1944 United States presidential election#Republican Party

{{main|1944 Democratic National Convention|1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection}}

File:RooseveltTruman1944poster.jpg

President Roosevelt was the popular, wartime incumbent and faced little formal opposition. Although many Southern Democrats mistrusted Roosevelt's racial policies, he brought enormous war activities to the region and the end of its marginal status was in sight. No major figure opposed Roosevelt publicly, and he was re-nominated easily when the Democratic Convention met in Chicago. Some pro-segregationist delegates tried to unite behind Virginia senator Harry F. Byrd, but he refused to campaign actively against Roosevelt, and did not get enough delegates to seriously threaten the President's chances.

The obvious physical decline in the president's appearance, as well as rumors of secret health problems, led many delegates and party leaders to strongly oppose Vice President Henry A. Wallace for a second term. Opposition to Wallace came especially from Catholic leaders in big cities and moderate Democrats. Wallace, who had been Roosevelt's vice president since January 1941, was regarded by most conservatives as being too left-wing and personally eccentric to be next in line for the presidency. He had performed so poorly as economic coordinator that Roosevelt had to remove him from that post. Numerous moderate party leaders privately sent word to Roosevelt that they would fight Wallace's re-nomination as vice president and proposed instead Senator Harry S. Truman, a moderate from Missouri. Truman was highly visible as the chairman of a Senate wartime committee investigating fraud and inefficiency in the war program. Roosevelt, who personally liked Wallace and knew little about Truman, agreed reluctantly to accept Truman as his running mate to preserve party unity.Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (1995) ch 17 Even so, many delegates on the left refused to abandon Wallace, and they voted for him on the first ballot.Miles S. Richards, “The Progressive Democrats in Chicago, July 1944,” South Carolina Historical Magazine, 102 (July 2001), 219–37. However, enough large Northern, Midwestern, and Southern states supported Truman to give him victory on the second ballot. The fight over the vice-presidential nomination proved to be consequential; the ticket won and Roosevelt died in April 1945, and Truman instead of Wallace became the nation's thirty-third President.Weintraub, Stanley. Final Victory: FDR's Extraordinary World War II Presidential Campaign, pp. 29-59 {{ISBN|0306821133}}

{{Main|1944 Republican Party presidential primaries}}

{{further|1944 Republican National Convention}}

As 1944 began, the frontrunners for the Republican nomination appeared to be Wendell Willkie, the party's 1940 nominee, Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio, the leader of the party's conservatives, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, the leader of the party's moderate eastern establishment, General Douglas MacArthur, then serving as an Allied commander in the Pacific theater of the war, and former Minnesota Governor Harold Stassen, then serving as a U.S. naval officer in the Pacific. Taft surprised many by declining to run for president as he wanted to remain in the Senate; instead, he voiced his support for a fellow Ohio conservative, Governor John W. Bricker.Taft, Robert Alphonso and Wunderlin, Clarence E.; The Papers of Robert A. Taft: 1939-1944, p. 397 {{ISBN|0873386795}}

With Taft out of the race some Republican conservatives favored General MacArthur. However, MacArthur's chances were limited by the fact that he was leading Allied forces against Japan, and thus could not campaign for the nomination. His supporters entered his name in the Wisconsin primary nonetheless. The Wisconsin primary proved to be the key contest, as Dewey won by a surprisingly wide margin. He took fourteen delegates to four for Harold Stassen, while MacArthur won the three remaining delegates. Willkie was shut out in the Wisconsin primary; he did not win a single delegate. His unexpectedly poor showing in Wisconsin forced him to withdraw as a candidate for the nomination. However, at the time of his sudden death in early October 1944, Willkie had endorsed neither Dewey nor Roosevelt. At the 1944 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Dewey easily overcame Bricker and was nominated for president on the first ballot. Dewey, a moderate to liberal Republican, chose the conservative Bricker as his running mate. Dewey originally preferred fellow liberal California Governor Earl Warren, but agreed on Bricker to preserve party unity (Warren would go on to run with Dewey in the 1948 election). Bricker was nominated for vice president by acclamation.

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File:PresidentialCounty1944Colorbrewer.gif).]]

The Republicans campaigned against the New Deal,Jordan, David M.; FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944, pp. 119 {{ISBN|0253356830}} seeking a smaller government and less-regulated economy as the end of the war seemed in sight. Nonetheless, Roosevelt's continuing popularity was the main theme of the campaign. To quiet rumors of his poor health, Roosevelt insisted on making a vigorous campaign swing in October and rode in an open car through city streets.

Numerous campaign songs for F.D.R. were written, possibly in an effort to advertise on radio during radio's Golden Age. These included 1940's "Franklin D. Roosevelt's Back Again" and "Mister Roosevelt, Won't You Please Run Again." In 1944, Broadway actress Mary Crane Hone[https://www.nj.gov/dep/hpo/1identify/nr_nomntns_03_09_2017_SRB_drafts/Acorn%20Hall%20(Addl%20Doc)_2017-01-03_WEB.pdf Acorn Hall's National Register of Historic Places Registration Form], National Park Service, USDotI"[http://www.lorraineash.com/acorn_hall_a7_2015-7-26.pdf History]", Daily Record, July 26, 2015. published piano march "Let's Re-Re-Re-Elect Roosevelt."{{Cite web |title=Let's Re-Re-Re-Elect Roosevelt-5075 |url=https://www.legacyamericana.com/Lets-Re-Re-Re-Elect-Roosevelt_p_806.html |access-date=August 10, 2022 |website=Legacy Americana |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Holloway |first=Diane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj5QxjMh9aAC&dq=%22Let%27s+Re-Re-Re-Elect+Roosevelt%22&pg=PA459 |title=American History in Song: Lyrics from 1900 to 1945 |date=2001 |publisher=Authors Choice Press |isbn=978-0-595-19331-8 |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Archivist |first=Morristown |date=July 30, 2015 |title=Morristown National Historical Park Museum and Library: Acorn Hall Book Promotes Morristown History Beyond Washington |url=http://morristownnhpmuseum.blogspot.com/2015/07/acorn-hall-book-promotes-morristown.html |access-date=August 10, 2022 |website=Morristown National Historical Park Museum and Library}} Its lyrics were:

Let's make each one of our blows felt

For the causes of humanity and war.

With world peace just around the corner,

His leadership is necessary still.

So - Let's Re-Re-Re-Elect Roosevelt...

A high point of the campaign occurred when Roosevelt, speaking to a meeting of labor union leaders, gave a speech carried on national radio in which he ridiculed Republican claims that his administration was corrupt and wasteful with tax money.Nash, Gerald D.; Franklin Delano Roosevelt, p. 66 {{ISBN|0133305147}} He particularly derided a Republican claim that he had sent a US Navy warship to pick up his Scottish Terrier Fala in Alaska, noting that "Fala was furious" at such rumors.Weintraub; Final Victory, pp. 144-149 {{ISBN|0306821133}} The speech was met with loud laughter and applause from the labor leaders. In response, Governor Dewey gave a blistering partisan speech in Oklahoma City a few days later on national radio, in which he accused Roosevelt of being "indispensable" to corrupt big-city Democratic organizations and American Communists;Jordan; FDR, Dewey and the Election of 1944, p. 266 he also referred to members of Roosevelt's cabinet as a "motley crew". However, American battlefield successes in Europe and the Pacific during the campaign, such as the liberation of Paris in August 1944 and the successful Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines in October 1944, made President Roosevelt unbeatable.{{cite web |title=On this day: Term limits for American Presidents |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/how-we-wound-up-with-the-constitutions-only-term-limits-amendment |website=constitutioncenter.org |date=February 27, 2023 |access-date=April 12, 2023}}

Throughout the campaign, Roosevelt led Dewey in all the polls by varying margins. On election day, the Democratic incumbent scored a fairly comfortable victory over his Republican challenger. Roosevelt took 36 states for 432 electoral votes (266 were needed to win), while Dewey won twelve states and 99 electoral votes. In the popular vote, Roosevelt won 25,612,916 (53.4%) votes to Dewey's 22,017,929 (45.9%). Dewey conceded in a radio address the following morning, but declined to personally call or to send a telegram to President Roosevelt. Roosevelt sent Dewey a telegram reading, "I thank you for your statement, which I heard over the air a few minutes ago."{{cite web |title=No modern presidential candidate has refused to concede. Here's why that matters. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/11/no-modern-presidential-candidate-refused-to-concede-heres-why-that-matters/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107025510/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/11/no-modern-presidential-candidate-refused-to-concede-heres-why-that-matters/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |website=History & Culture |date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=November 14, 2020}} Roosevelt's victory made him the only person ever to win the presidential popular vote four times, and neither party would again win the popular vote four consecutive times until the Democrats did so in all four elections from 2008 to 2020.

The important question had been which leader,Jordan; FDR, Dewey and the Election of 1944; pp. 111, 214 Roosevelt or Dewey, should be chosen for the critical days of peacemaking and reconstruction following the war's conclusion. Most American voters concluded that they should retain the governing party, and particularly the president who represented it. They also felt it unsafe to do so in "wartime", in view of ever-increasing domestic disagreements.

Dewey did better against Roosevelt than any of Roosevelt's previous three Republican opponents: Roosevelt's percentage and margin of the total vote were both less than in 1940. Dewey flipped the states of Wyoming, Wisconsin, and Ohio from the previous election, while Roosevelt flipped Michigan. Dewey also gained the personal satisfaction of finishing ahead of Roosevelt in his hometown of Hyde Park, New York, and ahead of Truman in his hometown of Independence, Missouri.{{cite web |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt: Campaigns and Elections |url=https://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/campaigns-and-elections |website=Miller Center |date=October 4, 2016}} Dewey would again become the Republican presidential nominee in 1948, challenging President Truman (who had assumed that office on FDR's death), and would again lose, though by somewhat smaller popular- and electoral-vote margins.

Roosevelt's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities increased from 2,112,000 votes in the 1940 election to 2,230,000 votes.{{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Paul |date=1974 |title=Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons}} Of the 3,095 counties/independent cities making returns, Roosevelt won the most popular votes in 1,751 (56.58%) while Dewey carried 1,343 (43.39%). The Texas Regular ticket carried one county (0.03%). In New York, only the combined support of the American Labor and Liberal parties (pledged to Roosevelt but otherwise independent of the Democrats to maintain their identities) enabled Roosevelt to win the electoral votes of his home state.

In 1944, the constantly growing Southern protest against Roosevelt's leadership became clearest in Texas, where 135,553 people voted against Roosevelt but not for the Republican ticket. The Texas Regular ticket resulted from a split in the Democratic Party in its two state conventions, May 23 and September 12, 1944. This ticket, which represented the Democratic element opposing the re-election of President Roosevelt, called for the "restoration of states' rights which have been destroyed by the Communist New Deal" and "restoration of the supremacy of the white race".Cunningham, Sean; Cowboy Conservatism and the Rise of the Modern Right; p. 26 {{ISBN|081317371X}} Its electors were uninstructed.

Until 1996 this was the last time in which an incumbent Democratic president won re-election after serving a full term in office. This was also the last election until 2012 in which the incumbent Democratic president received over 50 percent of the popular vote after receiving over 50 percent of it in the previous election. As of 2025, this was the most recent presidential election in which a Democratic ticket has won every state of the former Confederacy as well as the entire southern region. This was the first election since 1892 that a Democrat won without taking Wyoming and Ohio. Roosevelt is the only president to serve for more than two terms; in 1951, the Twenty-second Amendment was ratified, limiting the number of terms a person may be president.

As he had in 1940, Roosevelt was the third of just four presidents in United States history to win re-election with a lower percentage of the electoral vote than in their prior elections; the other three are James Madison in 1812, Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and Barack Obama in 2012. Additionally, Roosevelt was the fourth of only five presidents to win re-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in prior elections; the other four are Madison in 1812, Andrew Jackson in 1832, Grover Cleveland in 1892, and Obama in 2012.

This is the last election in which New Hampshire and Oregon voted Democratic until 1964 and the last in which Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania did so until 1960.

The 432 electoral votes received by Roosevelt, added to the 449 electoral votes he received in 1940, and the 523 electoral votes he received in 1936, and the 472 electoral votes he received in 1932, gave him the most total electoral votes received by any candidate who was elected to the office of president since he is the only president to serve more than two terms (1,876).

{{start U.S. presidential ticket box| pv_footnote=| ev_footnote=}}

{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Incumbent)| party=Democratic| state=New York| pv=25,612,916| pv_pct=53.39%| ev=432| vp_name=Harry S. Truman| vp_state=Missouri}}

{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Thomas Edmund Dewey| party=Republican| state=New York| pv=22,017,929| pv_pct=45.89%| ev=99| vp_name=John William Bricker| vp_state=Ohio}}

{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=None| party=Texas Regulars| state=(n/a)| pv=143,238| pv_pct=0.30%| ev=0| vp_name=None| vp_state=(n/a)| }}

{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Norman Mattoon Thomas| party=Socialist| state=New York| pv=79,017| pv_pct=0.16%| ev=0| vp_name=Darlington Hoopes| vp_state=Pennsylvania}}

{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Claude A. Watson| party=Prohibition| state=California| pv=74,758| pv_pct=0.16%| ev=0| vp_name=Andrew Nathan Johnson| vp_state=Kentucky}}

{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Edward A. Teichert| party=Socialist Labor| state=Pennsylvania| pv=45,188| pv_pct=0.09%| ev=0| vp_name=Arla Arbaugh| vp_state=Ohio}}

{{U.S. presidential ticket box other| footnote=| pv=11,816| pv_pct=0.02%}}

{{end U.S. presidential ticket box| pv=47,977,063| ev=531| to_win=266}}Source (Popular Vote): {{Leip PV source 2| year=1944| as of=August 1, 2005}}Source (Electoral Vote): {{National Archives EV source| year=1944| as of=August 1, 2005}}

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{{bar percent|Roosevelt|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|53.39}}

{{bar percent|Dewey|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|45.89}}

{{bar percent|No Candidate|#777777|0.28}}

{{bar percent|Thomas|#0BDA51|0.16}}

{{bar percent|Others|#777777|0.28}}

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{{bar box

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{{bar percent|Roosevelt|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|81.36}}

{{bar percent|Dewey|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|18.64}}

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File:1944 Electoral Map.png

Image:1944 United States presidential election results map by county.svg|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Image:PresidentialCounty1944Colorbrewer.gif|Presidential election results by county

Image:DemocraticPresidentialCounty1944Colorbrewer.gif|Democratic presidential election results by county

Image:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1944Colorbrewer.gif|Republican presidential election results by county

Image:OtherPresidentialCounty1944Colorbrewer.gif|"Other" presidential election results by county

{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1944&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0|title=1944 Presidential General Election Data - National|access-date=April 14, 2013}}

• Ohio
• Wisconsin
• Wyoming

• Michigan

Margin of victory less than 1% (25 electoral votes):

1. Ohio, 0.37% (11,530 votes)

Margin of victory less than 5% (165 electoral votes):

1. Michigan, 1.02% (22,476 votes)
2. New Jersey, 1.35% (26,539 votes)
3. Wisconsin, 1.80% (24,119 votes)
4. Wyoming, 2.47% (2,502 votes)
5. Pennsylvania, 2.78% (105,425 votes)
6. Missouri, 2.94% (46,280 votes)
7. Illinois, 3.47% (140,165 votes)
8. Idaho, 3.49% (7,262 votes)
9. Maryland, 3.70% (22,541 votes)
10. New Hampshire, 4.24% (9,747 votes)
11. Iowa, 4.50% (47,391 votes)
12. Oregon, 4.85% (23,270 votes)
13. Maine, 4.99% (14,803 votes)

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (138 electoral votes):

1. New York, 5.01% (316,591 votes) (tipping point state)
2. Connecticut, 5.36% (44,619 votes)
3. Minnesota, 5.55% (62,448 votes)
4. Indiana, 5.65% (94,488 votes)
5. Massachusetts, 5.81% (113,946 votes)
6. Colorado, 6.81% (34,400 votes)
7. New Mexico, 7.03% (10,701 votes)
8. North Dakota, 8.35% (18,391 votes)
9. Delaware, 9.11% (11,419 votes)
10. Kentucky, 9.23% (80,141 votes)
11. Nevada, 9.24% (5,012 votes)
12. Montana, 9.35% (19,393 votes)
13. West Virginia, 9.78% (69,958 votes)

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)

1. Armstrong County, South Dakota 100.00%
2. Leake County, Mississippi 99.15%
3. Chesterfield County, South Carolina 98.77%
4. Taliaferro County, Georgia 98.48%
5. Barnwell County, South Carolina 98.41%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)

1. McIntosh County, North Dakota 91.98%
2. Jackson County, Kentucky 91.56%
3. Sevier County, Tennessee 87.24%
4. Logan County, North Dakota 86.47%
5. Owsley County, Kentucky 86.11%

• President of the United States
• 1944 United States House of Representatives elections
• 1944 United States Senate elections
• United States home front during World War II
• Hell-Bent for Election, an animated Roosevelt campaign film.
• Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• Anderson, Michael James. "The presidential election of 1944" (PhD thesis University of Cincinnati ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1990. 9108602).
• Briggs, Philip J. "General MacArthur and the Presidential Election of 1944." Presidential Studies Quarterly (1992): 31-46. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27550902 online]

• Davis, Michael. Politics as Usual: Thomas Dewey, Franklin Roosevelt, and the Wartime Presidential Campaign of 1944 (Cornell UP, 2014).
• Divine, Robert A. Foreign policy and U.S. presidential elections, 1940-1948 (1974) [https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyusp0000divi online free to borrow] pp 91 to 166 on 1944.
• Evans, Hugh E. The Hidden Campaign: FDR's Health and the 1944 Election (ME Sharpe, 2002).

• Friedman, Leon. "The Election of 1944" in Arthur M. Schlesinger, ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–1968 (1971)
• Hamby, Alonzo L. Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (1995), chapter 17.
• Heaster, Brenda L. "Who's on Second: The 1944 Democratic Vice Presidential Nomination." Missouri Historical Review 80.2 (1986): 156-175.
• Jeffries, John W. Testing the Roosevelt coalition: Connecticut society and politics, 1940-1946 (Yale University, 1973).
• {{cite book |first1=David M. |last1=Jordan |title=FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944 |url=https://archive.org/details/fdrdeweyelection0000jord |url-access=registration |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2011}}
• Kennedy, Patrick D. "Chicago's Irish Americans and the Candidacies of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1932-1944." Illinois Historical Journal 88.4 (1995): 263-278 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40192982 online].
• Luconi, Stefano. "The Impact of World War II on the Political Behavior of the Italian-American Electorate in New York City." New York History (2002): 404-417 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42677818 online].
• Norpoth, Helmut. Unsurpassed: The Popular Appeal of Franklin Roosevelt (Oxford University Press, 2018).
• Overacker, Louise. "Presidential Campaign Funds, 19441." American Political Science Review 39.5 (1945): 899-925.
• Johnstone, Andrew , and Andrew Priest, eds. US Presidential Elections and Foreign Policy: Candidates, Campaigns, and Global Politics from FDR to Bill Clinton (2017) pp 40-60.[https://muse.jhu.edu/book/50578/ online]

• Rovin, Fern Rochelle. "Politics and the Presidential Election of 1944" (PhD dissertation Indiana University 1973) (ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1973, 7414183).
• Savage, Sean J. "The 1936-1944 Campaigns", in William D. Pederson, ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) pp 96–113

• Smith, Richard Norton. Thomas E. Dewey and His Times (1984), a standard scholarly biography

• Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.; Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls from USA [https://archive.org/details/publicopinion19300unse online]
• Gallup, George H. ed. The Gallup Poll, Volume One 1935–1948 (1972) statistical reports on each poll
• Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) [https://archive.org/details/guidetopolitical0000ches online]
• Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) [https://archive.org/details/nationalpartypla00port online 1840-1956]

• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqFI8wl3J9w Tuesday In November: The 1944 Presidential Election]
• [http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1944.htm 1944 popular vote by counties]

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042328/http://www.countingthevotes.com/1944/ Election of 1944 in Counting the Votes]

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{{United States presidential election, 1944}}

{{1944 United States elections}}

{{State Results of the 1944 U.S. presidential election}}

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{{Harry S. Truman}}

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Category:United States home front during World War II

Category:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt

Category:Franklin D. Roosevelt

Category:Harry S. Truman

Category:November 1944 in the United States

Category:Thomas E. Dewey