1935 Nobel Prize in Literature
{{Infobox award
| name = 20px 1935 Nobel Prize in Literature
| year = 1901
| website = {{oweb|https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1935/summary/}}
| image = Nobel Prize.png
| previous = 1934
| main = Nobel Prize in Literature
| next = 1936
}}
The 1935 Nobel Prize in Literature was not awarded after the Swedish Academy decided that no author in the field of literature was a suitable candidate.{{cite web|url=https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/45988/why-was-no-nobel-prize-for-literature-awarded-in-1935|title=Why was no Nobel Prize for Literature awarded in 1935?|access-date=1 April 2023|website=history.stackexchange.com}} Hence, the prize money for this year was {{frac|3}} allocated to the Main Fund and {{frac|2|3}} to the Special Fund of this prize section.[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1935/summary/ The Nobel Prize in Literature 1935] nobelprize.org
Deliberations
=Nominations=
The Nobel Committee of the Swedish Academy received 52 nominations for 38 authors like Frans Eemil Sillanpää (awarded in 1939), Johannes V. Jensen (awarded in 1944), Paul Valéry, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Roger Martin du Gard (awarded in 1937) and H. G. Wells.[https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/list.php?prize=4&year=1935 Nomination archive – Literature 1935] nobelprize.org
Fourteen of the nominees were newly recommended for the prize such as Shaul Tchernichovsky, Miguel de Unamuno, Jules Romains, John Masefield, Elise Richter, Edvarts Virza, Víctor Manuel Rendón, Émile Mâle, James Cousins and G. K. Chesterton. There were five women nominees: Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, Violet Clifton, Ricarda Huch, Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício and Elise Richter.
The authors Henri Barbusse, Ioan Bianu, Arthur Hoey Davis (known as Steele Rudd), Clarence Day, Ella Loraine Dorsey, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Anna Katharine Green, Kaitarō Hasegawa, Mary R. P. Hatch, Louise Manning Hodgkins, Winifred Holtby, Panait Istrati, T. E. Lawrence, James Leslie Mitchell (known as Lewis Grassic Gibbon), Violet Paget (known as Vernon Lee), Fernando Pessoa, Lizette Woodworth Reese, George William Russell, Tsubouchi Shōyō, Kurt Tucholsky, William Watson and Stanley G. Weinbaum died in 1935 without having been nominated for the prize.
| class="sortable wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ class="nowrap" | Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize |
|
! scope=col | No. ! scope=col | Nominee ! scope=col | Country ! scope=col | Genre(s) ! scope=col | Nominator(s) |
| 1
|Rufino Blanco Fombona (1874–1944) |{{flag|Venezuela}} |essays, literary criticism |Several professors from American universities |
| 2
|Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić (1874–1938) |{{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia}} |novel, short story |Gavro Manojlović (1856–1939) |
| 3
|Gilbert Keith Chesterton (1874–1936) |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |philosophy, theology, essays, literary criticism, novel, short story, poetry |Torsten Fogelqvist (1880–1941) |
| 4
|Violet Clifton (1883–1961) |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |biography, essays |Nevill Coghill (1899–1980) |
| 5
|António Correia de Oliveira (1878–1960) |{{flag|Estado Novo (Portugal)|name=Portugal}} |poetry |{{unbulleted list|Alfredo Carneiro da Cunha (1863–1942)|Luís da Cunha Gonçalvez (1875–1956)}} |
| 6
|James Cousins (1873–1956) |{{flag|Ireland}} |poetry, drama, essays, literary criticism |20px Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) |
| 7
|Karel Čapek (1890–1938) |{{flag|Czechoslovakia}} |drama, novel, short story, essays, literary criticism |{{unbulleted list|Josef Pekař (1870–1937)|Josef Šusta (1874–1945)|Eight professors{{efn|group=notes|All eight were professors of history of literature at the University of Prague, Czechoslovakia.}}}} |
| 8
|Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício (1884–1947) |{{flag|Estado Novo (Portugal)|name=Portugal}} |poetry, essays |Bento Carqueja (1860–1935) |
| 9
|Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936) |{{flag|Spanish Republic|name=Spain}} |novel, poetry, philosophy, essays, drama |Esteban Madruga Jiménez (1890–1980) |
| 10
|Roger Martin du Gard (1881–1958) |{{flag|France}} |novel, drama, memoir |{{unbulleted list|Torsten Fogelqvist (1880–1941)|Anders Österling (1884–1981)}} |
| 11
|Olav Duun (1876–1939) |{{flag|Norway}} |novel, short story |{{unbulleted list|Halvdan Koht (1873–1965)|Helga Eng (1875–1966)}} |
| 12
|James George Frazer (1854–1941) |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |history, essays, translation |Jarl Charpentier (1884–1935) |
| 13
|Franz Karl Ginzkey (1871–1963) |{{flag|Federal State of Austria|name=Austria}} |poetry, short story, essays |Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953) |
| 14
|Vilhelm Grønbech (1873–1948) |{{flag|Denmark}} |history, essays, poetry |Sven Lönborg (1871–1959) |
| 15
|Jarl Hemmer (1893–1944) |{{flag|Finland}} |poetry, novel |Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953) |
| 16
|Ricarda Huch (1864–1947) |{{flag|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}} |history, essays, novel, poetry |Ernst Robert Curtius (1886–1956) |
| 17
|Johannes V. Jensen (1873–1950) |{{flag|Denmark}} |novel, short story, poetry |{{unbulleted list|Vilhelm Andersen (1864–1953)|Johannes Brøndum-Nielsen (1881–1977)|Hans Brix (1870–1961)|Carl Adolf Bodelsen (1894–1978)}} |
| 18
|Guðmundur Kamban (1888–1945) |{{flag|Iceland}} |novel, drama |Bengt Hesselman (1875–1952) |
| 19
|Rudolf Kassner (1873–1959) |{{flag|Federal State of Austria|name=Austria}} |philosophy, essays, translation |6 professors of the University of Zurich |
| 20
|Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer (1878–1962) |{{flag|Austria}} |novel, short story, poetry, drama |Hans-Friedrich Rosenfeld (1899–1993) |
| 21
|Sven Lönborg (1871–1959) |{{flag|Sweden}} |philosophy, history, pedagogy, essays |Emil Rodhe (1863–1936) |
| 22
|John Masefield (1878–1967) |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |poetry, drama, novel, short story, essays, autobiography |Anders Österling (1884–1981) |
| 23
|Émile Mâle (1862–1954) |{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}} |history |Emil Rodhe (1863–1936) |
| 24
|Dmitry Merezhkovsky (1865–1941) |{{flag|Soviet Union}} |novel, essays, poetry, drama |Sigurd Agrell (1881–1937) |
| 25
|Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953) |{{flag|United States}} |drama |Martin Lamm (1880–1950) |
| 26
|Kostis Palamas (1859–1943) |{{flag|Kingdom of Greece|name=Greece}} |poetry, essays |{{unbulleted list|Three professors{{efn|group=notes|Three professors of literature and/or history from the University of Athens, Greece.}}|20px Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940)}} |
| 27
|Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975) |{{flag|British Raj|name=India}} |philosophy, essays, law |Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953) |
| 28
|Víctor Manuel Rendón (1859–1940) |{{flag|Ecuador}} |novel, poetry, drama, biography, essays, translation |Celiano Monge Navarrete (1856–1940) |
| 29
|Elise Richter (1865–1943) |{{flag|Federal State of Austria|name=Austria}} |philology |{{unbulleted list|Antonin Duraffour (1879–1956)|Carlo Tagliavini (1903–1982)}} |
| 30
|Jules Romains (1885–1972) |{{flag|France}} |poetry, drama, screenplay |Fredrik Böök (1883–1961) |
| 31
|Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1888–1964) |{{flag|Finland}} |novel, short story, poetry |{{unbulleted list|Björn Collinder (1894–1983)|Eemil Nestor Setälä (1864–1935)|Yrjö Hirn (1870–1952)|Rafael Erich (1879–1946)}} |
| 32
|Hermann Stehr (1864–1940) |{{flag|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}} |novel, short story, poetry, drama |Hermann August Korff (1882–1963) |
| 33
|Dezső Szabó (1879–1945) |{{flag|Kingdom of Hungary|name=Hungary}} |novel, essays |Björn Collinder (1894–1983) |
| 34
|Shaul Tchernichovsky (1875–1943) |{{flag|Soviet Union}} |poetry, essays, translation |Joseph Klausner (1874–1958) |
| 35
|Paul Valéry (1871–1945) |{{flag|France}} |poetry, philosophy, essays, drama |{{unbulleted list|Andreas Hofgaard Winsnes (1889–1972)|Samson Eitrem (1872–1966)|Peter Rokseth (1891–1945)|Jens Thiis (1870–1942)}} |
| 36
|Edvarts Virza (1883–1940) |{{flag|Latvia}} |poetry, essays, translation |{{unbulleted list|Francis Balodis (1882–1947)|Ludis Bērzin̦š (1870–1965)}} |
| 37
|Herbert George Wells (1866–1946) |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |novel, short story, essays, history, biography |Sigfrid Siwertz (1882–1970) |
| 38
|Tadeusz Stefan Zieliński (1859–1944) |{{flag|Second Polish Republic|name=Poland}} |philology, history, translation, essays |Several professors at the University of Warsaw |
=Prize decision=
In 1935, the Nobel Committee shortlisted the authors Karel Čapek, Miguel de Unamuno, John Masefield, G. K. Chesterton and Roger Martin du Gard for the Nobel Prize in Literature. During the deliberations, Čapek was dismissed for political reasons{{efn|group=notes|Nobel committee member Per Hallström, being a supporter of Nazism at the time, thought Karl Čapek's writings against anti-semitism and the Nazi movement was "unacceptable and unwelcoming". Hallström then convinced his fellow committee members to not award him and any other writers against Adolf Hitler.}}; De Unamuno, considered as one of the Spanish existentialist writers, was dismissed for his abstract ideas in his literary oeuvres; Masefield was dismissed for his uneven works; Du Gard was praised for his The Thibaults, but the committee decided to wait for its other volumes; and Chesterton, though praised by the committee for his English poems, was dismissed for "doubts over the religious non-fictional works like Saint Francis of Assisi and the biography of Jesus". Without Chesterton's religious publications, the succeeding committee members believed he could have won the Nobel for that year. With the aforementioned evaluations, it was decided that no Nobel Prize will be given in the Literature category.Gustav Källstrand Andens Olympiska Spel: Nobelprisets historia, Fri Tanke 2021{{page needed|date=April 2023}}[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/literature/svensen/index.html The Nobel Prize in Literature: Nominations and Reports 1901–1950] nobelprize.org
Notes
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