1893 Franco-Siamese crisis

{{main|France–Thailand relations}}

File:The French Wolf and The Siamese Lamb.jpg cartoon showing the "French wolf" looking across the Mekong toward the "Siamese lamb"]]

File:Franco-Siamese War Cartoon.jpgFile:Siam in 1893, During Rama V's Reign.jpg

The conflict started when French Indochina's governor-general Jean de Lanessan sent Auguste Pavie as consul to Bangkok to bring Laos under French rule. The government in Bangkok, mistakenly believing that they would be supported by the British government, refused to concede territory east of the Mekong and instead reinforced their military and administrative presence.{{cite book|last1=Stuart-Fox|first1=Martin|title=A History of Laos|date=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-59746-3|pages=24–25}}

Events were brought to a head by two separate incidents when Siamese governors in Khammuan and Nong Khai expelled three French merchants from the middle Mekong in September 1892, two of them, Champenois and Esquilot, on suspicion of opium smuggling.{{cite book|last1=Simms|first1=Peter|last2=Simms|first2=Sanda|title=The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History|date=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0700715312|pages=206–207|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUL62x3qWvUC&q=%22Paknam+Fort%22&pg=PA209|access-date=22 August 2015}} Shortly afterward, the French consul in Luang Prabang, Victor-Alphonse Massie, feverish and discouraged, committed suicide on his way back to Saigon. Back in France, these incidents were used by the colonial lobby (Parti Colonial) to stir up nationalistic anti-Siamese sentiment, as a pretext for intervention.{{cite book|last1=Ooi|first1=Keat Gin|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|url=https://archive.org/details/southeastasiahis00ooik|url-access=limited|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-770-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southeastasiahis00ooik/page/n1039 1015]–1016}}

The death of Massie left Auguste Pavie as the new French Consul. In March 1893, Pavie demanded that the Siamese evacuate all military posts on the east side of the Mekong River south of Khammuan, claiming that the land belonged to Vietnam. To back up these demands, the French sent the gunboat {{ship|French gunboat|Lutin||2}} to Bangkok, where it was moored on the Chao Phraya next to the French legation.

When Siam rejected the French demands, Lanessan sent three military columns into the disputed region to assert French control in April 1893. Eight small Siamese garrisons west of the Mekong withdrew upon the arrival of the central column, but the advance of the other columns met with resistance. In the north, the French came under siege on the island of Khoung, with the capture of an officer, Thoreaux. In the south the occupation proceeded smoothly until an ambush by the Siamese on the village of Keng Kert resulted in the killing of French police inspector Grosgurin.{{cite book|last1=Dommen|first1=Arthur J.|title=The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam|date=2001|page=18|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33854-9}}

Inspector Grosgurin was a French inspector and commander of a Vietnamese militia in Laos. Like Auguste Pavie, he had been engaged in several exploratory expeditions in the region.{{rp|18}}

{{Cite journal|url= https://archive.org/stream/laffairedesiam00pouvgoog|title=L'affaire de Siam, 1886-1896|year=1897|first=Albert|last= de Pouvourville|publisher=Chamuel}} He was a member of one of the French armed columns dispatched in April 1893 by Lassenan to cross the Annamite Range into the Lao area of Khammuan (modern Thakhek) and to occupy the disputed territory. The column was at first successful in evicting the Siamese commissioner at Khammuan by 25 May.

Shortly afterward on 5 June, the Siamese commissioner organized a surprise ambush on the village of Kien Ket, where Grosgurin, confined to his sickbed, had encamped with his militia. The commissioner had apparently been instructed by Siamese government representatives to "compel their [French troops] retirement, by fighting, if necessary, to the utmost of their strength". The ambush resulted in the razing of the village and the killing of Grosgurin and 17 Vietnamese.The Peoples and Politics of the Far East (1895) by Sir Henry Norman, p.480-481 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jJAs0o-tg80C&dq=Grosgurin&pg=PA480]

The incident and the death of Grosgurin became known as the "Affair of Kham Muon (Kien Chek)" and was ultimately used as a pretext for strong French intervention.{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/caseofkiengchekk00franrich/caseofkiengchekk00franrich_djvu.txt |title=The Case of Kieng Chek Kham Muon before the Franco-Siamese Mixed Court. Constitution of the Mixed Court and rules of procedure |access-date=2012-02-03|publisher=Bangkok? |year=1894 }}

{{main|Paknam incident}}

As a result, France demanded reparations and tensions with the British over control of Siam came to a peak.Chandran Jeshurun, The British foreign office and the Siamese-Malay states 1890-97. Cambridge (1971) pp 112, 113. The British sent three navy ships to the mouth of the Chao Phraya, in case evacuation of British citizens became necessary. In turn the French went one step further in July 1893 by ordering two of their ships, the sloop Inconstant and the gunboat Comète, to sail up the Chao Phraya toward Bangkok, without the permission of the Siamese. They came under fire from the fort at Paknam on 13 July 1893.

{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHYsAAAAIAAJ&q=Inconstant+Comete |title=Commerce in War by Llewellyn Archer Atherley, p.182 |access-date=2012-02-03|year=1907 |last1=Atherley-Jones |first1=Llewellyn Archer |last2=Bellot |first2=Hugh Hale Leigh }} The French returned fire and forced their way to Bangkok.{{rp|209–210}}

With guns trained on the Grand Palace in Bangkok, the French delivered an ultimatum to the Siamese on 20 July to hand over the territory east of the Mekong and withdraw their garrisons there, to pay an indemnity of three million francs in reparation for the fighting at Paknam, and to punish those responsible for the killings in the disputed territory. When Siam did not immediately comply unconditionally to the ultimatum, the French blockaded the Siamese coast.

In the end the Siamese submitted fully to the French conditions after finding no support from the British. In addition, the French demanded as guarantees the temporary occupation of Chantaburi and the demilitarization of Battambang, Siem Reap and a {{convert|25|km|adj=on|sp=us}}-wide zone on the west bank of the Mekong. The conflict led to the signature of the Franco-Siamese Treaty, on 3 October 1893.

Following the killing of Grosgurin, the Commissioner of the Khammuan District, Phra Yot, was acknowledged by his government to have been the responsible official, although he was initially acquitted of wrongdoing in a trial in March 1894.{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/18/106828460.pdf |title=archive |work=New York Times |access-date=2012-02-03}} A "Franco-Siamese Mixed Court" was subsequently convened in June 1894. The court determined that Phra Yot had brought extra forces to surround the house in Kien Ket occupied by the ill Grosgurin, outnumbering his small Vietnamese militia; that Grosgurin and those Vietnamese who had not managed to escape had been killed and the house subsequently set on fire on the orders of Phra Yot.{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/06/14/106099820.pdf |title=archive |work=New York Times |access-date=2012-02-03}}

In a joint agreement between the Siamese and the French, Phra Yot was condemned to 20 years of penal servitude. The solicitor for the defense was the Ceylonese lawyer William Alfred Tilleke, who was later appointed Attorney General of Siam and granted a peerage by the king.{{cite web |url=http://tillekeandgibbins.com/Firm/Thai_profile.htm |title=Official history of Tilleke & Gibbons |publisher=Tillekeandgibbins.com |access-date=2012-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605013509/http://www.tillekeandgibbins.com/firm/Thai_profile.htm |archive-date=2010-06-05 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite book|title=Subject Siam: Family, Law, and Colonial Modernity in Thailand|first=Tamara|last= Loos|publisher=Cornell University Press|year= 2006|pages =59–60|isbn=0-8014-4393-8}} The Royal Thai Army fort Phra Yot Muang Khwan in Nakhon Phanom Province on the border between Thailand and Laos commemorates Phra Yot.

File:Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1893.jpg

The Siamese agreed to cede Laos to France, significantly expanding French Indochina. In 1896, France signed a treaty with Britain defining the border between Laos and British territory in Upper Burma. The Kingdom of Laos became a protectorate, initially placed under the Governor General of Indochina in Hanoi. Pavie, who almost single-handedly brought Laos under French rule, saw to the officialization in Hanoi.

The French and British both had strong interests in controlling parts of Indochina. Twice in the 1890s, they were on the verge of war over two different routes leading to Yunnan.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} But several difficulties discouraged them from war. The geography of the land made troop movements difficult, making warfare more costly and less effective. Both countries were fighting a difficult conflict within their respective colonies.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} Malaria was common and deadly. Ultimately, the imagined trade routes never really came into use. In 1904, the French and the British put aside their many differences with the Entente Cordiale, ending this dispute in southeastern Asia.

France continued to occupy Chanthaburi and Trat up until 1907, when Siam ceded to it the provinces of Battambang, Siem Reap and Banteay Meanchey.

File:Siamese Army in Laos 1893.jpg|Siamese army in Laos in 1893

File:Siamese Elephant Mounted Artillery in Laos 1893.jpg|Siamese Elephant-mounted artillery in Laos in 1893

File:Canonniere_Comete_(1884-1909)_bf_1923.jpg|The French gunboat Comète (1884–1909)

File:Canonniere Le Lutin (1877-1897).jpg|The gunboat Lutin (1877–1897) was stationed in central Bangkok in March 1893

• Territorial losses of Thailand, for all territory Thailand lost to other nations.

{{reflist|2}}

• Anglo-French Rivalry in Southeast Asia: Its Historical Geography and Diplomatic Climate by John L. Christian
• Chandran Jeshurun, The Contest for Siam 1889-1902: A Study in Diplomatic Rivalry, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1977.
• {{Cite book|title=The French Wolf and the Siamese Lamb: The French Threat to Siamese Independence, 1858-1907|first=Patrick J. N.|last= Tuck|publisher= White Lotus|year= 1995|isbn=974-8496-28-7}}
• {{Cite journal|jstor=2637903|title=The French 'Colonial Party': Its Composition, Aims and Influence, 1885-1914

|first1=C. M.|last1= Andrew|first2= A. S. |last2=Kanya-Forstner|journal=The Historical Journal|volume= 14|issue=1

|year=1971|pages= 99–128|doi=10.1017/S0018246X0000741X|s2cid=159549039

}}

• {{cite book|last=Nana|first=Krairoek|title=Samutphap Hetkan Roso Roi Sip Song|script-title=th:สมุดภาพเหตุการณ์ ร.ศ. ๑๑๒|trans-title=1893 Incident Photobook|url=http://dl.parliament.go.th/bitstream/handle/lirt/425747/2553_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%A8_112.pdf|year=2010|language=th|publisher=Phra Chunla Chom Klao Fortress Lovers Club|isbn=9789742252472}}
• {{cite journal|title=Jules Develle and the Paknam Incident of 1893|first1=Marcela|last1= Hennlichova|journal=Archiv Orientální|volume=91|issue=1|year=2023|pages= 113–141|doi=10.47979/aror.j.91.1.113-141|s2cid=259670554 |doi-access=free}} {{reflist|2}}https://www.thailandshistoria.se/artiklar/17/23/bangkok,-%3Cbr/%3Erama-i-rama-vii/kung-chulalongkorn/krisen-1893-och-striderna-i-laos. http://www.payer.de/thailandchronik/chronik1893.htm

{{Commons category}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120324085549/http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/tap/thailand/ffrancesiam1893.htm onwar.com]
• [http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/laos/HISTORY.html mongabay.com]
• [http://san.beck.org/20-9-Siam,Laos,Cambodia1800-1950.html#a7 san.beck.org]
• [http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2005/11/02/headlines/data/headlines_19040213.html Legacy of the Paknam clash] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421214229/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2005/11/02/headlines/data/headlines_19040213.html |date=2009-04-21 }}

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