1860 United States census

The 1860 census Schedule 1 (Free Inhabitants) was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States; the other was Schedule 2 (Slave Inhabitants).

Schedule 1 collected the following information:{{cite web|title=1860 Census Questionnaire|url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1860_questionnaire.pdf|publisher=US Census Bureau|access-date=March 28, 2013}}

{| border="1" class="wikitable"

! Column

! Title

! Notes

|-

| 1||Dwelling-houses – numbered in the order of visitation.||

|-

| 2||Families numbered in the order of visitation||

|-

| 3||The name of every person whose usual place of abode on the first day of June 1860, was in this family.||

|-

| 4||Description: Age.||

|-

| 5||Description: Sex.||M or F

|-

| 6||Description: Color, (White, black, or mulatto).||W, B or M

|-

| 7||Profession, Occupation, or Trade of each person, male and female, over 15 years of age.||

|-

| 8||Value of Estate Owned: Value of Real Estate.||

|-

| 9||Value of Estate Owned: Value of Personal Estate.||

|-

| 10||Place of Birth, Naming the State, Territory, or Country.||

|-

| 11||Married within the year.||Marked with '/'

|-

| 12||Attended School within the year.||Marked with '/'

|-

| 13||Persons over 20 years of age who can not read and write.||Marked with '/'

|-

| 14||Whether deaf and dumb, blind, insane, idiotic, pauper, or convict.||

|-

|}

Schedule 2 (Slave Inhabitants) collected the following information:{{cite web|title=1860 Census Records - What Questions did the census ask?|date=September 13, 2021 |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/census/1860|publisher=US Census Bureau|access-date=November 27, 2021}}

{| border="1" class="wikitable"

! Column

! Title

! Notes

|-

| 1||Name of slave owner||

|-

| 2||Number of slaves||

|-

| 3||Age||

|-

| 4||Sex||

|-

| 5||Color||

|-

| 6||Fugitive from the state||Marked with '/'

|-

| 7||Number Manumitted||

|-

| 8||Deaf and dumb, blind, insane, or idiotic||

|-

| 9||Number of slave houses||

|-

|}

Full documentation for the 1860 population census, including microdata, census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS). Aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.

National data reveals that farmers (owners and tenants) made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations. Farm laborers (wage workers) represent the next highest percent with 3.2%, followed by general laborers at 3.0%.{{cite web|title=IPUMS 1860 Census Data|url=http://sda.usa.ipums.org|work=IPUMS Data Collection|access-date=March 1, 2011}}

More localized data shows that other occupations were common. In the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making.{{cite web|last=Wilhelm|first=Kurt|title=Essex, MA Census 1860|url=http://essex.essexcountyma.net/census/1860.html|work=1860 Federal Census|access-date=February 27, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723120353/http://essex.essexcountyma.net/census/1860.html|archive-date=July 23, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}} This heavy demand of shoe-related labor reinforces the high demand for rigorous physical laborers in the economy, as supported by the data of very large amounts of farm related work as compared to most other labor options.

IPUMS' data also notes that the share of the population that had been enrolled in school or marked as "Student" stood at 0.2%. This demonstrates a small rate of growth, if any, in the proficiency of the human capital of the time—the skill set a worker has to apply to the labor force, which can increase total output through increased efficiency.

The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property.

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|+ style="text-align: left" | Population of the US States and TerritoriesData tabulated by {{cite web |title=1860 Census Results |url=http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html |website=The Civil War Home Page |access-date=7 October 2019}}Population figures checked against {{cite web |title=1860 Census: Population of the United States |url=https://raogk.org/census-records/1860-census/ |website=Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness |date=December 20, 2014 |access-date=7 October 2019}}{{cite web |title=1860 Census: Population of the United States |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=7 October 2019}} For territories see Jos. C. G. Kennedy, Preliminary Report of the Eighth Census, 1860 (1862) pp 259, 291–294.

! Rank !! State!! Free Population || Slave Population !! Population || Percentage Enslaved

|-

| 01 || New York || 3,880,735 || 0 || 3,880,735 || 0

|-

| 02 || Pennsylvania || 2,906,215 || 0 || 2,906,215 || 0

|-

| 03 || Ohio || 2,339,511 || 0 || 2,339,511 || 0

|-

| 04 || Illinois || 1,711,951 || 0 || 1,711,951 || 0

|-

| 05 || Virginia || 1,105,453 || 490,865 || 1,596,318 || 30.7

|-

| 06 || Indiana || 1,350,428 || 0 || 1,350,428 || 0

|-

| 07 || Massachusetts || 1,231,066 || 0 || 1,231,066 || 0

|-

| 08 || Missouri || 1,067,081 || 114,931 || 1,182,012 || 9.7

|-

| 09 || Kentucky || 930,201 || 225,483 || 1,155,684 || 19.5

|-

| 10 || Tennessee || 834,082 || 275,719 || 1,109,801 || 24.8

|-

| 11 || Georgia || 595,088 || 462,198 || 1,057,286 || 43.7

|-

| 12 || North Carolina || 661,563 || 331,059 || 992,622 || 33.4

|-

| 13 || Alabama || 529,121 || 435,080 || 964,201 || 45.1

|-

| 14 || Mississippi || 354,674 || 436,631 || 791,305 || 55.2

|-

| 15 || Wisconsin || 775,881 || 0 || 775,881 || 0

|-

| 16 || Michigan || 749,113 || 0 || 749,113 || 0

|-

| 17 || Louisiana || 376,276 || 331,726 || 708,002 || 46.9

|-

| 18 || South Carolina || 301,302 || 402,406 || 703,708 || 57.2

|-

| 19 || Maryland || 599,860 || 87,189 || 687,049 || 12.7

|-

| 20 || Iowa || 674,913 || 0 || 674,913 || 0

|-

| 21 || New Jersey || 672,017 || 18 || 672,035 || 0.01

|-

| 22 || Maine || 628,279 || 0 || 628,279 || 0

|-

| 23 || Texas || 421,649 || 182,566 || 604,215 || 30.2

|-

| 24 || Connecticut || 460,147 || 0 || 460,147 || 0

|-

| 25 || Arkansas || 324,335 || 111,115 || 435,450 || 25.5

|-

| 26 || California || 379,994 || 0 || 379,994 || 0

|-

| 27 || New Hampshire || 326,073 || 0 || 326,073 || 0

|-

| 28 || Vermont || 315,098 || 0 || 315,098 || 0

|-

| 29 || Rhode Island || 174,620 || 0 || 174,620 || 0

|-

| 30 || Minnesota || 172,023 || 0 || 172,023 || 0

|-

| 31 || Florida || 78,679 || 61,745 || 140,424 || 44.0

|-

| 32 || Delaware || 110,418 || 1,798 || 112,216 || 1.6

|-

| 33 || Oregon || 52,465 || 0 || 52,465 || 0

|-

| X || Kansas TerritoryKansas is admitted as a state in 1861, prior to the publication of the 1860 Census in 1864, and therefore listed as a state not a territory in the 1860 Census.|| 107,204 || 2 || 107,206 || 0.01

|-

| X || New Mexico Territory || 93,516|| 0 || 93,516|| 0

|-

| X || District of Columbia || 71,985 || 3,185 || 75,080 || 4.4

|-

| X || Utah Territory || 40,184 || 29 || 40,273 || 0.07

|-

| X || Colorado Territory || 34,277 || 0 || 34,277 || 0

|-

| X || Nebraska Territory || 28,826 || 15 || 28,841 || 0.01

|-

| X || Washington Territory || 11,594 || 0 || 11,594 || 0

|-

| X || Nevada Territory|| 6,857 || 0 || 6,857 || 0

|-

| X || Dakota Territory || 4,837 || 0 || 4,837 || 0

|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"

! Rank !! City !! State !! Population{{citation |title=Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990 |year=1998 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/1998/demo/POP-twps0027.html |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau }} !! Region (2016){{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/econ/census/help/geography/regions_and_divisions.html |title=Regions and Divisions |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=September 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203020637/http://www.census.gov/econ/census/help/geography/regions_and_divisions.html |archive-date=December 3, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}

|-

| 01 || New York || New York || 813,669 || Northeast

|-

| 02 || Philadelphia || Pennsylvania || 565,529 || Northeast

|-

| 03 || Brooklyn || New York || 266,661 || Northeast

|-

| 04 || Baltimore || Maryland || 212,418 || South

|-

| 05 || Boston || Massachusetts || 177,840 || Northeast

|-

| 06 || New Orleans || Louisiana || 168,675 || South

|-

| 07 || Cincinnati || Ohio || 161,044 || Midwest

|-

| 08 || St. Louis || Missouri || 160,773 || Midwest

|-

| 09 || Chicago || Illinois || 112,172 || Midwest

|-

| 10 || Buffalo || New York || 81,129 || Northeast

|-

| 11 || Newark || New Jersey || 71,941 || Northeast

|-

| 12 || Louisville || Kentucky || 68,033 || South

|-

| 13 || Albany || New York || 62,367 || Northeast

|-

| 14 || Washington || District of Columbia || 61,122 || South

|-

| 15 || San Francisco || California || 56,802 || West

|-

| 16 || Providence || Rhode Island || 50,666 || Northeast

|-

| 17 || Pittsburgh || Pennsylvania || 49,221 || Northeast

|-

| 18 || Rochester || New York || 48,204 || Northeast

|-

| 19 || Detroit || Michigan || 45,619 || Midwest

|-

| 20 || Milwaukee || Wisconsin || 45,246 || Midwest

|-

| 21 || Cleveland || Ohio || 43,417 || Midwest

|-

| 22 || Charleston || South Carolina || 40,522 || South

|-

| 23 || New Haven || Connecticut || 39,267 || Northeast

|-

| 24 || Troy || New York || 39,235 || Northeast

|-

| 25 || Richmond || Virginia || 37,910 || South

|-

| 26 || Lowell || Massachusetts || 36,827 || Northeast

|-

| 27 || Mobile || Alabama || 29,258 || South

|-

| 28 || Jersey City || New Jersey || 29,226 || Northeast

|-

| 29 || Hartford || Connecticut || 29,152 || Northeast

|-

| 30 || Allegheny || Pennsylvania || 28,702 || Northeast

|-

| 31 || Syracuse || New York || 28,119 || Northeast

|-

| 32 || Portland || Maine || 26,341 || Northeast

|-

| 33 || Cambridge || Massachusetts || 26,060 || Northeast

|-

| 34 || Roxbury || Massachusetts || 25,137 || Northeast

|-

| 35 || Charlestown || Massachusetts || 25,065 || Northeast

|-

| 36 || Worcester || Massachusetts || 24,960 || Northeast

|-

| 37 || Reading || Pennsylvania || 23,162 || Northeast

|-

| 38 || Memphis || Tennessee || 22,623 || South

|-

| 39 || Utica || New York || 22,529 || Northeast

|-

| 40 || New Bedford || Massachusetts || 22,300 || Northeast

|-

| 41 || Savannah || Georgia || 22,292 || South

|-

| 42 || Salem || Massachusetts || 22,252 || Northeast

|-

| 43 || Wilmington || Delaware || 21,258 || South

|-

| 44 || Manchester || New Hampshire || 20,107 || Northeast

|-

| 45 || Dayton || Ohio || 20,081 || Midwest

|-

| 46 || Paterson || New Jersey || 19,586 || Northeast

|-

| 47 || Lynn || Massachusetts || 19,083 || Northeast

|-

| 48 || Indianapolis || Indiana || 18,611 || Midwest

|-

| 49 || Columbus || Ohio || 18,554 || Midwest

|-

| 50 || Petersburg || Virginia || 18,266 || South

|-

| 51 || Lawrence || Massachusetts || 17,639 || Northeast

|-

| 52 || Lancaster || Pennsylvania || 17,603 || Northeast

|-

| 53 || Trenton || New Jersey || 17,228 || Northeast

|-

| 54 || Nashville || Tennessee || 16,988 || South

|-

| 55 || Oswego || New York || 16,816 || Northeast

|-

| 56 || Kingston || New York || 16,640 || Northeast

|-

| 57 || Covington || Kentucky || 16,471 || South

|-

| 58 || Bangor || Maine || 16,407 || Northeast

|-

| 59 || Taunton || Massachusetts || 15,376 || Northeast

|-

| 60 || Springfield || Massachusetts || 15,199 || Northeast

|-

| 61 || Poughkeepsie || New York || 14,726 || Northeast

|-

| 62 || Norfolk || Virginia || 14,620 || South

|-

| 63 || Camden || New Jersey || 14,358 || Northeast

|-

| 64 || Wheeling || Virginia || 14,083 || South

|-

| 65 || Norwich || Connecticut || 14,048 || Northeast

|-

| 66 || Peoria || Illinois || 14,045 || Midwest

|-

| 67 || Fall River || Massachusetts || 14,026 || Northeast

|-

| 68 || Sacramento || California || 13,785 || West

|-

| 69 || Toledo || Ohio || 13,768 || Midwest

|-

| 70 || Newtown || New York || 13,725 || Northeast

|-

| 71 || Quincy || Illinois || 13,718 || Midwest

|-

| 72 || Harrisburg || Pennsylvania || 13,405 || Northeast

|-

| 73 || Newburyport || Massachusetts || 13,401 || Northeast

|-

| 74 || Chelsea || Massachusetts || 13,395 || Northeast

|-

| 75 || Bridgeport || Connecticut || 13,299 || Northeast

|-

| 76 || Smithfield || Rhode Island || 13,283 || Northeast

|-

| 77 || Dubuque || Iowa || 13,000 || Midwest

|-

| 78 || Alexandria || Virginia || 12,652 || South

|-

| 79 || New Albany || Indiana || 12,647 || Midwest

|-

| 80 || Newburgh || New York || 12,578 || Northeast

|-

| 81 || Augusta || Georgia || 12,493 || South

|-

| 82 || Hempstead || New York || 12,376 || Northeast

|-

| 83 || Yonkers || New York || 11,848 || Northeast

|-

| 84 || North Providence || Rhode Island || 11,818 || Northeast

|-

| 85 || Elizabeth || New Jersey || 11,567 || Northeast

|-

| 86 || Evansville || Indiana || 11,484 || Midwest

|-

| 87 || Davenport || Iowa || 11,267 || Midwest

|-

| 88 || New Brunswick || New Jersey || 11,256 || Northeast

|-

| 89 || Auburn || New York || 10,986 || Northeast

|-

| 90 || Gloucester || Massachusetts || 10,904 || Northeast

|-

| 91 || Concord || New Hampshire || 10,896 || Northeast

|-

| 92 || Lockport || New York || 10,871 || Northeast

|-

| 93 || Newport || Rhode Island || 10,508 || Northeast

|-

| 94 || Saint Paul || Minnesota || 10,401 || Midwest

|-

| 95 || Flushing || New York || 10,188 || Northeast

|-

| 96 || New London || Connecticut || 10,115 || Northeast

|-

| 97 || Cortlandt || New York || 10,074 || Northeast

|-

| 98 || Nashua || New Hampshire || 10,065 || Northeast

|-

| 99 || Newport || Kentucky || 10,046 || South

|-

| 100 || Waterbury || Connecticut || 10,004 || Northeast

|}

• American Civil War
• Cotton gin
• Human capital
• Joseph C. G. Kennedy, census supervisor

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://guides.loc.gov/census-connections/decennial-census/1840-1880#s-lib-ctab-22509999-2 Library of Congress research guide for 1860 census] - links to primary documents
• {{cite web |title=1860 Census: Population of the United States |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html |website=US Census Bureau }}
• [https://archive.org/details/populationofusin00kennrich Population of the United States in 1860; compiled from the original returns of the eighth census under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior by Joseph C.G. Kennedy]
• [http://www.mortalityschedules.com U.S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850–1880]
• Adam Goodheart: "[http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/the-census-of-doom/ The Census of Doom]", NY Times

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Census

Category:United States census

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