1888 North Canterbury earthquake
{{Short description|Earthquake in New Zealand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox earthquake
|title= 1888 North Canterbury earthquake
|pre-1900 = yes
|map2= {{Location map | New Zealand |relief=1
|position=none
|lat =-42.6
|long =172.4
|width= 250
|float=center
|mark=Bullseye1.svg
|marksize=40
|caption=
}}
|local-date= {{start date text|1 September 1888}}
|local-time= 04:10
|engvar = en-UK
|location={{coord|-42.6|172.4|format=dms|display=inline,title|region:NZ}}{{cite web |title=M 7.0 North Canterbury Sat, Sep 1 1888 |url= https://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/story/2178073 |publisher=GNS Science |access-date=23 March 2018}}
|countries affected=South Island New Zealand
|casualties=1 fatality (indirect)
}}
The 1888 North Canterbury earthquake occurred at {{nowrap|4:10 am}} on 1 September following a sequence of foreshocks that started the previous evening, and whose epicentre was in the North Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand. The epicentre was approximately {{convert|35|km}} west of Hanmer.
In Christchurch, about {{convert|100|km}} southeast of the epicentre, shaking lasted for 40 to 50 seconds. The magnitude of the earthquake is estimated to be in the range 7.0–7.3. Severe damage to farm buildings in the epicentral region was reported and the top {{convert|7.8|m}} of the spire of ChristChurch Cathedral collapsed. It was the first earthquake observed to be associated with mainly horizontal fault displacement.{{cite journal |last=Grapes |first=Rodney |title=Alexander McKay and the Discovery of Lateral Displacement on Faults in New Zealand |date=October 2006 |volume=48 |issue=4 |journal=Centaurus |pages=298–313 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0498.2006.00049.x|bibcode=2006Cent...48..298G }}
Tectonic setting
File:MarlboroughFaultSystem.png
New Zealand lies along the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates.
In the South Island, most of the relative displacement between these plates is taken up along a single dextral (right lateral) strike-slip fault with a major reverse component, the Alpine Fault.
In the North Island, displacement is mainly taken up along the Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone, although the remaining dextral strike-slip component is accommodated by the North Island Fault System.Mouslopoulou, V., Nicol, A., Little, T. A., & Walsh, J. J. (2007). [http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/290/1/387.abstract Terminations of large strike-slip faults: an alternative model from New Zealand]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 290 (1), pp. 387–415.
Earthquake
The earthquake occurred on the Hope Fault, one of the group of dextral strike-slip structures known as the Marlborough fault system that transfer displacement between the mainly transform and convergent type plate boundaries in a complex zone at the northern end of South Island.Van Dissen, R., & Yeats, R. S. (1991). [http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/19/4/393.abstract Hope fault, Jordan thrust, and uplift of the seaward Kaikoura Range, New Zealand] Geology 19 (4), pp. 393–396 Alexander McKay, a geologist working for the geological survey, observed horizontal offsets in farm fences between {{convert|1.5|and|2.6|m|ft}} along the fault. He was the first to associate a strike-slip displacement with an earthquake.
=Damage=
File:North-Canterbury-Earthquake-1888.jpg
In the North Canterbury region many buildings were severely damaged, particularly in the Hope Valley and Hanmer areas. Landslides occurred in unconsolidated sediment and fissures up to {{convert|30|cm}} wide were observed.
In Christchurch, the top {{convert|7.8|m}} of the Cathedral spire fell down and minor damage, such as broken chimneys, affected many houses. The Durham Street Methodist Church, Christchurch's first church build with permanent materials, suffered some damage to its stonework. Another building affected was the Christchurch Normal School, where chimneys fell down and ceilings were cracked.{{cite web |last=McSaveney |first=Eileen |title=Page 4 – The 1888 North Canterbury earthquake |url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/historic-earthquakes/page-4 |publisher=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=25 August 2013 |date=13 July 2012}}
Damage was greatest in the northern and northwestern suburbs, probably due to the peaty sub-soil.
One person died of a heart attack during the earthquake.{{Cite journal|title = Patterns of earthquake-related mortality at a whole-country level: New Zealand, 1840–2017|journal = Earthquake Spectra|date =2020|pages = 138–163|volume = 36|issue = 1|doi = 10.1177/8755293019878190|first1 = S.|last1 = Abeling|first2 = N.|last2 = Horspool|first3 = D.|last3 = Johnston|first4 = D.|last4 = Dizhur|first5 = N.|last5 = Wilson|first6 = C.|last6 = Clement|first7 = J.|last7 = Ingham| bibcode=2020EarSp..36..138A }}
See also
References
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Earthquakes in New Zealand}}
{{Christchurch earthquakes}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1888 North Canterbury Earthquake}}
Category:Earthquakes in New Zealand
North Canterbury Earthquake, 1888