-Admin.) 718 votes (31.0%)

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Theodore Sedgwick (Pro-Admin.) 736 votes (31.7%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}William Whiting (Unknown) 578 votes (24.9%)

| {{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Thomson J. Skinner (Anti-Admin.) 248 votes (10.7%)

| {{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}John Bacon (Anti-Admin.) 39 votes (1.7%)}}

{{collapsible list|title=Third ballot {{Small|(March 2, 1789)}}|

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Samuel Lyman (Pro-Admin.) 1,847 votes (32.9%)

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Theodore Sedgwick (Pro-Admin.) 1,523 votes (30.6%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}William Whiting (Unknown) 1,109 votes (22.9%)

| {{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Thomson J. Skinner (Anti-Admin.) 648 votes (12.8%)

}}

{{collapsible list|title=Fourth ballot {{Small|(March 30, 1789)}}|

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Theodore Sedgwick (Pro-Admin.) 1,649 votes (47.0%)

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Samuel Lyman (Pro-Admin.) 1,382 votes (39.3%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}William Whiting (Unknown) 468 votes (11.7%)

| Scattering: 64 votes}}

Fifth ballot {{Small|(May 11, 1789)}}
{{Plainlist |

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Theodore Sedgwick (Pro-Admin.) 2,155 votes (50.2%)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Samuel Lyman (Pro-Admin.) 2,138 votes (47.8%)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}John Bacon (Unknown) 67 votes (1.3%)
Scattering: 27 votes

}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} George Partridge (Pro-Admin.) 501 votes (90.4%)
Others 53 votes (9.6%)

}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} George Thatcher (Pro-Admin.) 588 votes (62.1%)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Josiah Thacker (Unknown) 182 votes (19.2%)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Nathan Willing (Unknown) 73 votes (7.7%)
Scattering 105 votes

}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 710 votes (54.0%)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 342 votes (26.0%)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}David Cobb (Pro-Admin.) 241 votes (18.3%)
Scattering 23 votes

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{collapsible list|title=First ballot {{Small|(December 18, 1788)}}|

| {{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Jonathan Grout (Anti-Admin.) 665 votes (35.3%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Timothy Paine (Unknown) 561 votes (29.8%)

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Artemas Ward (Pro-Admin.) 284 votes (15.1%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Moses Gill (Unknown) 110 votes (5.8%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Abiel Wilder (Unknown) 71 votes (3.8%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}John Sprague (Unknown) 63 votes (3.3%)

| Others 132 votes (4.9%)}}

{{collapsible list|title=Second ballot {{Small|(January 29, 1789)}}|

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Timothy Paine (Pro-Admin.) 1,040 votes (45.4%)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Jonathan Grout (Unknown) 990 votes (42.1%)

| {{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Artemas Ward (Pro-Admin.) 258 votes (11.3%)

| Others 27 votes (1.2%)}}

Third ballot {{Small|(March 2, 1789)}}
{{Plainlist |

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Jonathan Grout (Anti-Admin.) 1,968 votes (55.7%)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Timothy Paine (Unknown) 1,312 votes (37.1%)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Artemas Ward (Pro-Admin.) 256 votes (7.2%)
Scattering 18 votes

}}

New Hampshire

{{Main|1788–1789 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire}}

{{See also|List of United States representatives from New Hampshire}}

New Hampshire law required a winning candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters (16.7% of votes). No candidate won such a majority on the first ballot, so a second ballot was held February 2, 1789.

rowspan=3 \| {{Ushr\|New Hampshire\|AL\|X}} {{Small\|3 seats on a general ticket}} \| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win. West winner chose not to serve before the start of the Congress. A special election was held June 22, 1789; see above. \| nowrap rowspan=3 \| {{collapsible list\|title=First ballot (December 15, 1788)\| \| {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Benjamin West (Pro-Admin.) 15.4% \| {{Party stripe\|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Samuel Livermore (Anti-Admin.) 14.6% \| {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Paine Wingate (Pro-Admin.) 13.4% \| {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Abiel Foster (Pro-Admin.) 8.0% \| {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}John Sullivan (Pro-Admin.) 7.1% \| {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Nicholas Gilman (Pro-Admin.) 5.6% \| {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}Joshua Atherton (Unknown) 5.2% \| {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}Nathaniel Peabody (Unknown) 5.1% \| {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}Peirse Long (Unknown) 4.4% \| {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}Benjamin Bellows (Unknown) 3.4% \| Others 17.9%}} Second ballot {{Small\|(February 2, 1789)}} {{Plainlist \| {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Benjamin West (Pro-Admin.) 33.0% {{Party stripe\|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Samuel Livermore (Anti-Admin.) 26.2% {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Nicholas Gilman (Pro-Admin.) 19.5% {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Abiel Foster (Pro-Admin.) 19.5% {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}John Sullivan (Pro-Admin.) 1.9% }}
class=wikitable
valign=bottom ! District ! Result ! Candidates
{{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} \| Anti-Administration win.
{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win.

New Jersey

{{Main|1789 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey}}

{{See also|List of United States representatives from New Jersey}}

rowspan=4 \| {{Ushr\|New Jersey\|AL\|X}} {{Small\|4 seats on a general ticket}} \| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win. \| rowspan=4 nowrap \| {{Plainlist\| {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} James Schureman (Pro-Admin.) 19.93% (13,871 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Elias Boudinot (Pro-Admin.) 13.00% (9,051 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Lambert Cadwalader (Pro-Admin.) 12.50% (8,702 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Thomas Sinnickson (Pro-Admin.) 12.02% (8,364 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Abraham Clark (Pro-Admin.) 10.47% (7,287 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Jonathan Dayton (Pro-Admin.) 9.86% (6,859 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}Robert Hoops (Unknown) 3.68% (2,562 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}Whitten Cripps (Unknown) 3.41% (2,375 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}Benjamin Van Cleve (Unknown) 2.85% (1,983 votes) {{Party stripe\|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}James Parker (Anti-Admin.) 2.48% (1,724 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}John Witherspoon (Unknown) 2.46% (1,711 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Thomas Henderson (Pro-Admin.) 1.66% (1,156 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}Robert L. Hooper (Unknown) 1.39% (964 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}}Josiah Hornblower (Unknown) 1.02% (708 votes)}} {{Collapsible list \| title = Others 3.28% (2,281 votes)\|{{Party stripe\|Unknown}} James Linn (Unknown) 0.740% (515 votes)\|{{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Aaron Kitchell (Unknown) 0.569% (396 votes)\|{{Party stripe\|Unknown}} John Stevens, Jr. (Unknown) 0.371% (258 votes)\|{{Party stripe\|Unknown}} William Winds (Unknown) 0.330% (230 votes)\|{{Party stripe\|Unknown}} John Stevens (Unknown) 0.264% (184 votes)\|{{Party stripe\|Unknown}} John Fell (Unknown) 0.197% (137 votes)\|{{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Silas Condit (Unknown) 0.154% (107 votes)\|{{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Henry Stites (Unknown) 0.099% (69 votes)\|{{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Robert Ogden (Unknown) 0.093% (65 votes)\|{{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Charles Stewart (Unknown) 0.092% (64 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Alex MacWhorter (Unknown) 0.075% (52 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Benjamin Thompson (Unknown) 0.060% (42 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Abraham Kitchell (Unknown) 0.046% (32 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Kitchell{{Efn\|Unclear whether these votes were for Aaron Kitchell or Abraham Kitchell.}} (Unknown) 0.033% (23 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Joseph Sheppard (Unknown) 0.029% (20 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} John Rutherford {{sic}} (Unknown) 0.026% (18 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} William Woodhull (Unknown) 0.022% (15 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Abraham Ogden (Unknown) 0.020% (14 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}} Frederick Frelinghuysen (Pro-Administration) 0.013% (9 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Samuel Tuthill (Unknown) 0.013% (9 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Jacob Hardenburgh {{sic}} (Unknown) 0.010% (7 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Thomas Fenimore (Unknown) 0.009% (6 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Hugh Hughes (Unknown) 0.004% (3 votes) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} John Armstrong (Unknown) 0.001% (1 vote) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Patrick Dennis (Unknown) 0.001% (1 vote) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} John Mehelm (Unknown) 0.001% (1 vote) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}} John Neilson (Pro-Administration) 0.001% (1 vote) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}} Samuel Smith (Pro-Administration) 0.001% (1 vote) {{Party stripe\|Unknown}} Mark Thompson {{sic}} (Unknown) 0.001% (1 vote) }}
class=wikitable
valign=bottom ! District ! Result ! Candidates{{Cite web \|title=A New Nation Votes \|url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/b2773w907 \|access-date=2024-12-21 \|website=elections.lib.tufts.edu}}{{Efn\|name="m1"}}
{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win.
{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win.
{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win.

The election of all four representatives was contested, but the records that explained the precise grounds on which the election was contested have been lost due to the burning of Washington in the War of 1812. It is known to have related to questions of regularity and procedure. All four representatives' elections were ruled valid.{{Cite web |url=http://artandhistory.house.gov/house_history/bioguide-front/1.pdf |title=First Congress March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1791 [membership roster] |website=artandhistory.house.gov |access-date=January 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205220514/http://artandhistory.house.gov/house_history/bioguide-front/1.pdf |archive-date=December 5, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}

New York

{{Main|1789 United States House of Representatives elections in New York}}

New York held elections to the 1st Congress on March 3 and 4, 1789. At the time, districts were unnumbered. They are retroactively numbered in this section.

class=wikitable

valign=bottom

! District

! Result

! Candidates

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} William Floyd (Anti-Admin.) 100% (894 votes)

}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} John Laurance (Pro-Administration) 86.26% (2,542 votes)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}John Broome (Anti-Administration) 12.62% (372 votes)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Philip Pell (Anti-Admin.) 1.12% (33 votes)

}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Egbert Benson (Pro-Admin.) 50.43% (584 votes)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Theodorus Bailey (Anti-Admin.) 49.57% (574 votes)}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} John Hathorn (Anti-Admin.) 100%

}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Peter Silvester (Pro-Admin.) 51.21% (1,628 votes)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Matthew Adgate (Anti-Admin.) 47.22% (1,501 votes)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}John Williams (Unknown) 1.57% (50 votes)

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Jeremiah Van Rensselaer (Anti-Admin.) 54.51% (1,456 votes)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Abraham Ten Broeck (Pro-Admin.) 45.49% (1,215 votes){{Cite book | title=The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, 1788-1790 | volume=III | editor-first=Gordon | editor-last=DenBoer | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rklx9c7MJFoC&pg=PA512 | page=512 | publisher=University of Wisconsin Press | year=1986| isbn=9780299106508 }}

}}

North Carolina

{{See also|List of United States representatives from North Carolina}}

North Carolina ratified the Constitution late and thus elected representatives to the 1st Congress in 1790.

Pennsylvania

{{Main|1788 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania}}

{{See also|List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania}}

Pennsylvania held elections to the 1st Congress on November 26, 1788. For this first election (and again in 1792 election for the 3rd Congress), Pennsylvania chose to elect all of its representatives on a single statewide general ticket, an attempt by the pro-Administration-majority legislature to prevent anti-Administration candidates from winning seats.

rowspan=8 \| {{Ushr\|Pennsylvania\|AL\|X}} {{Small\|8 seats on a general ticket}} \| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win. \| rowspan=8 \|{{Plainlist\| {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Frederick Muhlenberg (Pro-Admin.) 7.49% (8,726 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Henry Wynkoop (Pro-Admin.) 7.09% (8,280 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Thomas Hartley (Pro-Admin.) 7.02% (8,191 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} George Clymer (Pro-Admin.) 6.94% (8,116 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Thomas Fitzsimons (Pro-Admin.) 6.94% (8,116 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Thomas Scott (Pro-Admin.) 6.92% (8,096 votes) {{Party stripe\|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Peter Muhlenberg (Anti-Admin.) 6.38% (7,465 votes) {{Party stripe\|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Daniel Hiester (Anti-Admin.) 6.37% (7,455 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}John Allison (Pro-Admin.) 6.08% (7,098 votes) {{Party stripe\|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Stephen Chambers (Pro-Admin.) 6.06% (7,080 votes) {{Party stripe\|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}William Findley (Anti-Admin.) 5.66% (6,638 votes) {{Party stripe\|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}William Irvine (Anti-Admin.) 5.58% (6,546 votes) {{Party stripe\|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Charles Pettit (Anti-Admin.) 5.57% (6,537 votes) {{Party stripe\|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}William Montgomery (Anti-Admin.) 5.46% (6,409 votes) {{Party stripe\|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Blair McClenachan (Anti-Admin.) 5.35% (6,277 votes) {{Party stripe\|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Robert Whitehall {{sic}} (Anti-Admin.) 5.03% (5,908 votes) }}
class=wikitable
valign=bottom ! District ! Result ! Candidates{{Cite web \|url=http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/rep/Congress%201788.pdf \|title=1st Congress 1789-1791 At Large Election \|publisher=Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project \|date=January 16, 2007 \|access-date=January 17, 2015}}
{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win.
{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win.
{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win.
{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win.
{{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} \| Pro-Administration win.
{{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} \| Anti-Administration win.
{{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} \| Anti-Administration win.

Rhode Island

{{Main|August 1790 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island}}

{{See also|List of United States representatives from Rhode Island}}

Rhode Island ratified the Constitution late and thus elected representatives to the 1st Congress in 1790.

South Carolina

{{Main|1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina}}

{{See also|List of United States representatives from South Carolina}}

class=wikitable

valign=bottom

! District

! Result

! Candidates{{Efn|name="m1"}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/0p096702n

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} William L. Smith (Pro-Admin.) 50.98% (600 votes)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}Alexander Gillon (Anti-Admin.) 32.80% (386 votes)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}David Ramsay (Pro-Admin.) 16.23% (191 votes)}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Aedanus Burke (Anti-Admin.) 99.3%

}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Daniel Huger (Pro-Admin.) 75.0%
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}John Page (Unknown) 25.0%

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Thomas Sumter (Anti-Admin.) 100.0%

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Thomas Tudor Tucker (Anti-Admin.) 100%

}}

In the {{Ushr|SC|1|C}}, William L. Smith (Pro-Administration)'s election was contested by David Ramsay (Pro-Administration) who claimed that Smith had not been a citizen for the required 7 years at the time of his election, the House Committee on Elections ruled in Smith's favor

Virginia

{{Main|1789 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia}}

class=wikitable

valign=bottom

! District

! Result

! Candidates{{Cite web|title=Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics|url=https://historical.elections.virginia.gov/|access-date=2024-09-06|website=Virginia Elections Database|language=en-US}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Alexander White (Pro-Admin.) 100%

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} John Brown (Anti-Admin.) 100%

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Andrew Moore (Anti-Admin.)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}George Hancock (Pro-Admin.)

}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Richard Bland Lee (Pro-Admin.) 68.5%
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}John Pope (Unknown) 31.5%

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} James Madison (Anti-Admin.) 57.37% (1,308 votes)
{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}James Monroe (Anti-Admin.) 42.63% (972 votes)

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Isaac Coles (Anti-Admin.){{Efn|name="nd"}}

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} John Page (Anti-Admin.){{Efn|name="nd"}}
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Spencer Roane (Unknown)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Meriwether Smith (Unknown)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Arthur Lee (Unknown)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Francis Corbin (Unknown)

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Josiah Parker (Anti-Admin.) 48.03% (976 votes)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Thomas Mathews (Pro-Admin.) 39.62% (805 votes)
{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}Isaac Avery (Pro-Admin.) 12.11% (246 votes)}}

{{Collapsible list

| title = Others 0.25% (5 votes)|{{Party stripe|Unknown}} Frederick Boush (Unknown) 0.05% (1 votes)|{{Party stripe|Unknown}} Henry Lee (Unknown) 0.05% (1 votes)|{{Party stripe|Unknown}} Thomas Lawson (Unknown) 0.05% (1 votes)|{{Party stripe|Unknown}} Thomas Newton (Unknown) 0.05% (1 votes)|{{Party stripe|Unknown}} Matthew Godfrey (Unknown) 0.05% (1 votes)

}}

| {{Party shading/Anti-Administration}} | Anti-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Theodorick Bland (Anti-Admin.) 91.2%
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Edward Carrington (Unknown) 7.2%

}}{{collapsible list|title={{nobold|Others}}

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Thomas Rivers (Unknown) 1.5%

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Sterling Edmunds (Unknown)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Thomas Stith (Unknown)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Charles B. Jones (Unknown)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Creed Taylor (Unknown)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}William Ronald (Unknown)

| {{Party stripe|Unknown}}William Macon (Unknown)

}}

| {{Party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration win.

| nowrap | {{Plainlist|

{{Party stripe|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}{{Aye}} Samuel Griffin (Pro-Admin.){{Efn|name="nd"}}
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Benjamin Harrison (Unknown)
{{Party stripe|Unknown}}Miles Selden Jr. (Unknown)

}}

Notes

References

Bibliography

{{Cite web |url=http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:de.uscongress.1789 |title=A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825 |publisher=Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University |access-date=January 17, 2015 |archive-date=January 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129054451/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:de.uscongress.1789 |url-status=dead }}
{{Cite book | first=Michael J. |last=Dubin | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ElyQgAACAAJ&q=United+States+Congressional+Elections,+1788-1997:+The+Official+Results | title=United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses | publisher=McFarland and Company | date=March 1, 1998 |isbn=978-0786402830}}
{{Cite book | first=Kenneth C. |last=Martis | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0hyQgAACAAJ&q=The+Historical+Atlas+of+Political+Parties+in+the+United+States+Congress,+1789-1989 | title=The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989 | publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company | date=January 1, 1989 |isbn=978-0029201701}}
{{Cite web | url=http://history.house.gov/Institution/Party-Divisions/Party-Divisions/ |title=Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present |publisher=Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives |access-date=January 21, 2015}}
{{Cite web|title=Mapping Early American Elections|url=https://earlyamericanelections.org/maps/|access-date=2024-09-06|publisher=Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University|year=2019|author=Mapping Early American Elections project team}}

External links

[http://history.house.gov/ Office of the Historian] (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)

{{DEFAULTSORT:1788-89 United States House of Representatives elections}}

Category:James Madison

Category:Frederick Muhlenberg