Hanoi

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| image1 = ThăngLong昇竜.png

| caption1 = Thăng Long 昇竜 written in 大南國史演歌 Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca.

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| caption2 = Kẻ Chợ 仉𢄂 (one of the many historical names for Hanoi) written in the book, 大南國史演歌 Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca

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Hanoi has had various names throughout history. It was known first as Long Biên ({{lang|vi-Hani|龍編}}, {{Literal translation|dragons interweaving}}), then Tống Bình ({{lang|vi-Hani|宋平}}, {{Literal translation|Song pacification}}) and Long Đỗ ({{lang|vi-Hani|龍肚}}, {{Literal translation|dragon belly}}). Long Biên later gave its name to the famed Long Biên Bridge, built during French colonial times, and more recently to a new district to the east of the Red River. Several older names of Hanoi feature long ({{lang|vi-Hani|龍}}, {{Translation|dragon}}), linked to the curved formation of the Red River around the city, which was symbolized as a dragon.{{cite web|title=Lands named "dragon"|url=http://tuoitre.vn/tin/ao-trang/20120109/nhung-vung-dat-mang-ten-rong/472123.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152322/http://tuoitre.vn/tin/ao-trang/20120109/nhung-vung-dat-mang-ten-rong/472123.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2017|publisher=Tuổi Trẻ|access-date=23 April 2017|author=Con Giang|date=9 January 2012}}

In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La ({{lang|vi-Hani|大羅}}, {{Literal translation|big net}}). This gave it the nickname La Thành ({{lang|vi-Hani|羅城}}, {{Literal translation|La citadel}}). Both Đại La and La Thành are names of major streets in modern Hanoi. When Lý Thái Tổ established the capital in the area in 1010, it was named Thăng Long ({{lang|vi-Hani|昇龍}}).Anh Thư Hà, Hồng Đức Trần A Brief Chronology of Vietnam's History 2000– Page 40 "Taking this as a good omen, he named the new capital Thăng Long (City of the Soaring Dragon), now Hanoi. Lý Thái Tổ reorganized the administration"Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past 2002– Page 213 "When Lý Thái Tổ relocated the capital in 1010." Thăng Long later became the name of a major bridge on the highway linking the city center to Nội Bài Airport, and the Thăng Long Boulevard expressway in the southwest of the city center. In modern times, the city is usually referred to as Thăng Long – Hà Nội, when its long history is discussed.

During the Hồ dynasty, it was called Đông Đô ({{lang|vi-Hani|東都}}, {{Literal translation|eastern metropolis}}). During the Ming occupation, it was called Đông Quan ({{lang|vi-Hani|東關}}, {{Literal translation|eastern gate}}). During the Lê dynasty, Hanoi was known as Đông Kinh ({{lang|vi-Hani|東京}}),For the de facto capital city of Japan, see Tokyo ({{lang|ja|東京}}). which gave the name to Tonkin and Gulf of Tonkin. A square adjacent to the Hoàn Kiếm lake was named Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục after the reformist Tonkin Free School under French colonization.

After the end of the Tây Sơn had expanded further south, the city was named Bắc Thành ({{lang|vi-Hani|北城}}, {{Literal translation|northern citadel}}). Minh Mạng renamed the city Hà Nội ({{lang|vi-Hani|河內}}) in 1831. This has remained its official name until modern times.

Several unofficial names of Hanoi include: {{lang|vi|Kẻ Chợ}} ({{lang|vi-Hani|仉𢄂}}, {{Literal translation|marketplace}}), {{lang|vi|Tràng An}} ({{Literal translation|long peace}}), {{lang|vi|Long Thành}} (short for {{lang|vi|Kinh thành Thăng Long}}, 'citadel of Thăng Long'), {{lang|vi|Kinh Thành}} ('capital city'), {{lang|vi|Hà Thành}} (short for {{lang|vi|Thành phố Hà Nội}}, 'city of Hanoi'), and {{lang|vi|Thủ Đô}} ('capital').{{cite web|url=https://dantri.com.vn/ban-doc/nhung-ten-goi-cua-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-1286098923.htm|title=Những tên gọi của Hà Nội qua các thời kỳ lịch sử|publisher=Dân Trí|language=vi|date=30 September 2010|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620031756/https://dantri.com.vn/ban-doc/nhung-ten-goi-cua-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-1286098923.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://hanoitv.vn/lich-su-cac-ten-goi-cua-thu-do-ha-noi-d3832.html|title=Lịch sử các tên gọi của Thủ đô Hà Nội|publisher=Hanoi TV|language=vi|date=28 May 2013|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619010313/https://hanoitv.vn/lich-su-cac-ten-goi-cua-thu-do-ha-noi-d3832.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://laodong.vn/archived/ten-goi-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-682388.ldo |title=Tên gọi Hà Nội qua các thời kỳ lịch sử |publisher=Lao Động |language=vi |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618031239/https://laodong.vn/archived/ten-goi-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-682388.ldo |url-status=live }}

Arab manuscripts between the 9th and 12th century referred to Hanoi as {{lang|ar-Latn|Luqin}} ({{lang|ar|لوكين}}), a term derived from Longbian (Middle Chinese: {{lang|ltc-Latn|Ljowng-pen}}), and was originally used by Muslim traders to mention the Vietnamese.{{cite book |last1=Formichi |first1=Chiara |title=Islam and Asia: A History |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107106123 |page=27 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-fWDwAAQBAJ&dq=luqin+colonies+muslims&pg=PA27 |volume = 21 of New Approaches to Asian History}}{{cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=George F. |last2=Carswell |first2=John |editor1-last=Carswell |editor1-first=John |title=Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691000328 |page=72 |edition=illustrated, revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDh2KKSlQg4C&dq=luqin+colonies+muslims&pg=PA72 |series=ACLS Humanities E-Book Princeton paperbacks: Ancient history}}{{cite book |last1=Kasimin |first1=Amran |title=Religion and Social Change Among the Indigenous People of the Malay Peninsula |date=1991 |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia |isbn=9836222650 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJzXAAAAMAAJ&q=luqin+colonies+muslims}}

{{For timeline}}

{{See also|History of Vietnam}}

Many vestiges of human habitation from the late Palaeolithic and early Mesolithic ages can be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human hands that are relics of Sơn Vi Culture, dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.{{cite web|title=Prehistoric Co Loa|work=Imperial Citadel of Thang Long |date=3 August 2013|url=https://www.hoangthanhthanglong.vn/en/co-loa-thoi-tien-su/507|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616082820/https://www.hoangthanhthanglong.vn/en/co-loa-thoi-tien-su/507|url-status=live}}{{sfn|Phan|Nguyễn|Nguyễn|1997|p=27}} In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (now National Museum of Vietnamese History) carried out the archaeological studies in the north of {{Interlanguage link|Đồng Mô Lake|lt=Đồng Mô Lake|vi|Hồ Đồng Mô}} (Sơn Tây, Hanoi), finding various relics and objects belonging to the Sơn Vi Culture dating back to the Paleolithic Age around 20,000 years ago.{{cite web|title=The pre and proto history human traces found in Dong Mo, Son Tay|date=28 February 2014|url=http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3188/15839/the-pre-and-proto-history-human-traces-found-in-dong-mo-son-tay.html|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015101321/http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3188/15839/the-pre-and-proto-history-human-traces-found-in-dong-mo-son-tay.html|url-status=live}} During the mid-Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data clearly show the coastline was inundated and was located near present-day Hanoi, as is apparent from the absence of Neolithic sites across most of the Bac Bo region.{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=12}} Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely underwater. It is believed that the region has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years.{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=144}}{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=159}}

In around third century BC, An Dương Vương established the capital of Âu Lạc north of present-day Hanoi, where a fortified citadel is constructed, known to history as Cổ Loa,{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=14}} the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era,{{sfn|Miksic|Yian|2016|p=111}} with an outer embankment covering 600 hectares. In 179 BC, the Âu Lạc Kingdom was annexed by Nanyue, which ushered in more than a thousand years of Chinese domination. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into his Nanyue domain, but left the indigenous chiefs in control of the population.{{sfn|Jamieson|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=93}}{{sfn|Buttinger|1958|p=92}} For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=69}}

In 111 BC, the Han dynasty conquered Nanyue and ruled it for the next several hundred years.{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Đào Duy Anh|2016|p=42}} Han dynasty organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of the south (Lingnan) and now included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam.{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=72}}

In March{{sfn|Bielestein|1986|p=271}} of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of a wealthy aristocratic family of Lac ethnicity{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=235}} in Mê Linh district (Hanoi), led the locals to rise up in rebellion against the Han.{{sfn|Bielestein|1986|p=271}}{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=78}} It began at the Red River Delta, but quickly spread both south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt regions and most of Lingnan,{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=78}}{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=235}} gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements.{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}} Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=79}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=38}} In 42 AD, the Han emperor commissioned general Ma Yuan to suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries.{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=79}} The rebellion was defeated in the next year as Ma Yuan captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in Luoyang.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=80}}

By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of ancient Hanoi, a fortified settlement was founded by the Chinese Liu Song dynasty as the seat of a new district called Tống Bình (Songping) within Giao Chỉ commandery.{{sfnp|Tran|1977|p=16}} The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at some point between AD 454 and 464.{{sfnp|Loewe|2004|p=60}} The commandery included the districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (now Từ Liêm and Hoài Đức districts) with a metropolis in present-day inner Hanoi.{{cite web |title=Filmed in 1902: The Earliest Known Footage of Hanoi, Vietnam |url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/04/12/filmed-1902-earliest-known-footage-hanoi-vietnam/ |website=The Vintage News |date=12 April 2016 |access-date=23 May 2025}}

By the year 679, the Tang dynasty changed the region's name to Annan ({{Cjkv|c={{linktext|安南}}|p=|v=An Nam|l=pacified south}}), with Songping as its capital.{{cite web|url=http://en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Historical-stages-of-Thang-Long-Hanoi/20099/89.vnplus |title=Historical stages of Thang Long- Hanoi – 1000 Years Thang Long (VietNamPlus) |publisher=En.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn |access-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104062703/http://en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Historical-stages-of-Thang-Long-Hanoi/20099/89.vnplus |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}

In the latter half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi, a viceroy from the Tang dynasty, built Luocheng ({{Cjkv|c=羅城|v=La Thành}}) to suppress popular uprisings. Luocheng extended from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in what is now Ba Đình district. Over time, in the first half of the ninth century, this fortification was expanded and renamed as Jincheng ({{CJKV|v=Kim Thành}}). In 863, the kingdom of Nanzhao, as well as local rebels, laid siege of Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000.Tư trị thông giám, quyển 250.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=123}} In 866, Chinese jiedushi Gao Pian recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=123}} He renamed the city to Daluocheng ({{Cjkv|c=大羅城|v=Đại La Thành}}). He built a wall around the city measuring 6,344 meters, with some sections reaching over eight meters in height.{{sfn|Purton|2009|p=106}} Đại La at the time had approximately 25,000 residents, including small foreign communities of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, and Nestorian Christians.{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-merchants-of-premodern-china/merchants-of-an-imperial-trade/2736CF75BA700D965FAA934381F261EC/core-reader|title=The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China|chapter=Merchants of an Imperial Trade |series=New Approaches to Asian History|date=1 August 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=12–50 |doi=10.1017/9780511998492.002 |isbn=978-1-107-01268-4|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220140357/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-merchants-of-premodern-china/merchants-of-an-imperial-trade/2736CF75BA700D965FAA934381F261EC/core-reader|url-status=live}} It became an important trading center of the Tang dynasty due to the ransacking of Guangzhou by the Huang Chao rebellion. By early tenth century AD, modern-day Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders as Luqin.{{sfn|Park|2012|p=62}}

In 1010, Lý Thái Tổ, the first ruler of the Lý dynasty, moved the capital of Đại Việt to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site Thăng Long (昇龍) – a name still used poetically to this day. Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when it was moved to Thanh Hóa, then known as Tây Đô (西都), the "Western Capital". Thăng Long then became Đông Đô (東都), the "Eastern Capital".

File:Bản đồ kinh thành Thăng Long, theo Hồng Đức bản đồ sách 洪德版圖冊 (1490).jpg|Map of Đông Kinh (Hanoi) in 17th century.

File:Samuel Baron - The City of CHA-CHO, the Metropolis of TONQUEEN.jpg|A view of Hanoi from the Red River in 1685, manuscript from Royal Society{{'}}s archive.

In 1408, the Chinese Ming dynasty attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Đô's name to Dongguan ({{CJKV|c=東關|v=Đông Quan|l=eastern gate}}). In 1428, the Lam Sơn uprising, under the leadership of Lê Lợi, overthrew the Chinese rule. Lê Lợi founded the Lê dynasty and renamed Đông Quan to Đông Kinh (東京) or Tonkin. During 17th century, the population of Đông Kinh was estimated by Western diplomats as about 100,000.{{sfn|Boudarel|Nguyen|Nguyễn|2002|p=19}} Right after the end of the Tây Sơn dynasty, it was named Bắc Thành (北城).

File:Bản vẽ thành Hà Nội.jpg|Map of Hà Nội citadel during the Nguyễn dynasty.

File:Capture of hanoi 1873.jpg|French troops attacking the city's wall on 20 November 1873.

File:Evacuation of French troops from Hanoi.jpg|French troops leaving Hanoi in February 1874

File:I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- 386890201-700231668290362-6321874136485636046-n-1696671806.jpg|Ô Quan Chưởng or Đông Hà môn (東河門), built in 1749 and remained until now.

File:I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- trie-n-la-m-a-nh-tha-nh-xu-a-pho-cu-1696679091.jpg|Old street of Hanoi in 1884 (Hàng Gai street)

File:I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- 384832613-1098962017740420-8654642600285663600-n-1696671808.jpg|Old street of Hanoi in 1884 (Hàng Bông street)

File:9343761968 c113c08f8d o-768x575.jpg|Hanoi street before French colonisation, Hàng Chiếu street in 1870s

File:Pho-Cau-Go-1-1727691706.jpg|Rue du Point en Bois (now Cầu Gỗ street)

File:Pho-Hang-Dao-1-1727770693.jpg|Hàng Đào street and tram railway in late 1890s

File:Cua-Bac-Hoang-thanh-1-1727770085.jpg|Northern gate of Hanoi citadel, the only one survived until now.

When the Nguyễn dynasty was established in 1802, Gia Long moved the capital to Huế. Thăng Long was no longer the capital, and its chữ Hán was changed from 昇龍 ({{Literal translation|ascending dragon}}) to the homophone 昇隆 ({{Literal translation|ascent and prosperity}}), in order to reduce any loyalist sentiment towards the old Lê dynasty.{{Cite book |last1=Đặng Việt Thủy |last2=Đặng Thành Trung |title=54 vị Hoàng đế Việt Nam |publisher=Nhà xuất bản Quân đội Nhân dân |place=Hà Nội |year=2008 | pages=286–287}} Emperors of Vietnam usually used dragon (龍 long) as a symbol of their imperial strength and power. In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor Minh Mạng renamed it Hà Nội (河內). Hanoi was conquered and briefly occupied by the French military in late 1873 and passed to them ten years later. As Hanoi, it was located in the protectorate of Tonkin and became the capital of French Indochina in 1902. Nominally it still belonged to the sovereignty of Vietnam (Nguyễn dynasty) under French protectorate in Tonkin, but since 1888 it had been a French concession and had directly been ruled by the French like Cochinchina.{{cite web |title=Đà Nẵng trở thành thành phố nhượng địa của thực dân Pháp |url=http://www.danangpt.vnn.vn/danang/detail.php?id=12&a=92 |work=Lịch sử thành phố Đà Nẵng |agency=Nhà xuất bản Đà Nẵng, 2001 |accessdate=29 April 2013 |archive-date=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725095350/http://www.danangpt.vnn.vn/danang/detail.php?id=12&a=92 |url-status=dead}}

File:PP0045541 Arrivée à Hanoi de Mr Jessup.jpg Prime Minister Nguyễn Phan Long in Hanoi, 27 January 1951.]]

French Indochina including Hanoi was occupied by the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces in September 1940, after the Japanese invasion of French Indochina. Japan overthrew the French rule in Hanoi in March 1945. After the fall of the Empire of Vietnam, it became the capital of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) when Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945. However, the French returned and reoccupied the city in February 1947. After France recognized Vietnam's nominal and partial independence with the Élysée Accords on 14 June 1949, Hanoi became under the control of the State of Vietnam from 1949 to 1954, an associated state within the French Union.{{Cite web |last=Maury |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Cochinchine, Vietnam, 1945, Digithèque MJP |url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/vn1946.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250217195421/https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/vn1946.htm |archive-date=2025-02-17 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=mjp.univ-perp.fr |language=fr-fr}} This state gained full independence with the Matignon Accords on 4 June 1954.{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=93}} After nine years of fighting between the French and DRV forces, Hanoi became the capital of North Vietnam when this territory became a sovereign country and Vietnam became divided on 21 July 1954. The army of the French Union withdrew that year and the People's Army of Vietnam of the DRV and International Control Commission occupied the city on 10 October the same year under the terms of the 1954 Geneva Conference.{{Cite book |last=Hastings |first=Max |title=Vietnam: an Epic Tragedy, 1945–1975 |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-06-240566-1 |edition=1st |location=New York, NY |publisher=Harper |oclc=1001744417}}

During the Vietnam War between North and South (1955–1975), Hanoi and North Vietnam were attacked by the United States and South Vietnamese Air Forces. Following the end of the war with the fall of Saigon, Hanoi became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam when North and South Vietnam were reunited on 2 July 1976.{{cite news

| last = The Associated Press

| title = 2 Parts of Vietnam Officially Reunited; Leadership Chosen

| pages = 1–2

| newspaper = The Independent

| location = Bangkok

| date = 3 July 1976

| url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/122960360

| id = {{ProQuest|122960360}}

| access-date = 26 October 2021

| archive-date = 30 July 2022

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220730094825/https://www.proquest.com/docview/122960360

| url-status = live

}}

File:Police station Hoan Kiem.jpg building by Hoàn Kiếm lake.]]

On 21 December 1978, the National Assembly of Vietnam approved a law to expand Hanoi's borders, absorbing the districts of Ba Vì, Thạch Thất, Phúc Thọ, Đan Phượng, Hoài Đức, and the town of Sơn Tây from Hà Sơn Bình Province, and the districts of Mê Linh and Sóc Sơn from {{Interlanguage link|Vĩnh Phú Province|lt=Vĩnh Phú Province|vi|Vĩnh Phú (tỉnh)}}. The five districts annexed from Hà Sơn Bình would be given to Hà Tây and Mê Linh to Vĩnh Phúc in 1991; they would be re-annexed into Hanoi in 2008.

After the Đổi Mới economic policies were approved in 1986, the Communist Party and national and municipal governments hoped to attract international investments for urban development projects in Hanoi.{{Cite journal |last=Logan |first=William S. |date=2005 |title=The Cultural Role of Capital Cities: Hanoi and Hue, Vietnam |jstor=40022968 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=559–575 |doi=10.5509/2005784559}} High-rise commercial buildings did not begin to appear until ten years later due to the international investment community being skeptical of the security of their investments in Vietnam. Rapid urban development and rising costs displaced many residential areas in central Hanoi. Following a short period of economic stagnation after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Hanoi resumed its rapid economic growth.

On 29 May 2008, it was decided that Hà Tây Province, Vĩnh Phúc Province's Mê Linh District and four communes in Lương Sơn District, Hòa Bình Province be merged into the metropolitan area of Hanoi from 1 August 2008.{{cite web|url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |title=Country files (GNS) |access-date=6 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504031911/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |archive-date=4 May 2012 }} Hanoi's total area then increased to 334,470 hectares in 29 subdivisions{{cite web

|url=http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip

|title=Hơn 90% đại biểu Quốc hội tán thành mở rộng Hà Nội

|work=Dantri

|access-date=29 May 2008 |url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924063714/http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip

|archive-date=24 September 2008 }} with the new population being 6,232,940, effectively tripling its size. The Hanoi Capital Region ({{lang|vi|Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội}}), a metropolitan area covering Hanoi and six surrounding provinces under its administration, will have an area of {{convert|13436|km2|0|abbr=out}} with 15 million people by 2020.

Hanoi has experienced rapid expansion in its modern period, accompanied by a construction boom. Skyscrapers, appearing in new urban areas, have dramatically changed the cityscape and have formed a modern skyline outside the old city. In 2015, Hanoi is ranked 39th by Emporis in the list of world cities with most skyscrapers over 100 m; its two tallest buildings are Hanoi Landmark 72 Tower (336 m, second tallest in Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh City's Landmark 81 and third tallest in south-east Asia after Malaysia's Petronas Towers) and Hanoi Lotte Center (272 m, also, third tallest in Vietnam).

Public outcry in opposition to the redevelopment of culturally significant areas in Hanoi persuaded the national government to implement a low-rise policy surrounding Hoàn Kiếm Lake. The Ba Đình District is also protected from commercial redevelopment. On 12 September 2023, at least 56 people died in a huge fire in an apartment block in Hanoi. The fire highlighted the lack of adequate fire safety measures in many newly constructed apartments in the rapidly expanding city.{{cite news |title=Vietnam fire: 56 dead and dozens injured in Hanoi apartment blaze |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66794751 |publisher=BBC News |date=13 September 2023}}

Hanoi is a landlocked municipality in the northern region of Vietnam, situated in Vietnam's Red River Delta, nearly {{convert|90|km|0|abbr=on}} from the coast. Hanoi contains three basic kinds of terrain, which are the delta area, the midland area and the mountainous zone. In general, the terrain becomes gradually lower from north to south and from west to east, with the average height ranging from 5 to 20 meters above sea level. Hills and mountainous zones are located in the northern and western parts of the city. The highest peak is at Ba Vì with 1281 m, located west of the city proper.

Hanoi frequently ranks among the most polluted cities, with several days each year when it is the most air-polluted city in the world, with fine dust levels reaching dangerous thresholds for human health.{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-09-06 |title=Hôm nay Hà Nội lại là thành phố ô nhiễm không khí nhất thế giới: Chỉ số AQI lên tới 190, vượt xa cả Bắc Kinh lẫn Jakarta! |url=https://cafef.vn/hom-nay-ha-noi-lai-la-thanh-pho-o-nhiem-khong-khi-nhat-the-gioi-chi-so-aqi-len-toi-190-vuot-xa-ca-bac-kinh-lan-jakarta-20190906115245515.chn |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=cafef |language=vi}}{{Cite web |last=ONLINE |first=TUOI TRE |date=2019-09-26 |title=Sáng nay, không khí Hà Nội ô nhiễm nhất thế giới |url=https://tuoitre.vn/sang-nay-khong-khi-ha-noi-o-nhiem-nhat-the-gioi-20190926112030454.htm |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=TUOI TRE ONLINE |language=vi}}{{Cite web |last=PHÓNG |first=BÁO SÀI GÒN GIẢI |date=2019-03-06 |title=Hà Nội là một trong hai thành phố ô nhiễm bụi nặng nề nhất Đông Nam Á |url=https://www.sggp.org.vn/ha-noi-la-mot-trong-hai-thanh-pho-o-nhiem-bui-nang-ne-nhat-dong-nam-a-post510794.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=BÁO SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG |language=vi}} According to the 2018 Global Air Quality Report, Hanoi's fine dust concentration was four times higher than the WHO's recommended limit (40.8 μg/m³ compared to the recommended 10 μg/m³).{{Cite web |date=2019-03-12 |title=Hà Nội ô nhiễm không khí thứ 2 ở Đông Nam Á |url=https://tienphong.vn/ha-noi-o-nhiem-khong-khi-thu-2-o-dong-nam-a-post1096489.tpo |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Báo điện tử Tiền Phong |language=vi}} A report by Vietnam's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment stated that Hanoi is the most air-polluted city in the country, with a high proportion of days classified as having poor, bad, or hazardous air quality.{{Cite web |last=Trí |first=Dân |date=2019-09-22 |title=Ảnh Hà Nội trong báo động đỏ về ô nhiễm không khí |url=https://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/anh-ha-noi-trong-bao-dong-do-ve-o-nhiem-khong-khi-20190921005146059.htm |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Báo điện tử Dân Trí |language=vi}} In addition, the rivers flowing through Hanoi (Nhuệ River, Tô Lịch River, Kim Ngưu River, Lừ River, and Sét River) and many lakes are heavily polluted, as 78% of Hanoi's wastewater is discharged directly into rivers and lakes without treatment. Each of these rivers receives tens of thousands of cubic meters of wastewater daily.{{Cite web |title=Những dòng sông 'chết' ở Hà Nội |url=https://vnexpress.net/nhung-dong-song-chet-o-ha-noi-3996497.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=vnexpress |language=vi |author1=Vnexpress }}

{{climate chart

| Hanoi, Vietnam

|14.4|19.4|22.5

|15.8|20.4|24.6

|18.4|23.2|47.0

|21.9|27.7|91.8

|24.8|31.9|185.4

|26.4|33.4|253.3

|26.5|33.4|280.1

|26.1|32.6|309.4

|25.2|31.5|228.3

|22.8|29.2|140.7

|19.3|25.7|66.7

|15.8|22.0|20.2

|float=right

|clear=none

|source = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology{{cite web|url=http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf |title=Vietnam Building Code: Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction |publisher=ibst.vn |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722172120/http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf |access-date=2022-05-25|archive-date=22 July 2018 }}

}}

When using the Köppen climate classification, Hanoi is categorized as having a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa){{cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/vietnam/hanoi-822/ |title=Climate Hanoi: Temperature, Climate Graph, Climate Table for Hanoi |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=2023-12-07}} with plentiful precipitation like other places in Northern Vietnam.{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson, B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |issn=1027-5606 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2012 |doi-access=free }} The city experiences the typical climate of Northern Vietnam, with four distinct seasons.{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221133515/http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs1/vn/gioithieuchunghanoi/group1/index.htm |archive-date=21 February 2009 |url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs1/vn/gioithieuchunghanoi/group1/index.htm |title=KHÁI QUÁT VỀ HÀ NỘI |publisher=Hanoi.gov.vn |language=vi |access-date=17 October 2015}} Summer, from May to September, is characterized by hot and humid weather with abundant rainfall, and few dry days.{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/dtie/VTN_ASS_REP_CC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113054646/http://www.roap.unep.org/pub/VTN_ASS_REP_CC.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2011 |title=Viet Nam Assessment Report on Climate Change (VARCC) |publisher=Institute of Strategy and Policy on Natural Resources and Environment |page=31 |access-date=9 November 2018}}{{rp|40}} Hot, dry conditions caused by westerly winds during summer are rare.{{rp|40}} From October to November comprise the fall season, characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation, this time in the year mostly are warm and mild. Winters, from December to February, are characterized as being cool by the northeast monsoon, giving Hanoi a dry winter and large amount of sunshine. Spring, from March until the end of April, Hanoi is usually characterized with large amounts of drizzle and little sunshine due to the strong activity of the southeast monsoon blowing moisture from the sea inland.{{rp|40}} The city is usually cloudy and foggy in this time, averaging only 1.5 hours of sunshine per day in February and March. The city occasionally experiences cold waves from the Northeast originating from the Siberian High. Hanoi is the only capital of Southeast Asia with a subtropical climate.

The region has a positive water balance (i.e. the precipitation exceeds the potential evapotranspiration).{{cite report |author1=Chuc, N |author2=Singh, Piara |author3=Komuravelly, Srinivas |author4=Akkinapally, Ramakrishna |author5=Chinh, N |author6=Thang, N |author7=Wani, Suhas |author8=Long, T|date=2006 |title=Yield Gap Analysis of Major Rainfed Crops of Northern Vietnam Using Simulation Modeling. Global Theme on Agroecosystems Report No. 26 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277220863 |publisher=International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics |pages=9–10}}{{cite journal |author1=Thi Phuong Quynh Le |author2=Christina Seidler |author3=Matthias Kändler |author4=Thi Bich Nga Tran |date=19 September 2011 |title=Proposed methods for potential evapotranspiration calculation of the Red River basin (North Vietnam) |journal=Hydrological Processes |volume=26 |issue=18 |pages=2782–2790 |doi=10.1002/hyp.8315|s2cid=140693137 }} Hanoi averages {{convert|1612|mm|1|abbr=}} of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May to October. There are an average of 114 days with rain. The average annual temperature is {{convert|23.6|°C|0|abbr=on}}, with a mean relative humidity of more than 80%. The coldest month has a mean temperature of {{convert|16.4|C|F}} and the hottest month has a mean temperature of {{convert|29.2|C|F}}. The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|42.8|°C|0|abbr=on}} in May 1926, while the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|2.7|°C|0|abbr=on}} on 12 January 1955. The city have also experienced extremely hot weather on 4 June 2017 due to La Niña, with the temperature reached up to {{Convert|42.5|C|F|abbr=on}} in a week. Hanoi can sometimes experience snow in winter. The most recent snow happened on Ba Vì mountain range, and the temperature fell to {{Convert|0|C|F|abbr=on}} on 24 January 2016.{{cite web |last=VnExpress |title=Tuyết rơi trên núi Ba Vì, Hà Nội |url=https://vnexpress.net/tuyet-roi-tren-nui-ba-vi-ha-noi-3347444.html |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=vnexpress.net |language=vi |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429071742/https://vnexpress.net/tuyet-roi-tren-nui-ba-vi-ha-noi-3347444.html |url-status=live }}

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| location = downtown Hanoi (Đống Đa district and Hoàn Kiếm district)

| metric first = yes

| single line = yes

| Jan record high C = 33.3

| Feb record high C = 35.1

| Mar record high C = 37.2

| Apr record high C = 41.5

| May record high C = 42.8

| Jun record high C = 41.8

| Jul record high C = 40.8

| Aug record high C = 39.7

| Sep record high C = 37.4

| Oct record high C = 36.6

| Nov record high C = 36.0

| Dec record high C = 31.9

| year record high C = 42.8

| Jan high C = 19.8

| Feb high C = 20.6

| Mar high C = 23.2

| Apr high C = 27.7

| May high C = 31.9

| Jun high C = 33.4

| Jul high C = 33.4

| Aug high C = 32.6

| Sep high C = 31.5

| Oct high C = 29.2

| Nov high C = 25.7

| Dec high C = 22.0

| year high C = 27.6

| Jan mean C = 16.6

| Feb mean C = 17.7

| Mar mean C = 20.3

| Apr mean C = 24.2

| May mean C = 27.6

| Jun mean C = 29.3

| Jul mean C = 29.4

| Aug mean C = 28.7

| Sep mean C = 27.7

| Oct mean C = 25.3

| Nov mean C = 21.9

| Dec mean C = 18.3

| year mean C = 23.9

| Jan low C = 14.5

| Feb low C = 15.8

| Mar low C = 18.4

| Apr low C = 21.9

| May low C = 24.8

| Jun low C = 26.4

| Jul low C = 26.5

| Aug low C = 26.1

| Sep low C = 25.2

| Oct low C = 22.8

| Nov low C = 19.3

| Dec low C = 15.8

| year low C = 21.5

| Jan record low C = 2.7

| Feb record low C = 5.0

| Mar record low C = 7.0

| Apr record low C = 9.8

| May record low C = 15.4

| Jun record low C = 20.0

| Jul record low C = 21.0

| Aug record low C = 20.9

| Sep record low C = 16.1

| Oct record low C = 12.4

| Nov record low C = 6.8

| Dec record low C = 5.1

| year record low C = 2.7

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 22.5

| Feb rain mm = 24.6

| Mar rain mm = 47.0

| Apr rain mm = 91.8

| May rain mm = 185.4

| Jun rain mm = 253.3

| Jul rain mm = 280.1

| Aug rain mm = 309.4

| Sep rain mm = 228.3

| Oct rain mm = 140.7

| Nov rain mm = 66.7

| Dec rain mm = 20.2

| year rain mm = 1670.1

| Jan rain days = 9.5

| Feb rain days = 11.4

| Mar rain days = 15.9

| Apr rain days = 13.7

| May rain days = 14.6

| Jun rain days = 14.8

| Jul rain days = 16.6

| Aug rain days = 16.5

| Sep rain days = 13.2

| Oct rain days = 9.7

| Nov rain days = 6.8

| Dec rain days = 5.2

| year rain days = 147.9

| Jan humidity = 79.9

| Feb humidity = 82.5

| Mar humidity = 84.5

| Apr humidity = 84.7

| May humidity = 81.1

| Jun humidity = 80.0

| Jul humidity = 80.7

| Aug humidity = 82.7

| Sep humidity = 81.0

| Oct humidity = 78.5

| Nov humidity = 77.1

| Dec humidity = 76.2

| year humidity = 80.7

| Jan sun = 68.7

| Feb sun = 48.1

| Mar sun = 45.5

| Apr sun = 87.4

| May sun = 173.7

| Jun sun = 167.0

| Jul sun = 181.1

| Aug sun = 163.0

| Sep sun = 162.4

| Oct sun = 150.3

| Nov sun = 131.6

| Dec sun = 113.0

| year sun = 1488.5

| source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology{{cite web|title=Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology|url=https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2022/10/02-bxd.pdf |language=en}}

| source 2 = Extremes{{efn|All-time record high;Vietnamnet.vn (May record high and January record low only), Vietnamnet.vn (June record high only),{{cite web

| url = http://m.danviet.vn/tin-tuc/nong-425-do-c-nhiet-do-tai-hn-lien-tiep-pha-ky-luc-776199.html

| title = Hà Nội nóng kỷ lục 41,5 độ

| website = danviet.vn

| language = vi

| access-date = 4 June 2017 | url-status = live

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170603030816/http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-hom-nay-3-6-ha-noi-nong-ky-luc-41-5-do-376336.html

| archive-date = 3 June 2017 }} Imh.ac.vn (August record high only),{{cite web

| url = http://www.imh.ac.vn/files/doc/TBBDKH_T9_2019.pdf

| title = THÔNG BÁO VÀ DỰ BÁO KHÍ HẬU MÙA X, XI, XII NĂM 2019

| website = imh.ac.vn

| language = vi

| access-date = 6 August 2022 | url-status = live

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220805170625/http://www.imh.ac.vn/files/doc/TBBDKH_T9_2019.pdf

| archive-date = 5 August 2022 }} Nchmf.gov.vn,{{cite web

| url = http://www.nchmf.gov.vn/Web/vi-VN/62/19/58/map/Default.aspx

| title = THỜI TIẾT HÀ NỘI

| website = nchmf.gov.vn

| language = vi

| access-date = 30 September 2018

| archive-date = 29 September 2018

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180929163138/http://www.nchmf.gov.vn/Web/vi-VN/62/19/58/map/Default.aspx

| url-status = dead

}} January record high, November record high, April and May record low in The Yearbook of Indochina{{Cite web|url=https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-254_No-01.pdf|title=VIỆT NAM NIÊN GIÁM THỐNG KÊ|website=Southeast Asian Development|access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510221613/https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-254_No-01.pdf|url-status=dead}}[https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-247_No-01.PDF The Yearbook of Indochina (1932-1933)]}}

| source =

}}

{{Weather box

|width = auto

| location = Hà Đông District

| metric first = Y

| single line = Y

| collapsed = Y

| Jan record high C = 32.4

| Feb record high C = 34.9

| Mar record high C = 38.9

| Apr record high C = 39.9

| May record high C = 41.3

| Jun record high C = 42.5

| Jul record high C = 40.0

| Aug record high C = 39.6

| Sep record high C = 37.5

| Oct record high C = 35.5

| Nov record high C = 35.0

| Dec record high C = 30.7

|year record high C = 42.5

| Jan high C = 19.9

| Feb high C = 20.8

| Mar high C = 23.3

| Apr high C = 27.5

| May high C = 31.5

| Jun high C = 33.4

| Jul high C = 33.2

| Aug high C = 32.4

| Sep high C = 31.3

| Oct high C = 29.2

| Nov high C = 25.8

| Dec high C = 22.1

|year high C = 27.5

| Jan mean C = 16.5

| Feb mean C = 17.8

| Mar mean C = 20.3

| Apr mean C = 24.0

| May mean C = 27.1

| Jun mean C = 29.0

| Jul mean C = 29.1

| Aug mean C = 28.4

| Sep mean C = 27.2

| Oct mean C = 24.9

| Nov mean C = 21.6

| Dec mean C = 18.0

|year mean C = 23.7

| Jan low C = 14.3

| Feb low C = 15.8

| Mar low C = 18.4

| Apr low C = 21.7

| May low C = 24.3

| Jun low C = 26.0

| Jul low C = 26.3

| Aug low C = 25.8

| Sep low C = 24.6

| Oct low C = 22.7

| Nov low C = 18.7

| Dec low C = 15.3

|year low C = 21.1

| Jan record low C = 5.4

| Feb record low C = 6.1

| Mar record low C = 7.3

| Apr record low C = 13.3

| May record low C = 16.5

| Jun record low C = 20.4

| Jul record low C = 22.5

| Aug record low C = 21.9

| Sep record low C = 19.0

| Oct record low C = 12.0

| Nov record low C = 8.4

| Dec record low C = 3.6

|year record low C = 3.6

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 28.2

| Feb rain mm = 26.5

| Mar rain mm = 45.0

| Apr rain mm = 83.1

| May rain mm = 189.4

| Jun rain mm = 232.5

| Jul rain mm = 254.6

| Aug rain mm = 293.5

| Sep rain mm = 228.8

| Oct rain mm = 184.8

| Nov rain mm = 87.4

| Dec rain mm = 36.9

|year rain mm = 1687.6

| Jan rain days = 9.6

| Feb rain days = 11.7

| Mar rain days = 15.2

| Apr rain days = 13.6

| May rain days = 14.5

| Jun rain days = 14.4

| Jul rain days = 15.6

| Aug rain days = 16.3

| Sep rain days = 13.7

| Oct rain days = 10.8

| Nov rain days = 7.6

| Dec rain days = 6.2

|year rain days = 149.8

| Jan humidity = 83.3

| Feb humidity = 85.3

| Mar humidity = 86.8

| Apr humidity = 88.1

| May humidity = 85.5

| Jun humidity = 82.5

| Jul humidity = 82.5

| Aug humidity = 85.7

| Sep humidity = 86.1

| Oct humidity = 82.9

| Nov humidity = 81.2

| Dec humidity = 80.2

|year humidity = 84.2

| Jan sun = 65.7

| Feb sun = 49.7

| Mar sun = 50.1

| Apr sun = 87.8

| May sun = 170.2

| Jun sun = 167.1

| Jul sun = 181.9

| Aug sun = 167.0

| Sep sun = 162.4

| Oct sun = 146.1

| Nov sun = 133.2

| Dec sun = 110.3

| year sun = 1477.8

| source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology{{cite web|title=Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology|url=https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2022/10/02-bxd.pdf |language=en}}

}}

{{Weather box

| location = Sơn Tây

| metric first = Y

| single line = Y

| collapsed = Y

| Jan record high C = 31.4

| Feb record high C = 34.0

| Mar record high C = 38.0

| Apr record high C = 40.4

| May record high C = 40.5

| Jun record high C = 41.6

| Jul record high C = 40.1

| Aug record high C = 39.1

| Sep record high C = 37.5

| Oct record high C = 35.6

| Nov record high C = 34.0

| Dec record high C = 31.2

|year record high C = 41.6

| Jan high C = 19.7

| Feb high C = 20.7

| Mar high C = 23.4

| Apr high C = 27.7

| May high C = 31.8

| Jun high C = 33.2

| Jul high C = 33.2

| Aug high C = 32.5

| Sep high C = 31.5

| Oct high C = 29.3

| Nov high C = 25.8

| Dec high C = 22.1

|year high C = 27.6

| Jan mean C = 16.3

| Feb mean C = 17.6

| Mar mean C = 20.2

| Apr mean C = 24.0

| May mean C = 27.2

| Jun mean C = 28.9

| Jul mean C = 28.9

| Aug mean C = 28.4

| Sep mean C = 27.3

| Oct mean C = 25.0

| Nov mean C = 21.5

| Dec mean C = 17.9

|year mean C = 23.6

| Jan low C = 14.1

| Feb low C = 15.6

| Mar low C = 18.2

| Apr low C = 21.5

| May low C = 24.2

| Jun low C = 25.9

| Jul low C = 26.0

| Aug low C = 25.7

| Sep low C = 24.7

| Oct low C = 22.3

| Nov low C = 18.5

| Dec low C = 15.3

|year low C = 21.1

| Jan record low C = 4.6

| Feb record low C = 5.4

| Mar record low C = 4.5

| Apr record low C = 13.0

| May record low C = 17.3

| Jun record low C = 20.4

| Jul record low C = 19.5

| Aug record low C = 19.8

| Sep record low C = 17.2

| Oct record low C = 14.4

| Nov record low C = 9.2

| Dec record low C = 5.1

|year record low C = 4.5

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 25.6

| Feb rain mm = 24.6

| Mar rain mm = 43.3

| Apr rain mm = 96.1

| May rain mm = 216.6

| Jun rain mm = 262.9

| Jul rain mm = 311.8

| Aug rain mm = 314.6

| Sep rain mm = 224.3

| Oct rain mm = 158.4

| Nov rain mm = 63.0

| Dec rain mm = 22.0

|year rain mm = 1751.2

| Jan rain days = 9.7

| Feb rain days = 11.1

| Mar rain days = 14.6

| Apr rain days = 13.5

| May rain days = 15.5

| Jun rain days = 15.6

| Jul rain days = 16.9

| Aug rain days = 16.5

| Sep rain days = 13.1

| Oct rain days = 9.7

| Nov rain days = 6.9

| Dec rain days = 6.0

|year rain days = 149.1

| Jan humidity = 83.8

| Feb humidity = 85.0

| Mar humidity = 86.7

| Apr humidity = 87.2

| May humidity = 84.6

| Jun humidity = 82.9

| Jul humidity = 83.6

| Aug humidity = 85.4

| Sep humidity = 84.6

| Oct humidity = 82.4

| Nov humidity = 81.3

| Dec humidity = 80.4

|year humidity = 84.0

| Jan sun = 65.5

| Feb sun = 48.8

| Mar sun = 49.3

| Apr sun = 91.6

| May sun = 172.4

| Jun sun = 165.4

| Jul sun = 181.1

| Aug sun = 173.4

| Sep sun = 170.5

| Oct sun = 151.3

| Nov sun = 130.5

| Dec sun = 108.9

| year sun = 1494.7

| source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology{{cite web|title=Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology|url=https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2022/10/02-bxd.pdf |language=en}}

}}

{{Weather box

| location = Ba Vì District

| metric first = Y

| single line = Y

| collapsed = Y

| Jan record high C = 31.9

| Feb record high C = 34.8

| Mar record high C = 38.9

| Apr record high C = 41.2

| May record high C = 41.6

| Jun record high C = 40.8

| Jul record high C = 39.6

| Aug record high C = 39.0

| Sep record high C = 37.3

| Oct record high C = 35.5

| Nov record high C = 35.0

| Dec record high C = 32.4

|year record high C = 41.6

| Jan high C = 19.4

| Feb high C = 20.7

| Mar high C = 23.3

| Apr high C = 27.6

| May high C = 31.5

| Jun high C = 33.1

| Jul high C = 32.9

| Aug high C = 32.4

| Sep high C = 31.4

| Oct high C = 29.0

| Nov high C = 25.5

| Dec high C = 21.8

|year high C = 27.4

| Jan mean C = 16.0

| Feb mean C = 17.6

| Mar mean C = 20.2

| Apr mean C = 24.0

| May mean C = 27.1

| Jun mean C = 28.7

| Jul mean C = 28.7

| Aug mean C = 28.1

| Sep mean C = 27.0

| Oct mean C = 24.5

| Nov mean C = 21.0

| Dec mean C = 17.4

|year mean C = 23.4

| Jan low C = 13.7

| Feb low C = 15.5

| Mar low C = 17.9

| Apr low C = 21.5

| May low C = 24.0

| Jun low C = 25.6

| Jul low C = 25.7

| Aug low C = 25.3

| Sep low C = 24.2

| Oct low C = 21.7

| Nov low C = 17.9

| Dec low C = 14.4

|year low C = 20.6

| Jan record low C = 4.0

| Feb record low C = 6.1

| Mar record low C = 7.0

| Apr record low C = 12.4

| May record low C = 17.1

| Jun record low C = 20.1

| Jul record low C = 19.9

| Aug record low C = 21.0

| Sep record low C = 17.3

| Oct record low C = 12.8

| Nov record low C = 6.7

| Dec record low C = 2.8

|year record low C = 2.8

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 27.4

| Feb rain mm = 32.8

| Mar rain mm = 51.9

| Apr rain mm = 97.2

| May rain mm = 263.4

| Jun rain mm = 276.1

| Jul rain mm = 328.0

| Aug rain mm = 344.9

| Sep rain mm = 245.4

| Oct rain mm = 189.9

| Nov rain mm = 56.2

| Dec rain mm = 22.4

|year rain mm = 1935.6

| Jan rain days = 11.0

| Feb rain days = 12.0

| Mar rain days = 15.5

| Apr rain days = 14.6

| May rain days = 16.5

| Jun rain days = 16.5

| Jul rain days = 17.4

| Aug rain days = 17.0

| Sep rain days = 13.2

| Oct rain days = 10.6

| Nov rain days = 7.1

| Dec rain days = 5.9

|year rain days = 157.6

| Jan humidity = 84.7

| Feb humidity = 86.0

| Mar humidity = 86.6

| Apr humidity = 86.8

| May humidity = 84.2

| Jun humidity = 82.5

| Jul humidity = 83.7

| Aug humidity = 85.8

| Sep humidity = 84.5

| Oct humidity = 83.0

| Nov humidity = 81.6

| Dec humidity = 81.3

|year humidity = 84.3

| Jan sun = 63.2

| Feb sun = 50.3

| Mar sun = 48.2

| Apr sun = 78.9

| May sun = 157.0

| Jun sun = 160.8

| Jul sun = 173.3

| Aug sun = 170.9

| Sep sun = 175.1

| Oct sun = 151.8

| Nov sun = 134.4

| Dec sun = 115.0

| year sun = 1477.2

|source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology{{cite web|title=Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology|url=https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2022/10/02-bxd.pdf |language=en}}

}}

File:Bản đồ Hà Nội.pngHà Nội is divided into 12 urban districts, 1 district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. When Hà Tây was merged into Hanoi in 2008, Hà Đông was transformed into an urban district while Sơn Tây is demoted to a district-level town. They are further subdivided into 22 commune-level towns (or townlets), 399 communes, and 145 wards.

| style="vertical-align:top; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%;" |

|-

| colspan="4" |{{center|Source: Niên giám thống kê Hà Nội 2022{{cite book|url=https://cucthongkehanoi.gso.gov.vn/storage/manager/niengiam_tk/N39Xcce-ea70cb87-be4d-4da8-b7aa-5ffa9a840648.pdf|title=Niên giám thống kê thành phố Hà Nội 2022 (Ha Noi Statistical Yearbook 2022)|author=Cục thống kê thành phố Hà Nội (Ha Noi Statistics Office)|publisher=Nhà xuất bản thống kê (Statistical Publishing House)|year=2023|location=Hà Nội|pages=91–92|access-date=2024-04-29|archive-date=2024-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429074643/https://cucthongkehanoi.gso.gov.vn/storage/manager/niengiam_tk/N39Xcce-ea70cb87-be4d-4da8-b7aa-5ffa9a840648.pdf|url-status=live}}}}

|}

^HT – formerly an administrative subdivision unit of the defunct Hà Tây Province.

During the French colonial period, as the capital of French Indochina, Hanoi attracted a considerable number of French, Chinese and Vietnamese from the surrounding areas. In the 1940s the population of the city was 132,145.Baron & La Salle. Dictionnaire des Communes administratif et militaire, France métropolitaine et France d'outre-mer. Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle & Cie, 1949. After the First Indochina War, many French and Chinese people left the city to either move south or repatriate.

Hanoi's population only started to increase rapidly in the second half 20th century. In 1954, the city had 53 thousand inhabitants, covering an area of 152 km². By 1961, the area of the city had expanded to 584 km², and the population was 91,000 people. In 1978, National Assembly (Vietnam) decided to expand Hanoi for the second time to 2,136 km², with a population of 2.5 million people.{{cite book

| last = Papin

| first = Philippe

| title = Histoire de Hanoi

| publisher = Fayard

| year = 2001

| isbn = 2213606714

| pages = 381–386}} By 1991, the area of Hanoi continued to change, decreasing to {{cvt|924|km2}}, but the population was still over 2 million people. During the 1990s, Hanoi's population increased steadily, reaching 2,672,122 people in 1999.{{cite web

| url = https://hanoi.gov.vn/bomaychinhquyen/-/hn/n5xfywjC3UDf/1102/30229/dan-so-va-dien-tich.html

| title = Dân số và diện tích

| access-date = 21 February 2021

| archive-date = 25 June 2021

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625014158/https://hanoi.gov.vn/bomaychinhquyen/-/hn/n5xfywjC3UDf/1102/30229/dan-so-va-dien-tich.html

| url-status = live

}} After the most recent expansion in August 2008, Hanoi has a population of 6.233 million and is among the 17 capitals with the largest area in the world.{{cite news

| author = Hong Khanh

| title = Địa giới Hà Nội chính thức mở rộng từ 1/8

| publisher = VnExpress

| date = 29 May 2008

| access-date = 1 October 2010

| url = https://vnexpress.net/thoi-su/dia-gioi-ha-noi-chinh-thuc-mo-rong-tu-1-8-2105260.html

| archive-date = 4 January 2019

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190104124124/https://vnexpress.net/thoi-su/dia-gioi-ha-noi-chinh-thuc-mo-rong-tu-1-8-2105260.html

| url-status = live

}} According to the 2009 census, Hanoi's population is 6,451,909 people.{{cite book

| url = https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2019/03/the-2009-vietnam-population-and-housing-census-completed-results/

| author = General Statistics Office of Vietnam

| title = The 2009 vietnam population and housing census: completed results

| work = National Statistics Office of Vietnam

| year = 2009

| access-date = 21 February 2021

| archive-date = 15 June 2021

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210615163023/https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2019/03/the-2009-vietnam-population-and-housing-census-completed-results/

| url-status = live

}} As of 1 April 2019, Hanoi had a population of 8,053,663, including 3,991,919 males and 4,061,744 females. The population living in urban areas is 3,962,310 people, accounting for 49.2% and in rural areas is 4,091,353 people, accounting for 50.8%. Hanoi is the second most populous city in the country, after Ho Chi Minh City (8,993,082 people). The average annual population growth rate from 2009 to 2019 of Hanoi is 2.22%/year, higher than the national growth rate (1.14%/year) and is the second highest in the Red River Delta, only after Bắc Ninh Province (2.90% / year).

Nowadays, the city is both a major metropolitan area of Northern Vietnam, and also the country's cultural and political centre, putting a lot of pressure on the infrastructure, some of which is antiquated and dates back to the early 20th century. It has over eight million residents within the city proper and an estimated population of 20 million within the metropolitan area.

The number of Hanoians who have settled down for more than three generations is likely to be very small when compared to the overall population of the city. Even in the Old Quarter, where commerce started hundreds of years ago and consisted mostly of family businesses, many of the street-front stores nowadays are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces. The original owner family may have either rented out the store and moved into the adjoining house or moved out of the neighborhood altogether. The pace of change has especially escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies and relaxing of the district-based household registrar system.{{cite web|title=Hanoi to scrap its own conditions for residency registration|url=http://hanoitimes.vn/hanoi-to-scrap-its-own-conditions-for-residency-registration-313351.html|access-date=18 May 2021|website=Hanoi Times |language=en|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518015227/http://hanoitimes.vn/hanoi-to-scrap-its-own-conditions-for-residency-registration-313351.html|url-status=live}}

Hanoi's telephone numbers have been increased to 8 digits to cope with demand (October 2008). Subscribers' telephone numbers have been changed in a haphazard way; however, mobile phones and SIM cards are readily available in Vietnam, with pre-paid mobile phone credit available in all areas of Hanoi.

The three teachings ({{langx|vi|tam giáo}}) of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism have been the main religions of Hanoi for many years. Most people consider themselves Buddhist, though not all of them regularly follow religion.

{{See also|List of ethnic groups in Vietnam}}

There are more than 50 ethnic groups in Hanoi, of which the Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), accounting for 98.66% of the population, followed by Mường at 0.77% and Tày at 0.24%.

File:Ngân hàng Nhà nước - 2022-09-02 01.jpg|215x215px]]

According to a recent ranking by PricewaterhouseCoopers, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City will be amongst the fastest-growing cities in the world in terms of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025.{{cite web

|url=https://visaexplorer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/global-city-gdp-rankings-2008-2025-2.pdf

|title=Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are topping the world's highest economic growth cities in 2008–2025

|publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers

|date=10 November 2009

|access-date=22 April 2018

|archive-date=23 April 2018

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423165954/https://visaexplorer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/global-city-gdp-rankings-2008-2025-2.pdf

|url-status=live

}} In the year 2013, Hanoi contributed 12.6% to GDP, exported 7.5% of total exports, contributed 17% to the national budget and attracted 22% investment capital of Vietnam. The city's nominal GDP at current prices reached 451,213 billion VND (US$21.48 billion) in 2013, which made per capita GDP stand at 63.3 million VND (US$3,000).{{cite web|url=http://thongkehanoi.gov.vn/uploads/files/source/NGTK%202013%20-TKQG%20%20Ngan%20sach%20ngan%20hang.pdf |title=Gross domestic product at current prices by economic sector |access-date=6 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106202603/http://thongkehanoi.gov.vn/uploads/files/source/NGTK%202013%20-TKQG%20%20Ngan%20sach%20ngan%20hang.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2015 }} Industrial production in the city has experienced a rapid boom since the 1990s, with average annual growth of 19.1 percent from 1991 to 1995, 15.9 percent from 1996 to 2000, and 18.7 percent during 2001–2005.{{cite web |title=Công nghiệp Hà Nội thời kỳ đổi mới: Những thành tựu và phương hướng phát triển |url=https://tapchicongthuong.vn/cong-nghiep-ha-noi-thoi-ky-doi-moi-nhung-thanh-tuu-va-phuong-huong-phat-trien-3594.htm |website=Tạp chí Công Thương |date=12 April 2006 |language=vi |access-date=23 May 2025}} In addition to eight existing industrial parks, Hanoi is building five new large-scale industrial parks and 16 small- and medium-sized industrial clusters. The non-state economic sector is expanding fast, with more than 48,000 businesses operating under the Enterprise Law (as of 3/2007).{{cite web|url=https://blog360.vn/|title='Tram hoa' doanh nghiep dua no|publisher=VnExpress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113165642/https://vnexpress.net/Vietnam/Kinh-doanh/2007/04/3B9F5334/|archive-date=13 November 2007|url-status=dead}}

File:Newone - Vincom Mega Mall Times City.jpg|215x215px]]

Trade is another strong sector of the city. In 2003, Hanoi had 2,000 businesses engaged in foreign trade, having established ties with 161 countries and territories. The city's export value grew by an average 11.6 percent each year from 1996 to 2000 and 9.1 percent during 2001–2003.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} The economic structure also underwent important shifts, with tourism, finance, and banking now playing an increasingly important role. Hanoi's traditional business districts are Hoàn Kiếm, Hai Bà Trưng and Đống Đa; and newly developing Cầu Giấy, Nam Từ Liêm, Bắc Từ Liêm, Thanh Xuân and Hà Đông in the west.

Similar to Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi enjoys a rapidly developing real estate market.{{cite web|url=http://www.nld.com.vn/tintuc/kinh-te/215457.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221055723/http://www.nld.com.vn/tintuc/kinh-te/215457.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2008 |title=NLĐO – Bat dong san Ha Noi soi dong ~ Bất động sản Hà Nội sôi động – KINH TẾ – TIÊU DÙNG }} The most notable new urban areas are central Trung Hòa Nhân Chính, Mỹ Đình, the luxurious zones of The Manor, Ciputra, Royal City in the Nguyễn Trãi Street (Thanh Xuân District) and Times City in the Hai Bà Trưng District. With an estimated nominal GDP of US$42.04 billion as of 2019, it is the second most productive economic area of Vietnam (after Ho Chi Minh City).

Agriculture, previously a pillar in Hanoi's economy, has striven to reform itself, introducing new high-yield plant varieties and livestock, and applying modern farming techniques.{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6906e/x6906e0d.htm |title=CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAM – Nguyen van Luat |access-date=18 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028035053/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6906e/x6906e0d.htm |archive-date=28 October 2016 }}

After the economic reforms that initiated economic growth, Hanoi's appearance has also changed significantly, especially in recent years. Infrastructure is constantly being upgraded, with new roads and an improved public transportation system.{{cite web|url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/hanois-four-key-infrastructure-projects-put-into-use-37183.html|title=Hanoi's four key infrastructure projects put into use|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517185320/http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/hanois-four-key-infrastructure-projects-put-into-use-37183.html|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=18 April 2017|date=5 January 2015}} Hanoi has allowed many fast-food chains into the city, such as McDonald's, Lotteria, Pizza Hut, KFC, Popeyes, Dimino's Pizza, Jolibee and others. Locals in Hanoi perceive the ability to purchase "fast-food" as an indication of luxury and permanent fixtures.{{Cite journal|last=Lincoln |first=Martha |date=2008 |title=Report from the field: street vendors and the informal sector in Hanoi |jstor=29790838 |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=261–265 |doi=10.1007/s10624-008-9062-9 |s2cid=143731865}} Similarly, city officials are motivated by food safety concerns and their aspirations for a "modern" city to replace the 67 traditional food markets with 1,000 supermarkets by 2025. This is likely to increase consumption of less nutritious foods, as traditional markets are key for consumption of fresh rather than processed foods.{{Cite journal |last1=Wertheim-Heck |first1=Sigrid |last2=Raneri |first2=Jessica Evelyn |last3=Oosterveer |first3=Peter |date=1 October 2019 |title=Food safety and nutrition for low-income urbanites: exploring a social justice dilemma in consumption policy |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=397–420 |doi=10.1177/0956247819858019 |pmid=32704235 |pmc=7340485 |bibcode=2019EnUrb..31..397W |issn=0956-2478|doi-access=free}}

File:Hanoi Stock Exchange (18780216822).jpg in downtown Hanoi]]

Over three-quarters of the jobs in Hanoi are state-owned. Nine percent of jobs are provided by collectively owned organizations and 13.3% of jobs are in the private sector.{{Cite journal |last=Forbes |first=Dean |date=2001 |title=Socio-Economic Change and the Planning of Hanoi |jstor=23287513 |journal=Built Environment |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=68–84}} The structure of employment has been changing rapidly as state-owned institutions downsize and private enterprises grow. Hanoi has in-migration controls which allow the city to accept only people who add skills Hanoi's economy. A 2006 census found that 5,600 rural produce vendors exist in Hanoi, with 90% of them coming from surrounding rural areas. These numbers indicate the much greater earning potential in urban rather than in rural spaces. The uneducated, rural, and mostly female street vendors are depicted as participants of "microbusiness" and local grassroots economic development by business reports. In July 2008, Hanoi's city government devised a policy to partially ban street vendors and side-walk based commerce on 62 streets due to concerns about public health and "modernizing" the city's image to attract foreigners. Many foreigners believe that the vendors add a traditional and nostalgic aura to the city, although street vending was much less common prior to the 1986 Đổi Mới policies. The vendors have not able to form effective resistance tactics to the ban and remain embedded in the dominant capitalist framework of modern Hanoi.{{Cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Shoenberger |first1=Sarah |first2=Laura |date=June 2011 |title=Street Vendor Livelihoods and Everyday Politics in Hanoi, Vietnam: The Seeds of a Diverse Economy? |journal=Urban Studies |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1027–1044 |doi=10.1177/0042098011408934|s2cid=54092556}}

Hanoi is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast through the Strait of Malacca towards the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea.Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018) pp. 112.{{Cite web |title=Map |url=https://www.theage.com.au/interactive/2018/Chinas-trillion-dollar-sharp-power-play/src/interactives/map/routes.html |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620223730/https://www.theage.com.au/interactive/2018/Chinas-trillion-dollar-sharp-power-play/src/interactives/map/routes.html |url-status=live}}Jianglin Zhao "21st-century Maritime Silk Road Initiative" (2020), pp. 204.

On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam's provinces, Hanoi received a score of 67.15. This was an improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 66.74. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Labor Policy' and 'Time Costs' criterion and lowest on 'Access To Land' and 'Proactivity'.{{Cite web |last=the-shiv |date=2024-08-15 |title=Doing Business in Hanoi, Vietnam 2024 |url=https://the-shiv.com/doing-business-in-hanoi-vietnam/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=the-shiv |language=en-AU}}

A development master plan for Hanoi was designed by Ernest Hebrard in 1924, but was only partially implemented. The previous close relationship between the Soviet Union and Vietnam led to the creation of the first comprehensive plan for Hanoi with the assistance of Soviet planners between 1981 and 1984.{{Cite journal |last=Kiem |first=Nguyen Manh |date=1996 |title=Strategic Orientation for Construction and Development of Hanoi, Vietnam |jstor=4314433 |journal=Ambio |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=108–109}} It was never realized because it appeared to be incompatible with Hanoi's existing layout.

In recent years, two master plans have been created to guide Hanoi's development. The first was the Hanoi Master Plan 1990–2010, approved in April 1992. It was created out of collaboration between planners from Hanoi and the National Institute of Urban and Rural Planning in the Ministry of Construction. The plan's three main objectives were to create housing and a new commercial center in an area known as Nghĩa Đô, expand residential and industrial areas in the Gia Lâm District, and develop the three southern corridors linking Hanoi to Hà Đông and the Thanh Trì District. The result of the land-use pattern was meant to resemble a five cornered star by 2010. In 1998, a revised version of the Hanoi Master plan was approved to be completed in 2020. It addressed the significant increase of population projections within Hanoi. Population densities and high rise buildings in the inner city were planned to be limited to protect the old parts of inner Hanoi. A rail transport system is planned to be built to expand public transport and link the Hanoi to surrounding areas. Projects such as airport upgrading, a golf course, and cultural villages have been approved for development by the government.

In the late 1980s, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government had designed a project to develop rural infrastructure. The project focused on improving roads, water supply and sanitation, and educational, health and social facilities because economic development in the communes and rural areas surrounding Hanoi is dependent on the infrastructural links between the rural and urban areas, especially for the sale of rural products. The project aimed to use locally available resources and knowledge such as compressed earth construction techniques for building. It was jointly funded by the UNDP, the Vietnamese government, and resources raised by the local communities and governments. In four communes, the local communities contributed 37% of the total budget. Local labor, community support, and joint funding were decided as necessary for the long-term sustainability of the project.

Part of the goals of the Đổi Mới economic reforms was to decentralize governance for purpose of economic improvement. This led to the establishment of the first issue-oriented civic organizations in Hanoi. In the 1990s, Hanoi experienced significant poverty alleviation as a result of both the market reforms and civil society movements.{{Cite journal |jstor=j.ctt2jbjk6.22 |journal=Viet Nam – A Transition Tiger? |date=2004 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-0-7315-3750-1 |editor-last=Van Arkadie |editor-first=Brian |pages=224–234 |editor-last2=Mallon |editor-first2=Raymond |last1=Van Arkadie |first1=Brian |title=Poverty Alleviation |last2=Mallon |first2=Raymond}} Most of the civic organizations in Hanoi were established after 1995, at a rate much slower than in Ho Chi Minh City.{{Cite journal |journal=Asian Survey |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=867–889 |jstor=10.1525/as.2003.43.6.867 |language=en |doi=10.1525/as.2003.43.6.867 |last1=Wischermann |first1=Joerg |title=VIETNAM IN THE ERA OF DOI MOI: Issue-Oriented Organizations and Their Relationship to the Government |year=2003 |s2cid=59469399}} Organizations in Hanoi are more "tradition-bound", focused on policy, education, research, professional interests, and appealing to governmental organizations to solve social problems. This marked difference from Ho Chi Minh's civic organizations, which practice more direct intervention to tackle social issues, may be attributed to the different societal identities of North and South Vietnam. Hanoi-based civic organizations use more systematic development and less of a direct intervention approach to deal with issues of rural development, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection. They rely more heavily on full-time staff than volunteers. In Hanoi, 16.7% of civic organizations accept anyone as a registered member and 73.9% claim to have their own budgets, as opposed to 90.9% in Ho Chi Minh City. A majority of the civic organizations in Hanoi find it difficult to work with governmental organizations. Many of the strained relations between non-governmental and governmental organizations results from statism, a bias against non-state organizations on the part of government entities.

File:One Pillar Pagoda Hanoi.jpg (Chùa Một Cột)|215x215px]]

As the capital of Vietnam for almost a thousand years, Hanoi is considered one of the main cultural centres of Vietnam, where most Vietnamese dynasties have left their imprint. Even though some relics have not survived through wars and time, the city still has many interesting cultural and historic monuments for visitors and residents alike. Even when the nation's capital moved to Huế under the Nguyễn Dynasty in 1802, the city of Hanoi continued to flourish, especially after the French took control in 1888 and modeled the city's architecture to their tastes, lending an important aesthetic to the city's rich stylistic heritage. The city hosts more cultural sites than any other city in Vietnam,{{cite web

|url=http://www.vietnamtourism.com/e_pages/country/province.asp?mt=844&uid=71

|publisher=Vietnam National Administration of Tourism

|title=The quick look at Hanoi

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209081652/https://www.vietnamtourism.com/e_pages/country/province.asp?mt=844&uid=71

|archive-date=9 February 2007 }} and boasts more than 1,000 years of history; that of the past few hundred years has been well preserved.{{cite news

|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/asia/vietnam/hanoi/frm_hanoi_0197010001.html

|work=The New York Times from Frommer's

|title=Introduction to Hanoi

|access-date=4 May 2010 |date=20 November 2006 |url-status=live

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119165747/http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/asia/vietnam/hanoi/frm_hanoi_0197010001.html

|archive-date=19 January 2010 }}

{{Main|Old Quarter, Hanoi{{!}}Old Quarter}}

File:Old Quarter, Hanoi (12) (38496654951).jpg|215x215px]]The Old Quarter, near Hoàn Kiếm Lake, maintains most of the original street layout and some of the architecture of old Hanoi. At the beginning of the 20th century Hanoi consisted of the "36 streets", the citadel, and some of the newer French buildings south of Hoàn Kiếm lake, most of which are now part of Hoàn Kiếm district.{{sfn|Logan|2000|p={{page needed|date=January 2024}}}} Each street had merchants and households specializing in a particular trade, such as silk, jewelry or even bamboo. The street names still reflect these specializations, although few of them remain exclusively in their original commerce.{{sfn|Forbes|Henley|2012|p={{page needed|date=January 2024}}}} The area is famous for its specializations in trades such as traditional medicine and local handicrafts, including silk shops, bamboo carpenters, and tin smiths. Local cuisine specialties as well as several clubs and bars can be found here also. A night market (near Đồng Xuân Market) in the heart of the district opens for business every Friday, Saturday, and Sunday evening with a variety of clothing, souvenirs and food.

The city's more than six decades of French colonization, as well as centuries of sociocultural influence from China, have influenced the designs of the old houses in Hanoi. The Franco-Chinese or hybrid architectural styles can be reflected in the front of a house in the co-existence of French-styled columns, Confucian scrolls, the Taoist yin-yang sign, and the Buddhist lotus sculpture.{{Cite journal |last1=Vuong |first1=Quan-Hoang |last2=Bui |first2=Quang-Khiem |last3=La |first3=Viet-Phuong |last4=Vuong |first4=Thu-Trang |last5=Ho |first5=Manh-Toan |last6=Nguyen |first6=Hong-Kong T. |last7=Nguyen |first7=Hong-Ngoc |last8=Nghiem |first8=Kien-Cuong P. |last9=Ho |first9=Manh-Tung |date=2019-01-01 |title=Cultural evolution in Vietnam's early 20th century: A Bayesian networks analysis of Hanoi Franco-Chinese house designs |journal=Social Sciences & Humanities Open |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=100001 |doi=10.1016/j.ssaho.2019.100001 |s2cid=203239554 |issn=2590-2911 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1903.00817 }}

File:Temple of Literature - main gate.jpg

Imperial sites are mostly in Ba Đình District and a bit of Đống Đa District. They are juxtaposed with French colonial architecture (villas, administrative buildings and tree-lined boulevards). Some prominent edifices from feudal time include the Temple of Literature (Văn Miếu), site of the oldest university in Vietnam which was started in 1010, the One Pillar Pagoda (Chùa Một Cột) which was built based on the dream of king Lý Thái Tông (1028–1054) in 1049, and the Flag Tower of Hanoi (Cột cờ Hà Nội). In 2004, a massive part of the 900-year-old Hanoi Citadel was discovered in central Hanoi, near the site of Ba Đình Square.{{cite news

|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/science/16dig.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin

|work=The New York Times

|title=Thăng Long the ancient city underneath Hanoi

|access-date=22 October 2007 |first=Jennifer

|last=Pinkowski

|date=16 October 2007 |url-status=live

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417102217/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/science/16dig.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin

|archive-date=17 April 2009 }}

A city between rivers built on lowlands, Hanoi has many scenic lakes and is sometimes called the "city of lakes". Among its lakes, the most famous are Hoàn Kiếm Lake, West Lake, Trúc Bạch Lake and Bảy Mẫu Lake (inside Thống Nhất Park). Hoàn Kiếm Lake, also known as Sword Lake, is the historical and cultural center of Hanoi, and is linked to the legend of the magic sword. West Lake (Hồ Tây) is a popular place for people to spend time. It is the largest lake in Hanoi, with many temples in the area. The lakeside road in the Nghi Tam – Quang Ba area is perfect for bicycling, jogging and viewing the cityscape or enjoying the lotus ponds in the summer. The best way to see the majestic beauty of a West Lake sunset is to view it from one of the many bars around the lake, especially from The Summit at Pan Pacific Hanoi (formally known as Summit Lounge at Sofitel Plaza Hanoi).

File:Hanoi, Vietnam (12036416576).jpg used to host the French Governor of Tonkin.]]

File:Hanoï - Théâtre rue Paul Bert.jpg, taken in the early 20th century, from rue Paul Bert (now Trang Tien street).]]

File:Sofitel Metropole, Ngô Quyền - 2022-09-02 01.jpg was opened in 1901]]

Hanoi was the capital and the administrative center for French Indochina for most of the colonial period (from 1902 to 1945). The French colonial architectural style became dominant,{{Cite web |last=Byrnes |first=Mark |date=2012-02-22 |publisher=Bloomberg News |title= The Paris-ification of Hanoi |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-02-21/the-paris-ification-of-hanoi |access-date=18 October 2022 }} and many examples remain today: tree-lined boulevards (such as Phan Dinh Phung street, Hoang Dieu street and Tran Phu street) and many villas, mansions, and government buildings. Some notable colonial structures are an eclectic mixture of French and traditional Vietnamese architectural styles, such as the National Museum of Vietnamese History, the Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts and the old Indochina Medical College. Gouveneur-Général Paul Doumer (1898–1902) played a crucial role in colonial Hanoi's urban planning. Under his tenure there was a major construction boom.Michael G. Vann, "Building Whiteness on the Red River: Race, Power, and Urbanism in Paul Doumer's Hanoi, 1897–1902," Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques, 2007

French Colonial buildings in Hanoi are mostly in Ba Đình District and Hoàn Kiếm District, the two French Quarters of the city. Notable landmarks include:

In Ba Đình district:

• Presidential Palace
• Cửa Bắc Church
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs building
• Several ministries, government agencies and foreign embassies

In Hoàn Kiếm district:

• Grand Opera House
• St. Joseph's Cathedral
• Long Biên Bridge
• Grand Palais
• French School of the Far East
• Hotel Metropole
• Tonkin Palace (State Guest House)
• Hỏa Lò Prison
• Supreme Court building
• Indochina Medical College
• Museum of Revolution
• Central Station
• State Bank of Vietnam
• Several foreign embassies

File:Vietnam Museum of Revolution.JPG, Hanoi|215x215px]]

Hanoi is home to a number of museums:

• National Museum of Vietnamese History
• Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts
• Vietnam Museum of Ethnology
• Vietnam Museum of Revolution
• Hỏa Lò Prison
• Ho Chi Minh Museum
• Hanoi Contemporary Arts Centre
• Vietnam Military History Museum
• Hanoi Museum

File:Chùa_Hương.jpg

Hanoi's western suburbs, previously Hà Tây Province, offers a number of important religious sites:

• The Thầy Pagoda in Quốc Oai District was established in the 11th century and dedicated to Vietnamese Thiền master Từ Đạo Hạnh.{{Sfn|Dodd|Lewis|2003|p=408}}{{Sfn|Drummond|Thomas|2003|p=125}} It is one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Vietnam.{{Sfn|Rutherford|2002|pp=380–81}}{{cite web|url=http://dotchuoinon.com/2010/03/25/thi%E1%BB%81n-s%C6%B0-t%E1%BB%AB-d%E1%BA%A1o-h%E1%BA%A1nh-va-van-kh%E1%BA%AFc-chuong-chua-thien-phuc/|title=Thiền sư TỪ ĐẠO HẠNH và văn khắc chuông chùa Thiên Phúc|work=Đọt Chuối Non |date=25 March 2010 |language=vi|access-date=2 August 2013|publisher=Dot Chuoi Non|archive-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722015541/http://dotchuoinon.com/2010/03/25/thi%e1%bb%81n-s%c6%b0-t%e1%bb%ab-d%e1%ba%a1o-h%e1%ba%a1nh-va-van-kh%e1%ba%afc-chuong-chua-thien-phuc/|url-status=live}}
• The Perfume Pagoda is a vast complex of Buddhist temples and shrines built into the limestone Huong Tich mountains. It has a long pilgrimage route along the Yen river.

File:Old and French quarters hanoi.png

According to Mastercard's 2019 report, Hanoi is Vietnam's most visited city (15th in Asia Pacific), with 4.8 million overnight international visitors in 2018.{{cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/travel/places/mastercard-lists-hanoi-hcmc-among-top-20-asia-pacific-travel-destinations-3982199.html|title=Mastercard lists Hanoi, HCMC among top 20 Asia-Pacific travel destinations|work=VNExpress|access-date=13 November 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022012813/https://e.vnexpress.net/news/travel/places/mastercard-lists-hanoi-hcmc-among-top-20-asia-pacific-travel-destinations-3982199.html|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live |author1=Vnexpress }} Hanoi is sometimes dubbed the "Paris of the East" for its French influences.{{cite web|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/julia-plevin/notes-on-hanoi-vietnam_b_269307.html |title=Notes on Hanoi, Vietnam |last=Plevin |first=Julia |date= 26 September 2009|website=The Huffington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121042452/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julia-plevin/notes-on-hanoi-vietnam_b_269307.html |archive-date=21 November 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2017 }} With its tree-fringed boulevards, more than two dozen lakes and thousands of French colonial-era buildings, Hanoi is a popular tourist destination.

The tourist destinations in Hanoi are generally grouped into two main areas: the Old Quarter and the French Quarter(s). The "Old Quarter" is in the northern half of Hoàn Kiếm District with small street blocks and alleys, and a traditional Vietnamese atmosphere. Many streets in the Old Quarter have names signifying the goods ("hàng") the local merchants were or are specialized in. For example, "Hàng Bạc" (silver stores) still have many stores specializing in trading silver and jewelries. Two areas are generally called the "French Quarters": the governmental area in Ba Đình District and the south of Hoàn Kiếm District. Both areas have distinctive French Colonial style villas and broad tree-lined avenues.File:Hanoi Train Street (20231225b) (53489076293).jpg, a popular tourist destination in Hanoi.]]

The political center of Vietnam, Ba Đình has a high concentration of Vietnamese government headquarters, including the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly Building, and several ministries and embassies, most of which used administrative buildings of colonial French Indochina. The One Pillar Pagoda, the Lycée du Protectorat and the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum are also in Ba Dinh.

South of Hoàn Kiếm's "French Quarter" has several French colonial landmarks, including the Hanoi Opera House, the Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi hotel, the National Museum of Vietnamese History (formerly the École française d'Extrême-Orient), and the St. Joseph's Cathedral. Most of the French-Colonial buildings in Hoan Kiem are now used as foreign embassies. Northwest of the historic center, the Vietnam Museum of Ethnology opened in 1997, and consists of two major exhibition halls and an Architecture Garden. It is one of the most important Asian collections of traditional architecture. Since 2014, Hanoi has consistently been voted in the world's top ten destinations by TripAdvisor. It ranked eighth in 2014,{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/tripadvisors-most-popular-travel-destinations-2014-4?op%3D1 |title=The 25 Most Popular Travel Destinations in the World |website=Business Insider |access-date=28 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815113350/http://www.businessinsider.com/tripadvisors-most-popular-travel-destinations-2014-4?op=1 |archive-date=15 August 2016 }} fourth in 2015{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/24/travel/gallery/tripadvisor-top-world-destinations-2015/ |title=TripAdvisor's picks: World's top 25 destinations |publisher=CNN |access-date=28 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624133909/http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/24/travel/gallery/tripadvisor-top-world-destinations-2015 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |date=24 March 2015 }} and eighth in 2016.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-03-21 |title=TripAdvisor picks world's top 10 destinations |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/tripadvisor-top-world-destinations-2016-feat/index.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=CNN |language=en}} Tourism in Hanoi also faces several issues and negative aspects.{{Cite web |title=Làng Cười Du lịch Hà Nội |url=https://langcuoi.danviet.vn/lang-cuoi-du-lich-ha-noi-99944031-d4021.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=langcuoi.danviet.vn |language=vi}}{{Cite web |last=Newnet |date=2023-11-12 |title=Pinterest downloader |url=https://pinterestdownloader.app/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Pinterest Downloader |language=en}} The Lonely Planet website warns about situations where foreign tourists are scammed by taxis and buses into being taken to fake hotels and charged exorbitant prices. Around the Hoàn Kiếm Lake area, gay male tourists may be lured into karaoke bars where the bill for just a few drinks can reach $100 or more.

File:Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre2 cropped.JPG

A variety of options for entertainment in Hanoi can be found throughout the city. Modern and traditional theaters, cinemas, karaoke bars, dance clubs, bowling alleys, and an abundance of opportunities for shopping provide leisure activity for both locals and tourists. Hanoi has been named one of the top 10 cities for shopping in Asia by Water Puppet Tours.{{cite web |url=http://waterpuppettours.com/ |title=Detailed results and winners of the online Smart Travel Asia Best in Travel Poll 2009 |website=Smarttravelasia.com |access-date=18 June 2010 |archive-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509140827/http://waterpuppettours.com/ |url-status=live }} The number of art galleries exhibiting Vietnamese art has dramatically increased in recent years, now including galleries such as "Nhat Huy" of Huynh Thong Nhat. Nhà Triển Lãm at 29 Hang Bai street hosts regular photo, sculpture, and paint exhibitions in conjuncture with local artists and travelling international expositions. A popular traditional form of entertainment is water puppetry, which is shown, for example, at the Thăng Long Water Puppet Theatre.

File:Indochina Medical College.jpg was the first modern university in Vietnam, established in 1902 during French colonial rule.|215x215px]]

Hanoi, as the capital of French Indochina, was home to the first Western-style universities in Indochina, including Indochina Medical College (1902) – now Hanoi Medical University - HMU, Indochina University (1904) – now Vietnam National University - VNU (Hanoi) (the largest), and École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts de l'Indochina (1925) – now Vietnam University of Fine Art - VNUFA (Hanoi).

After the Communist Party of Vietnam took control of Hanoi in 1954, many new universities were built, most prominently the Hanoi University of Science and Technology. Recently ULIS (University of Languages and International Studies) was rated as one of the top universities in south-east Asia for languages and language studies at the undergraduate level.{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/vietnam-national-university-hanoi/undergrad |title=Vietnam National University, Hanoi |publisher=Top Universities |date=8 December 2012 |access-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015184420/http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/vietnam-national-university-hanoi/undergrad |archive-date=15 October 2013 }} Other universities that are not part of Vietnam National University or Hanoi University include Hanoi School for Public Health, Hanoi School of Agriculture, Electric Power University and University of Transport and Communications. It is estimated that 62% of the scientists in Vietnam are living and working in Hanoi.{{cite web

|url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs/en/hanoi_capital/group1/index.htm

|publisher=Hanoi City People's Committee

|title=Hanoi – The capital of Vietnam: Preface

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183943/https://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs/en/hanoi_capital/group1/index.htm

|archive-date=27 September 2007 }} Admission to undergraduate study is through entrance examinations, which are conducted annually and open to everyone who has successfully completed their secondary education in the country. The majority of universities in Hanoi are public, although in recent years a number of private universities have begun operation. Thăng Long University, founded in 1988 by Vietnamese mathematics professors in Hanoi and France,{{cite web |work=Viet Nam News |title=Growing university reflects VN's progress |date=2006-01-29 |url=http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=01INN290106 |access-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214105524/https://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=01INN290106 |archive-date=14 December 2009 }} was the first private university in Vietnam. Because many of Vietnam's major universities are located in Hanoi, students from other provinces (especially in the northern part of the country) wishing to enter university often travel to Hanoi for the annual entrance examination. Such events usually take place in June and July, during which a large number of students and their families converge on the city for several weeks around the intense examination periods. In recent years, these entrance exams have been coordinated by the Ministry of Education, but entrance requirements are decided independently by each university.

File:Hanoi University of Science and Technology - DSC04501.JPG, one of the most prestigious in Vietnam.]]

Although there are state owned kindergartens, there are also many private ventures that serve both local and international needs. Pre-tertiary (elementary and secondary) schools in Hanoi are generally state run, but there are also some independent schools. Education is equivalent to the K–12 system in the U.S., with elementary school between grades 1 and 5, middle school (or junior high) between grades 6 and 9, and high school from grades 10 to 12. There are several specialised schools (also known as high schools for the gifted) in Hanoi where students with the most academic prowess attend.

Education levels are much higher within the city of Hanoi in comparison to the suburban areas outside the city. About 33.8% of the labor force in the city has completed secondary school in contrast to 19.4% in the suburbs. 21% of the labor force in the city has completed tertiary education in contrast to 4.1% in the suburbs.

Country-wide educational change is difficult in Vietnam due to the restrictive control of the government on social and economic development strategies.{{Cite journal|last=Duggan|first=Stephen|date=2001|title=Educational Reform in Viet Nam: A Process of Change or Continuity? |jstor=3099657 |journal=Comparative Education |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=193–212 |doi=10.1080/03050060120043411 |s2cid=143980922}} According to Hanoi government publications, the national system of education was reformed in 1950, 1956 and 1970. It was not until 1975 when the two separate education systems of the former North and South Vietnam territories became unified under a single national system. In Hanoi in December 1996, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam stated that: "To carry out industrialization and modernization successfully, it is necessary to develop education and training strongly [and to] maximize human resources, the key factor of fast and sustained development."

{{See also|Buses in Hanoi}}

File:Ga Hà Nội - NKS.jpg]]

Hanoi has 1,370 streets and roads with the total length of over {{convert|2300|km|0|abbr=on}}; 573 bridges, of which 483 small to middle bridges, 13 light overpasses for vehicles, 70 pedestrian overpasses and seven main bridges (Chương Dương, Vĩnh Tuy, Thanh Trì, Nhật Tân, Đông Trù, Thăng Long, and Phùng); 115 tunnels, including nine main tunnels, 39 pedestrian tunnels and 67 underpass. In total, the proportion of land for traffic in the city as of 2021 is 10.3%. The city also has {{convert|63|km|0|abbr=on}} of inland waterways, which include Yến stream, Hai stream, Cà Lồ and Đáy river.{{cite web|title=Hanoi is about to start many traffic projects|url=https://vnexpress.net/ha-noi-sap-khoi-cong-nhieu-du-an-giao-thong-4509920.html |work=VnExpress |access-date=11 September 2022|author=Võ Hải |date=11 September 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911160054/https://vnexpress.net/ha-noi-sap-khoi-cong-nhieu-du-an-giao-thong-4509920.html |archive-date=11 September 2022 }}

Hanoi is served by Noi Bai International Airport, located in Soc Son District, approximately {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} north of Hanoi. The new international terminal (T2), designed and built by Japanese contractors, opened in January 2015 and is a big facelift for the airport. In addition, a new highway and the new Nhat Tan cable-stay bridge connecting the airport and the city center opened at the same time, offering much more convenience than the old road (via Thang Long bridge). Taxis are plentiful and usually have meters, although it is also common to agree on the trip price before taking a taxi from the airport to the city centre.

Hanoi is also the origin or departure point for many Vietnam Railways train routes in the country with 6 national railway lines passing through the city with a total length of {{convert|162|km|0|abbr=on}}. The Reunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City from Hanoi station (formerly Hang Co station), with stops at cities and provinces along the line. Trains also depart Hanoi frequently for Hai Phong and other northern cities. The Reunification Express line was established during the French colonial rule and was completed over a period of nearly 40 years, from 1899 to 1936.{{cite web|title=Socialist Republic of Viet Nam: Greater Mekong Subregion Kunming–Hai Phong Transport Corridor: Yen Vien–Lao Cai Railway Upgrading Project |url=http://www2.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/VIE/39175-VIE-RRP.pdf |work=Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors: Project Number: 39175: Asian Development Bank |publisher=Asian Development Bank |access-date=4 November 2012 |date=November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724102722/https://www2.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/VIE/39175-VIE-RRP.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2012 }} The Reunification Express between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City covers a distance of {{convert|1726|km|0|abbr=on}} and takes approximately 33 hours.{{cite web|title=A fast, vast steel spine |url=http://www.smh.com.au/travel/a-fast-vast-steel-spine-20120518-1yuq9.html |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=4 November 2012 |author=Mark Smith |date=19 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107062812/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/a-fast-vast-steel-spine-20120518-1yuq9.html |archive-date=7 January 2013 }} As of 2005, there were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network, of which 191 were located along the north–south line.

The main means of transport within Hanoi are motorbikes, buses, taxis, and a rising number of cars. In recent decades, motorbikes have overtaken bicycles as the main form of transportation. Cars are the most notable change in the past five years as many Vietnamese people have started to purchase them for the first time. The increasing number of cars is the main cause of gridlocks, as roads and infrastructure in older parts of Hanoi were not designed to accommodate them.{{cite web|title=Imminent gridlock |author1=Hans-Heinrich Bass |author2=Thanh Trung Nguyen |website=dandc.eu |date=March 2013 |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/vietnam-needs-tackle-urban-traffic-congestion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105182238/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/vietnam-needs-tackle-urban-traffic-congestion |archive-date=5 November 2013 }} On 4 July 2017, the Hanoi government voted to ban motorbikes entirely by 2030 to reduce pollution, congestion, and encourage the expansion and use of public transport.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40498052|title=Hanoi plan to ban motorbikes by 2030 to combat pollution|date=4 July 2017|publisher=BBC News|access-date=5 July 2017|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704235050/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40498052|url-status=live}} The number of vehicles registered in Hanoi as of July 2022 is over 7.6 million, including more than 1 million cars, over 6.4 million motorcycles of and 179,000 electric motorbikes. This figure does not include vehicles of the armed forces, diplomatic missions and other localities' vehicles operating in Hanoi.

File:Cat Linh Line (Hanoi Metro) interior.jpg]]

People on their own or traveling in a pair who wish to make a fast trip around Hanoi to avoid traffic jams or to travel at an irregular time or by way of an irregular route often use "xe ôm" (literally, "hug bike"). Motorbikes can also be rented from agents within the Old Quarter of Hanoi, although this falls inside a grey legal area.{{cite web|title=Getting Around Hanoi |url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/hanoi/0197020156.html |work=Frommer's |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |access-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106001620/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/hanoi/0197020156.html |archive-date=6 January 2013 }}

File:Discovery Cầu Giấy.jpg at the Chùa Hà Station]]

There are two metro lines in Hanoi, as part of the master plan for the future Hanoi Metro system.{{cite web |last=Peel |first=Michael |date=22 January 2016 |title=Tale of two metro lines shows battle for business in Vietnam |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dde43a4a-c0de-11e5-a8c6-deeeb63d6d4b.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302030048/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dde43a4a-c0de-11e5-a8c6-deeeb63d6d4b.html |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=27 February 2016 |website=Financial Times}} Line 2A opened on 6 November 2021,{{cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Dat |title=Hanoi gets country's first metro service |work=VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/economy/hanoi-gets-country-s-1st-metro-service-4382113.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106015237/https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/economy/hanoi-gets-country-s-1st-metro-service-4382113.html |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=VnExpress}} while Line 3 began operations on 8 August 2024.{{Cite web |title=Metro Nhổn - ga Hà Nội dự kiến vận hành đoạn trên cao dịp 30/4 |url=https://vnexpress.net/metro-nhon-ga-ha-noi-du-kien-van-hanh-doan-tren-cao-dip-30-4-4677730.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119233502/https://vnexpress.net/metro-nhon-ga-ha-noi-du-kien-van-hanh-doan-tren-cao-dip-30-4-4677730.html |archive-date=2023-11-19 |access-date=2023-11-16 |author1=Vnexpress }}File:Panorama view of Line 3, Hanoi Metro, passing over Xuan Thuy road.jpg passing over Xuan Thuy road in 2024|center]]

File:My Dinh National Stadium - 31st SEA Games Men's Football Final.jpg]]

There are several gymnasiums and stadiums throughout the city of Hanoi. The most approved ones are Mỹ Đình National Stadium (Lê Đức Thọ Boulevard), Quần Ngựa Sports Palace (Văn Cao Avenue), Hanoi Aquatics Sports Complex and Hanoi Indoor Games Gymnasium. The others include Hàng Đẫy Stadium, Hà Đông Stadium or Thanh Trì Stadium. The third Asian Indoor Games were held in Hanoi in 2009. The others are Hai Bà Trưng Gymnasium, Trịnh Hoài Đức Gymnasium, Vạn Bảo Sports Complex. Some of these venues held events at the 2003 and 2021 SEA Games, both hosted in Hanoi.{{cite web |title=Chi tiết địa điểm tổ chức các môn thi đấu SEA Games 2021 tại Việt Nam |url=https://bvhttdl.gov.vn/chi-tiet-dia-diem-to-chuc-cac-mon-thi-dau-sea-games-2021-tai-viet-nam-20210326200624727.htm |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism |access-date=3 April 2021}}

On 6 November 2018, it was announced that in 2020, Hanoi would become the host of the first FIA Formula 1 Vietnamese Grand Prix on a street circuit on the outskirts of the city. The race was initially postponed and later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the inaugural edition of the event postponed to {{F1|2021}}.{{cite web |url=https://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/en/post/15373 |title=Vietnam Grand Prix 2020 cancelled |website=Vietnam National Administration of Tourism |access-date=23 May 2025}} The Grand Prix was removed from the 2021 calendar because of the arrest of Hanoi People's Committee Chairman Nguyễn Đức Chung on corruption charges unrelated to the Grand Prix. As a result, the race was permanently cancelled.{{Cite news |date=2020-11-09 |title=Formula 1 calendar: Vietnamese Grand Prix dropped from 2021 F1 schedule |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/54879815 |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}} Hanoi has two basketball teams that compete in the Vietnam Basketball Association (VBA), the Hanoi Buffaloes and Thang Long Warriors. The city also has three professional football clubs participating in V.League 1, including Hanoi FC, Hanoi Police and The Cong-Viettel.

Some medical facilities in Hanoi:

• Bạch Mai Hospital
• Vietnam - Germany Hospital
• Saint Paul General Hospital
• Central Military Hospital 108
• Hôpital Français de Hanoi
• International SOS
• Hanoi Medical University Hospital
• Thanh Nhàn Hospital
• Vinmec International Hospital
• Thu Cuc General Hospital
• K Hospital
• Medlatech Hospital

On 16 July 1999, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) presented the title "City for Peace" to Hanoi because the city met the following criteria: exemplary action against exclusion and in support of the dialogue between communities, exemplary urban action, exemplary environmental action, exemplary action to promote culture, exemplary action in the field of education and especially civic education.{{Cite web |last=vietnamnet.vn |title=Hanoi suffer because of "City for Peace" title - News VietNamNet |url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/2840/hanoi-suffer-because-of--city-for-peace--title.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221125185747/https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/2840/hanoi-suffer-because-of--city-for-peace--title.html |archive-date=2022-11-25 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=english.vietnamnet.vn}}

Hanoi is the only city in Asia-Pacific that was granted this title.

The name of Hanoi has been used to name many species of organisms.{{Cite web |title=Adoretus (Adoretus) hanoiensis Frey, 1972 {{!}} COL |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/64TZK |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.catalogueoflife.org}}{{Cite web |title=Catalogue of Life - 2011 Annual Checklist :: Species details |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/details/species/id/967092 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.catalogueoflife.org}}{{Cite journal |last1=Achterberg |first1=Kees van |last2=Long |first2=Khuat |date=2010-09-09 |title=Revision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new genera |journal=ZooKeys |language=en |issue=54 |pages=1–184 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.54.475 |doi-access=free |pmid=21594134 |pmc=3088039 |bibcode=2010ZooK...54....1V |issn=1313-2970}}{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xin-Ping |last2=and Jäger |first2=Peter |date=2008-09-01 |title=First record of the subfamily Coelotinae in Laos, with review of Coelotinae embolus morphology and description of seven new species from Laos and Vietnam (Araneae, Amaurobiidae) |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930802209783 |journal=Journal of Natural History |volume=42 |issue=35–36 |pages=2277–2304 |doi=10.1080/00222930802209783 |bibcode=2008JNatH..42.2277W |issn=0022-2933|url-access=subscription }}

• Adoretus hanoiensis
• Anosia hanoiensis
• Bellatheta hanoiensis
• Coniophora hanoiensis
• Diduga hanoiensis
• Elasmus hanoicus
• Floresorchestia hanoiensis
• Icerya hanoiensis
• Miridiba hanoiensis
• Oberea hanoiensis
• Tomato leaf curl Hanoi virus
• Trachys hanoiensis
• Guaranisaria hanoi
• Lemyra hanoica
• Spilosoma hanoica
• Siler hanoicus
• Sasajiscymnus hanoiensis

The name Hanoi has also been given to asteroid 7816 Hanoi, which was discovered in 1987 and has a diameter of nearly 3 km.{{Cite web |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 7816 Hanoi (1987 YA) |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2007816#content |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov}}

Hanoi is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group.

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia#Vietnam|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Vietnam}}

Hanoi is twinned with:

• Hồ Chí Minh city (Sài Gòn), Vietnam

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}

• {{flagicon|KHM}} Phnom Penh, Cambodia{{cite web|url=http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |title=Sister Cities |website=Phnompenh.gov.kh |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823113543/http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |archive-date=23 August 2013 }}
• {{flagicon|IDN}} Jakarta, Indonesia{{cite web|title="Sister City" Jakarta-Hanoi berbagi pengalaman kelola perkotaan|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/697447/sister-city-jakarta-hanoi-berbagi-pengalaman-kelola-perkotaan|website=antaranews.com|publisher=ANTARA News|language=id|date=31 March 2018|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721131411/https://www.antaranews.com/berita/697447/sister-city-jakarta-hanoi-berbagi-pengalaman-kelola-perkotaan|url-status=live}}
• {{flagicon|JPN}} Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan{{cite web|title=International Exchange|url=https://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/site/english/en-about-international-organization-a5.html|website=pref.fukuoka.lg.jp|publisher=Fukuoka Prefecture|access-date=2021-09-16|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916093223/https://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/site/english/en-about-international-organization-a5.html|url-status=live}}
• {{flagicon|KAZ}} Astana, Kazakhstan{{cite web |url=http://kazpravda.softdeco.net/c/1253012746 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309233241/http://kazpravda.softdeco.net/c/1253012746 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2015 |author=Ilia Lobster |title=Astana-Hanoi: horizons of cooperation |publisher=KazPravda.kz |date=9 September 2009 |access-date=9 October 2014 }}
• {{flagicon|KOR}} Seoul, South Korea{{cite web|title=Sister and Friendship Cities|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/policy/international-exchange/sister-cities/|website=seoul.go.kr|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=4 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504045307/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|url-status=live}}
• {{flagicon|POL}} Warsaw, Poland{{cite web|title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy|url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy?page=0,1|website=um.warszawa.pl|publisher=Warsaw|language=pl|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407142707/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy?page=0,1|url-status=live}}
• {{flagicon|RUS}} Moscow, Russia{{cite web|url=http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |title=Hanoi Days in Moscow help sister cities |publisher=Vbusinessnews.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113203758/https://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |archive-date=13 January 2009}}
• {{flagicon|SEY}} Victoria, Seychelles{{cite web|title=Bilateral cooperation between Seychelles and Vietnam takes new heights|url=https://www.statehouse.gov.sc/news/2173/bilateral-cooperation-between-seychelles-and-vietnam-takes-new-heights|website=statehouse.gov.sc|publisher=Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles|date=2013-08-28|access-date=2021-09-16|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916092641/https://www.statehouse.gov.sc/news/2173/bilateral-cooperation-between-seychelles-and-vietnam-takes-new-heights|url-status=live}}
• {{flagicon|THA}} Bangkok, Thailand{{cite web|title=Relationship with Sister Cities|url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list|publisher=Bangkok Metropolitan Administration|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611230221/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list|url-status=live}}
• {{flagicon|CHN}} Beijing, China{{cite web|title=Sister Cities|url=http://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sistercities/|website=beijing.gov.cn|publisher=Beijing|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304024900/http://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sistercities/|url-status=live}}
• {{flagicon|CHN}} Hangzhou, China{{Cite web|title=元首外交{{pipe}}盛情迎贵宾，在河内感受中越友好特殊情谊-新华网|url=http://www.news.cn/world/2023-12/12/c_1130020819.htm|website=news.cn|access-date=2024-05-31}}
• {{flagicon|TUR}} Ankara, Turkey{{cite web|title=Ankaranın Kardeş Şehirleri|url=https://www.ankara.bel.tr/genel-sekreter/genel-sekreter-yardimcisi1/dis-liskiler-daire-baskanligi/ankaranin-kardes-sehirleri/|website=ankara.bel.tr|publisher=Ankara|language=tr|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095330/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/genel-sekreter/genel-sekreter-yardimcisi1/dis-liskiler-daire-baskanligi/ankaranin-kardes-sehirleri/|url-status=live}}
• {{flagicon|BLR}} Minsk, Belarus{{cite web|title=Twin towns of Minsk|url=https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/|website=minsk.gov.by|publisher=Minsk|access-date=2021-01-08|archive-date=9 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909212350/https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/|url-status=live}}
• {{flagicon|ITA}} Palermo, Italy{{cite web|title=Comune di Palermo|url=https://www.comune-italia.it/comune-palermo.html|website=comune-italia.it|publisher=Comune Italia|language=it|access-date=2021-01-08|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201100129/https://www.comune-italia.it/comune-palermo.html|url-status=live}}
• {{flagicon|RSA}} Pretoria, South Africa{{cite web|title=SA grows ties with Vietnam as ally|url=https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/sa-grows-ties-vietnam-ally|website=vukuzenzele.gov.za|publisher=Vuk'uzenzele|date=September 2013|access-date=2021-01-08|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916075733/https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/sa-grows-ties-vietnam-ally|url-status=live}}
• {{div col end}}

File:Old Quarter street scene, Hanoi (4) (37610074295).jpg|Life on the streets of the Old Quarter.

File:Thiên Trù Pagoda.jpg|Thiên Trù Pagoda in the Perfume Pagoda complex.

File:Pen Tower in Hanoi.jpg|Tháp Bút (Pen Tower) with a phrase "Tả thanh thiên" (meaning "Write on the sky") next to Hoàn Kiếm Lake (2007).

File:Cau The Huc (Pont du soleil levant).jpg|Thê Húc Bridge on Hoàn Kiếm Lake.

File:Presidential Palace of Vietnam.jpg|Presidential Palace, Hanoi (formerly Palace of The Governor-General of French Indochina).

File:Opera House, Hanoi (4855950685).jpg|Hanoi Opera House, modelled on the Palais Garnier in Paris.

File:Tran Quoc Pagoda, Hanoi, Vietnam, 20240123 1217 3314.jpg|Trấn Quốc Pagoda.

File:Bâtiments 172.jpg|Museum of Vietnamese History in Hanoi, formerly the first École française d'Extrême-Orient.

File:Bacbophu.jpg|Tonkin Palace serves as State Guest House.

File:Bao tang my thuat.jpg|Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts.

File:Vietnam national convention center.jpg|Vietnam National Convention Center.

File:Nhat Tan Bridge at night 2016.jpg|Nhật Tân Bridge.

File:Lotte Tower Hanoi - NKS (9 to 16).jpg|Lotte Center Hanoi in western Ba Đình.

File:Tòa nhà Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower, Cầu Giấy, Hà Nội 001.jpg|AON Landmark 72 in Nam Từ Liêm.

File:The Garden, Hanoi 07.JPG|Inspiration of French Colonial architecture in Hanoi's modern buildings.

{{Commons and category|Hanoi}}

• Gioi Market
• Đồng Xuân Market
• North–South Railway (Vietnam)
• List of historical capitals of Vietnam
• Ho Chi Minh City

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|refs=

}}

{{See also|Timeline of Hanoi#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Hanoi}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Cite book|title=Hanoi: City Of The Rising Dragon|last=Boudarel|first=Georges|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|isbn=978-0-7425-1655-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/hanoicityofrisin0000boud}}
• {{citation| surname = Bielestein | given = Hans | chapter = Wang Mang, the restoration of the Han dynasty, and Later Han | pages = 223–290| title = The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220| editor-given1 = Denis C. | editor-surname1 = Twitchett | editor-given2 = John King | editor-surname2 = Fairbank| location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1986 }}
• {{cite book |first1=Jan |last1=Dodd |first2=Mark |last2=Lewis |title=Rough Guide to Vietnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WvOSgCHrOoC&pg=PA408 |year=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-095-4}}
• {{cite book |first1=Lisa |last1=Drummond |first2=Mandy |last2=Thomas |title=Consuming Urban Culture in Contemporary Vietnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZgyNiX7vI4C&pg=PA125 |date=5 June 2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-98794-0}}
• {{cite book |title=Understanding Vietnam |last1=Jamieson |first1=Neil L. |publisher=University of California Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-520-20157-6}}
• {{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Buttinger |title =The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=1958}}
• {{cite book|last=Brindley|first=Erica|year=2015|title=Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, C.400 BCE-50 CE|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08478-0}}
• {{cite book|title=The Origins of Ancient Vietnam|author=Nam C. Kim|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-998089-5}}
• {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Keith Weller |year=1983 |title=The Birth of Vietnam |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07417-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCl_02LnNVIC}}
• {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Keith Weller|year=2013|title=A History of the Vietnamese|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87586-8}}
• {{cite book| title=Ancient Southeast Asia |first1=John Norman |author1-link=John N. Miksic|last1=Miksic |first2=Go Geok |last2=Yian |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-27903-7}}
• {{cite book|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|year=2019|title=Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-005379-6}}
• {{cite book |last=Purton |first= Peter Fraser |title=A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 450-1220|date=2009 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-84383-448-9}}
• {{cite book|last=Park|first=Hyunhee|year=2012|title=Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01868-6}}
• {{cite book |last1=Boudarel |first1=Georges |last2=Nguyen |first2=Van Ky |last3=Nguyễn |first3=Văn Ký |editor-last1=Duiker |editor-first1=Claire |year=2002 |title=Hanoi: City of the Rising Dragon |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7425-1655-7}}
• {{Citation |last=Loewe |first=Michael |contribution=Guangzhou: the Evidence of the Standard Histories from the Shi ji to the Chen shu, a Preliminary Survey |pages=51–80 |isbn=3-447-05060-8 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |date=2004 |editor-last=Müller |editor-first=Shing |editor2-last=Höllmann |editor2-first=Thomas O. |editor3-last=Gui |editor3-first=Putao |display-editors=0 |title=Guangdong: Archaeology and Early Texts (Zhou–Tang) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0zZPMlu0L0C&pg=PA60 }}.
• {{cite book |first1=Scott |last1=Rutherford |title=Vietnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRi_BKq60OgC&pg=PA380 |date=1 December 2002 |publisher=Langenscheidt Publishing Group |isbn=978-981-234-984-2}}
• {{Citation |last=Tran |first=Quoc Vuong |author2-last=Nguyen |author2-first=Vinh Long |author-mask=Tran Quoc Vuong & al. |ref={{harvid|Tran|1977}} |title=Hanoi: From the Origins to the 19th Century |editor-last=Nguyen |editor-first=Khac Vien |display-editors=0 |display-authors=1 |date=1977 |publisher=Xunhasaba |location=Hanoi |number=48 |series=Vietnamese Studies }}.
• {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Robert F. |title=Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development |publisher=Hoover Institution Publications |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-8179-1431-8 |location=Stanford}}
• {{cite book |last1=Phan|first1=Huy Lê|author-link1=Phan Huy Lê|last2=Nguyễn|first2=Quang Ngọc|last3=Nguyễn|first3=Đình Lễ|title=The Country Life in the Red River Delta|year=1997}}
• {{cite book |author=Đào Duy Anh |author-link=Đào Duy Anh |title=Đất nước Việt Nam qua các đời: nghiên cứu địa lý học lịch sử Việt Nam |publisher=Nha Nam |year=2016 |orig-date=1964 |isbn=978-604-94-8700-2 |language=vi}}
• {{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Andrew |last2=Henley |first2=David |chapter=A Scholar's Memoirs of the 36 Streets |title=Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin) |place=Chiang Mai |publisher=Cognoscenti Books |year=2012 |asin=B006DCCM9Q}}
• {{cite book |last=Yü |first=Ying-shih |chapter=Han foreign relations |pages=377–463| title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220| editor-first1=Denis C. |editor-last1=Twitchett |editor-first2=John King |editor-last2=Fairbank| location= Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=1986}}
• {{Cite book |title=Hanoi: Biography of a City |last=Logan |first=William S. |year=2000 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-98014-0}}
• {{cite book |last=Vann |first=Michael G. |author-link=Michael G. Vann |title=The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: Empire, Disease, and Modernity in French Colonial Vietnam |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |url=https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/the-great-hanoi-rat-hunt-9780190602697?cc=us&lang=en&

}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite report |last=Fleming |first=Tom |date=2021 |title=Việt Nam |chapter=Hà Nội |pages=14–51 |url=https://www.britishcouncil.vn/sites/default/files/city_profile_vietnam.pdf |series=Cultural Cities Profile East Asia |location=Hà Nội |publisher=British Council Vietnam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428111540/https://www.britishcouncil.vn/sites/default/files/city_profile_vietnam.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2025}}

{{refend}}

• [http://www.english.hanoi.gov.vn/ Official site of Hanoi Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520020052/https://english.hanoi.gov.vn/ |date=20 May 2020 }}
• [http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/travel/18hanoi.html An article in New York Times about Hanoi]
• {{Wikivoyage inline}}
• {{osmrelation-inline|1903516}}

{{Geographic location

|Centre = Hanoi

|North = Thái Nguyên Province

|Northeast = Bắc Giang Province

|East = Bắc Ninh Province

|Southeast = Hưng Yên Province

|South = Hà Nam Province

|Southwest = Hòa Bình Province

|West = Phú Thọ Province

|Northwest = Vĩnh Phúc Province

}}

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