1941 Florida hurricane

{{storm path|1941 Atlantic hurricane 5 track.png}}

On October 3, the first indications of a tropical system were observed {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=3|lk=on}} to the north of the Virgin Islands.{{cite journal|author=Howard C. Sumner|title=North Atlantic Tropical Disturbances of 1941|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=69|issue=12|pages=363–364|publisher=Weather Bureau|year=1942|access-date=December 29, 2008|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1941.pdf| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090116193515/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1941.pdf| archive-date= January 16, 2009 | url-status= live|bibcode=1941MWRv...69..363S|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1941)069<0363:NATDO>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}} A tropical storm is estimated to have been present late that day, though observations were very sparse near the cyclone.{{cite web|author=National Hurricane Center |author2=Hurricane Research Division |author3=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |title=Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT) Meta Data |publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research |date=March 2014 |access-date=2014-03-15 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604063810/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html |archive-date=June 4, 2011 }} The next day, morning observations confirmed the presence of a circulation center, and soon afterward the cyclone underwent rapid intensification: it became a hurricane late that day, and 24 hours later, on October 5, the storm reached a peak of {{convert|120|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}—equivalent to a modern-day Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Shortly afterward, the smaller-than-average, fast-moving cyclone tracked over Cat Island in the Bahamas, where a weather station indicated a pressure of {{convert|28.48|inHg|mb|sigfig=3|lk=on}} inside the eye. The measurement coincided with light winds of {{convert|20|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}, meaning it was not in the exact center of the eye, so a recent reanalysis found the central pressure to be somewhat lower, at {{convert|962|mb|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}. After striking Cat Island, the cyclone began a weakening trend and passed south of New Providence, seat of the Bahamian capital Nassau, early on October 6. At the time, the storm was still found to be a compact, well-developed hurricane.

Later that day, it made landfall {{convert|13|mi|km|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} south of Miami in South Florida;Barnes, p. 162 observers reported that the small eye produced calm conditions at Goulds, near Homestead. The storm contained peak winds of {{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}—equivalent to low-end Category 2 status—and a radius of maximum wind just {{convert|10|mi|km|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} from the center.{{U.S. hurricanes}}{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Originally, the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) listed winds of {{convert|120|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} at landfall in South Florida, but reanalysis determined that these winds occurred somewhat earlier, over the eastern Bahamas. Maintaining a small size, the hurricane moved through the Everglades, passing between Everglades City and Fort Myers. The storm entered the Gulf of Mexico as a strong tropical storm and broadly curved toward the northwest, tracking offshore along the west coast of Florida.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} It remained over open waters and recovered its intensity until the following day, when it made landfall at Carrabelle with winds of {{convert|90|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}, equivalent to a high-end Category 1 hurricane, and a measured central pressure of {{convert|29|inHg|mb|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}. The cyclone still exhibited a small radius of outermost closed isobar but had reduced its forward speed.

Turning north and then northeast, the storm moved beyond Tallahassee and entered Georgia. It weakened as it progressed inland, and after passing through South Carolina, the storm re-emerged into the Atlantic Ocean on October 8 with winds of {{convert|40|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} While over water, the storm re-intensified, reaching peak winds of {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} on October 9.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The cyclone kept its intensity for two more days as it moved toward the southeast, executed a small loop, and turned generally toward the east-northeast, passing south of Bermuda on the night of October 11. The storm became extratropical on October 12, fully dissipating the next day.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}

{{quote box |width=30em | bgcolor=#ACE1AF |align=right |quote=In one downtown office building, more than a score of children of all ages had the time of their lives. Their parents—weary from putting their homes in order before going downtown—tried vainly to get them to sleep on desks softened by sofa cushions.

|source=The Vidette-Messenger, October 6, 1941{{cite news|title=Towns Ready; Damage from Storm Minor|date=October 6, 1941|work=The Vidette-Messenger}}}}

During the days before the storm's arrival in Florida, the Weather Bureau issued 40 tropical cyclone-related advisories. Extensive preparations that resulted in a low loss of life and property were attributed to the warnings. In southern Florida, residents boarded up homes and businesses, and sought shelter in large structures. Hurricane parties took place in bars and hotel rooms, while some residents sat in hotel lobbies, listening to radio broadcasts.{{cite news|title=Miami Bars Busy in Wait on Hurricane|date=October 6, 1941|newspaper=Waterloo Daily Courier}} In Miami, stores sold out of various essentials—including bread and butter—as people prepared for the storm.{{cite news | title = Miami Boards Up, Battens Down for Expected Blow | work = St. Petersburg Times | date = October 6, 1941 | page = 6 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vZMKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bU0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=7207%2C1211367 | access-date = June 8, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160521211340/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vZMKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bU0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=7207,1211367 | archive-date = May 21, 2016 | url-status = live }}

Evacuations were recommended from Homestead to Key West,{{cite news|title=Nassau Left in Darkness by Wind, Fire: Hurricane Will Hit Florida Coast Today|date=October 6, 1941|publisher=Nevada State Journal}} and three Coast Guard planes dropped warnings to boats near the Florida coast. The Civilian Conservation Corps also evacuated 150 of its workers from West Summerland Key to Key West.{{cite news | title = Key West Prepares | work = St. Petersburg Times | date = October 6, 1941 | page = 6 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vZMKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bU0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=6631%2C1211685 | access-date = June 8, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160506045851/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vZMKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bU0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=6631,1211685 | archive-date = May 6, 2016 | url-status = live }}

Local chapters of the American Red Cross organized first-aid stations and shelters; transportation was provided to those who were unable to reach the shelters. In advance of the storm, Pan American World Airways suspended flights departing from and arriving at Miami and redirected them to Havana, Cuba.{{cite news|title=Hurricane skirts Miami|date=October 6, 1941|newspaper=Syracuse Herald Journal}} The United States Navy also prepared its bases in the Florida Keys for the arrival of the storm by securing boats to piers and canceling all shore leaves,{{cite news|title = Navy Base is Prepared | work = The New York Times | date = October 6, 1941 | page = 10 | id = {{ProQuest|105732204}} }} while the United States Army Air Corps moved its planes from Morrison Field to a safer location inland.{{cite news|title = Palm Beach is Boarding Up | work = The New York Times | date = October 6, 1941 | page = 10}} The state of Florida stockpiled food for those affected by the storm, establishing depots in West Palm Beach, Miami, and Fort Myers,{{cite news |title = The Florida Storm |work = St. Petersburg Times |date = October 7, 1941 |page = 1 |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vpMKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bU0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=5293%2C1420596 |access-date = June 8, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160509160651/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vpMKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bU0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=5293,1420596 |archive-date = May 9, 2016 |url-status = live }} and the Governor of Florida, Spessard Holland, ordered state agencies to prepare for relief work. A detachment of officers from the Florida Highway Patrol was sent to Miami and patrolled along highways to provide gasoline to motorists evacuating the storm. The state also opened all of the school buildings in Dade County as emergency shelters.{{cite news |title = Warnings Up on West Coast to Bradenton |work = St. Petersburg Times |date = October 6, 1941 |page = 1 |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vZMKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bU0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=5511%2C1211081 |access-date = June 8, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160513065819/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vZMKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bU0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=5511,1211081 |archive-date = May 13, 2016 |url-status = live }}

In the Bahamas, where considerable property damage was reported, the storm killed three people. Winds in Nassau reached {{convert|104|mph|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|author=Edward Morgan Brooks|title=An Unusual Rainfall Distribution in a Hurricane|year=1945|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403015659/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/13079/26336365.pdf?sequence=1|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/13079/26336365.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=April 3, 2015 }} City streets were filled with debris, including a schooner, four sloops, and numerous other boats deposited by the winds on Nassau's Bay Street.{{cite news|title = 102-Mile-an-Hour Wind Hurls Boats on Shore and Darkens Nassau as Southern Resorts Put Up Boards in Preparation | author = United Press International | work = The New York Times | date = October 6, 1941 | page = 1}}{{cite news|title=Tropical Storm Menaces Florida|date=October 6, 1941|newspaper=Albuquerque Journal}} The winds knocked down trees and power lines, resulting in fires and extensive power outages.{{cite news|title=Nassau Left in Darkness by Wind, Fire|date=October 6, 1941|newspaper=Nevada State Journal}} Along the coast, boats were ripped from their moorings and smashed against seawalls. No casualties occurred in the city. A schooner, the Goodwill II, sank during the storm. Properties and gardens received significant damage. On Cat Island, the storm produced {{convert|1.62|in|mm|sigfig=1}} of rainfall.

Two men, Christopher Whymss and Salathiel Johnson, drowned near Andros Island after trying to reach shore from a drowning schooner. One man, Samuel Seymour, was killed on Cat Island after his home was toppled by the wind, and several other injuries were reported on the island. "Most homes, all churches, and most public buildings" on Cat Island were also destroyed by the storm. The storm also downed telephone lines and destroyed crops. As a result, the Duke of Windsor, governor-general of the Bahamas, cabled to the Red Cross for assistance, and a ship carrying "food, clothing, building materials and seeds" was quickly dispatched to Cat Island.{{cite news|title = Three Deaths in the Bahamas | work = The New York Times | date = October 8, 1941 | page = 25}} According to a survey conducted a few days after the hurricane, 300 families on Cat Island were left homeless as were 120 families on Watlings Island.{{cite news|title = Bahaman Homes Wrecked | work = The New York Times | date = October 11, 1941 | page = 4}} To aid these families, the Duke of Windsor announced on October 7 that he would establish a relief fund for those affected by the storm.{{cite news|title = Windsor Starts Belief Fund | work = The New York Times | date = October 8, 1941 | page = 25}}

File:Map of Florida highlighting South Florida.svg

On making landfall, the storm generated high winds at the Fowey Rocks Light, although they were below hurricane force. A peak wind gust of {{convert|123|mph|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} was reported at Dinner Key with sustained winds up to {{convert|90|mph|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}. Unusually little rain fell in association with the storm; {{convert|0.35|in|mm}} of precipitation was reported in Miami, while locations closer to the center of the cyclone received less than {{convert|1|in|mm}}.Kleinberg, p. 70 The light rainfall was evident throughout southeastern Florida, except for the Florida Keys, where thunderstorms enhanced the precipitation. This aspect of the storm was considered highly unusual, as most tropical cyclones are characterized by heavy rainfall. According to one study, the unusual precipitation patterns can be attributed to one of two possible conditions: "the air might have been too dry", or "the horizontal convergence of air might have been insufficient to produce a large enough transport of moisture upwards". The intense winds blew salt water several miles inland; due to the lack of rainfall, the salt burned vegetation throughout the region. The high winds brought down trees and utility poles and shattered some windows in Dade County.

No deaths were reported in the region, although minor damage was inflicted on communication lines and homes and several injuries were reported. Several communities lost electricity. Some hospitals were left without power, forcing the delivery of six babies by candlelight.{{cite news|title=Minor Damage By Hurricane in Miami Area|date=October 6, 1941|newspaper=Oelwein Daily Register}} The storm injured seven people in the Miami area, including five firefighters who were injured "as they fought a blaze fanned by the high winds" of the hurricane.{{cite news | title = Small Hurricane Lashes Across Florida Today | work = Luddington Daily News | date = October 6, 1941 | page = 1 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s88KAAAAIBAJ&sjid=804DAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=5717%2C3773725 | access-date = June 8, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160516203626/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s88KAAAAIBAJ&sjid=804DAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=5717,3773725 | archive-date = May 16, 2016 | url-status = live }} As the hurricane tracked inland, it passed over the Everglades, producing winds of {{convert|65|mph|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} at Everglades City. Along the southern shore of Lake Okeechobee, winds gusted to {{convert|60|mph|km/h|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}; barometric pressure there fell to {{convert|995|mb|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}. Storm surge in the region triggered foot-deep flooding of some streets in local towns. Docks and fishing equipment suffered extensive damage in the region. As the hurricane passed offshore, winds reached {{convert|60|mph|km/h|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} near Tampa Bay. The storm also grounded a fishing schooner from Cuba off the coast of Collier County, Florida. Although no one was injured, members of the schooner crew were detained by immigration authorities.

File:Florida Hurricane Schooner.jpg

After emerging into the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane made another landfall at Carrabelle on the Florida Panhandle. Winds in the region were estimated at {{convert|75|mph|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}, and tides ran at up to {{convert|8|ft|m}} above normal. In Tallahassee, the winds downed trees and power lines and scattered debris, rendering roads impassable. The Tallahassee Democrat reported that "at the height of the wind several hundred Tallahasseeans were seen rushing into their yard to gather pecans which were knocked down by the swaying trees".Barnes, p. 163 The storm destroyed vehicles throughout the region; replacement automobiles were sparse, as assembly plants were producing cars for the Army.Two months after the storm, in December 1941, the United States entered World War II and new vehicles became unavailable, forcing residents to resort to horse-drawn carriages for transportation. See Barnes, p. 163 Despite a lack of electricity due to the winds, the Tallahassee Democrat managed to publish 6,000 copies of a special storm edition. Initial fears of severe damage along the coast prompted rescue crews to push toward St. Marks; however, upon arrival a group of local residents convinced the crew that their assistance was unnecessary. Considerable crop and property damage was reported; total losses in the state were estimated at US$675,000 (${{Formatprice|{{inflation|US|675000|1941}}}} in today's terms).{{refn|Although the damage from the storm was relatively light, Roger A. Pielke, Jr. and Christopher Landsea estimated that if the hurricane had hit in 1992, it would have caused $5 billion in damages, due to changes in population density and home construction.{{cite journal | title = Normalized Hurricane Damages in the United States: 1925- 1995 | journal = Weather and Forecasting | first1 = Roger | last1 = Pielke | first2 = Christopher | last2 = Landsea | volume = 13 | url = http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-168-1998.11.pdf | page = 624 | access-date = June 8, 2009 | doi = 10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0621:NHDITU>2.0.CO;2 | issue = 3 | date = September 1998 | bibcode = 1998WtFor..13..621P | citeseerx = 10.1.1.207.3713 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221608/http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-168-1998.11.pdf | archive-date = December 17, 2013 | url-status = live }} |group=Note}} Seven injuries were reported, and five men drowned in the storm tide at a fishing net drying yard in Panacea, Florida.{{cite news|title = Winds Fall as They Head for Carolina Coast -- Many Fishermen Reported Missing -- Great Lakes Shipping Warned | work = The New York Times | date = October 8, 1941 | page = 25}}{{cite news|title=Small Hurricane Whipped Across Southern Florida|date=October 6, 1941|newspaper=Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune}} Initially, there were reports of 20 missing fishermen.{{cite news|title=Nine Reported Killed By Tropic Storm in South|date=October 8, 1941|newspaper=Albuquerque Journal}} 34 Cuban fishermen were also trapped off the coast near Carrabelle when 10 boats ran aground and were damaged after the storm surge subsided. The fishermen's supply of food was destroyed by salt water, but they were rescued by the Coast Guard cutter Nemesis without any injuries.{{cite news | title = Nemesis Assists in Rescue of Stranded Cubans | work = The Evening Independent | date = October 13, 1941 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=H5ELAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KFUDAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=1505%2C629079 | access-date = June 8, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307114300/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=H5ELAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KFUDAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=1505%2C629079 | archive-date = March 7, 2016 | url-status = live }} After their rescue, they reported that five men had drowned in a small boat nearby.{{cite news | title = Nemesis Home After Rescue | work = St. Petersburg Times | date = October 13, 1941 | page = 2 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xJMKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bU0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=4936%2C2696289 | access-date = June 8, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307093551/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xJMKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bU0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane&pg=4936%2C2696289 | archive-date = March 7, 2016 | url-status = live }}

The storm was still producing high wind gusts as it tracked into Georgia, killing one person and leaving a trail of considerable damage as far north as Albany. The single death in Georgia was a 16-year-old girl, Frances Hester, of Pavo, Georgia, who died after tripping over an electrical wire downed by the storm. Up to {{convert|6|in|mm}} of rain fell within the state. The storm passed through South Carolina with little damage. Throughout parts of the southeastern United States, rainfall associated with the hurricane was unusually light and unevenly distributed along its track.

{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}

• List of Florida hurricanes
• List of United States hurricanes

{{Reflist|group=Note}}

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• {{cite book|author=Barnes, Jay|title=Florida's Hurricane History|year=2007|publisher=Chapel Hill Press|isbn=978-0-8078-3068-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/floridashurrican00barn}}
• {{cite book|author=Kleinberg, Eliot|title=Florida Fun Facts|year=2004|publisher=Pineapple Press|isbn=978-1-56164-320-2}}

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Florida Hurricane, 1941

Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes

Category:Hurricanes in Florida

Category:Hurricanes in Georgia (U.S. state)

Category:Hurricanes in South Carolina

Category:1941 in Florida

Category:1941 natural disasters in the United States

Category:1941 meteorology