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1946 Georgia gubernatorial election

{{Short description|none}}

{{for|related races|1946 United States gubernatorial elections}}

{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox election

| election_name = 1946 Georgia Democratic gubernatorial primary

| country = Georgia (U.S. state)

| flag_year = 1920

| type = Presidential

| ongoing = no

| previous_election = 1942 Georgia gubernatorial election

| previous_year = 1942

| next_election = 1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election

| next_year = 1948 (special)

| election_date = July 17, 1946

| image_size = x150px

| image1 = File:Eugene Talmadge, Georgia Governor.jpg

| nominee1 = Eugene Talmadge

| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)

| electoral_vote1 = 244

| popular_vote1 = 297,245

| percentage1 = 42.96%

| image2 =

| nominee2 = James V. Carmichael

| party2 = Democratic Party (United States)

| electoral_vote2 = 144

| popular_vote2 = 313,389

| percentage2 = 45.30%

| image3 = File:E. D. Rivers Georgia Governor.jpg

| nominee3 = Eurith D. Rivers

| party3 = Democratic Party (United States)

| electoral_vote3 = 22

| popular_vote3 = 69,489

| percentage3 = 10.04%

| map_image = File:1946 Georgia gubernatorial Democratic primary election results map by county.svg

| map_size = 250px

| map_caption = County results
Talmadge: {{legend0|#a5b0ff|40-50%}} {{legend0|#7996e2|50-60%}} {{legend0|#6674de|60-70%}} {{legend0|#584cde|70-80%}} {{legend0|#3933e5|80-90%}}
Carmichael: {{legend0|#f1e9c5|30-40%}} {{legend0|#e9ddaf|40-50%}} {{legend0|#d3bc5f|50-60%}} {{legend0|#c8ab37|60-70%}} {{legend0|#a0892c|70-80%}}
Rivers: {{legend0|#ffe9ff|30-40%}} {{legend0|#ffd4ff|40-50%}} {{legend0|#ffbce3|50-60%}} {{legend0|#ffabff|60-70%}} {{legend0|#ff67ff|80–90%}} {{legend0|#d63cff|>90%}}

| title = Governor

| before_election = Ellis Arnall

| before_party = Democratic Party (United States)

| after_election = Melvin E. Thompson{{efn|Eugene Talmadge was elected to a third term in 1946, but died before taking office. Ellis Arnall, governor at the time, claimed the office, as did Lieutenant Governor Melvin Thompson. The state legislature chose Eugene Talmadge's son, Herman Talmadge, to be governor, but during what came to be called the "three governors controversy", the state supreme court declared this unconstitutional and declared Thompson rightful governor, and Talmadge stepped down after 67 days. Talmadge later defeated Thompson in a special election.{{cite web | url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/three-governors-controversy | title=Three Governors Controversy | publisher=New Georgia Encyclopedia | access-date=June 21, 2019}}}}

| after_party = Democratic Party (United States)

| votes_for_election = 410 county unit votes

| needed_votes = 206 unit

}}

{{ElectionsGA}}

The 1946 Georgia gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 1946, in order to elect the governor of Georgia.

Incumbent Democratic governor Ellis Arnall was term-limited, and ineligible to run for a second term before spending four years out of office (thus in 1950).{{Cite web |title=1945 Georgia constitution, Article V, Section I, Paragraph I |url=https://vault.georgiaarchives.org/digital/collection/adhoc/id/9223 |website=Georgia State Archive |quote=The Executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his office during the term of four years, and until his successor shall be chosen and qualified. The governor serving at the time of the adoption of this Constitution and future Governors shall not be eligible to succeed themselves and shall not be eligible to hold the office until after the expiration of four years from the conclusion of his term in office.}}

As was common at the time, the Democratic candidate ran with only token opposition in the general election so therefore the Democratic primary was the real contest, and winning the primary was considered tantamount to election. The Republican Party was utterly unviable in Georgia at the time, and had not even nominated a candidate of its own.{{Cite journal |last=Belvin |first=William L. |date=1966 |title=The Georgia Gubernatorial Primary of 1946 |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |issn=0016-8297|jstor=40578545 }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/three-governors-controversy |title=Three Governors Controversy |last=Buchanan |first=Scott |date=2002-08-12 |website=New Georgia Encyclopedia |access-date=2019-06-23}}

The election was won by the Democratic nominee and former governor Eugene Talmadge, who died weeks later in mid-December, before his scheduled inauguration in January 1947. Talmadge's death created the three governors controversy in Georgia.[https://web.archive.org/web/20081121225925/http://www.ourgeorgiahistory.com/ogh/Georgia%27s_Three_Governors_Controversy Our Georgia History]

Democratic primary

The Democratic primary election was held on July 17, 1946. As Talmadge won a majority of county unit votes, there was no run-off.

=County unit system=

From 1917 until 1962, the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Georgia used a voting system called the county unit system to determine victors in statewide primary elections.{{cite web |url=http://www.georgiacca.com/unit.cfm |title=County Unit System |publisher=Georgia County Clerks Association |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531162547/http://www.georgiacca.com/unit.cfm |archive-date=31 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}

The system was ostensibly designed to function similarly to the Electoral College, but in practice the large ratio of unit votes for small, rural counties to unit votes for more populous urban areas provided outsized political influence to the smaller counties.{{cite web |url=http://testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=GR4181&chapterID=GR4181-6373&path=encyclopedias/greenwood |title=Eugene Talmadge |website=The Jim Crow Encyclopedia |publisher=The African American Experience |access-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123030046/http://testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=GR4181&chapterID=GR4181-6373&path=encyclopedias%2Fgreenwood |archive-date=23 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://rbrl.blogspot.com/2011/10/county-unit-system-eh.html |title=County Unit System, eh? |date=6 October 2011 |publisher=Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies |access-date=8 June 2020}}

Under the county unit system, the 159 counties in Georgia were divided by population into three categories. The largest eight counties were classified as "Urban", the next-largest 30 counties were classified as "Town", and the remaining 121 counties were classified as "Rural". Urban counties were given 6 unit votes, Town counties were given 4 unit votes, and Rural counties were given 2 unit votes, for a total of 410 available unit votes. Each county's unit votes were awarded on a winner-take-all basis.

Candidates were required to obtain a majority of unit votes (not necessarily a majority of the popular vote), or 206 total unit votes, to win the election. If no candidate received a majority in the initial primary, a runoff election was held between the top two candidates to determine a winner.

=Candidates=

{{cite news |author= |title=Klan Primary Issue in Georgia's Torrid Gubernatorial Race |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1946-05-31/ed-1/seq-35/#date1=1946&index=2&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Carmichael+Rivers+Talmadge&proxdistance=5&date2=1946&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=&andtext=rivers+talmadge+carmichael&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |work=Evening Star |date=31 May 1946 |page=B-16 |access-date=17 June 2020 }}

  • Hoke O'Kelley, businessman{{cite web |url=http://emoryhistory.emory.edu/facts-figures/places/names/oxford/okelley-library.html |title=Hoke O'Kelley Memorial Library |author= |website=Emory University: History and Traditions |access-date=13 June 2020 }}
  • Eurith D. Rivers, former governor
  • Eugene Talmadge, former governor

=Results=

{{Election results

|firstround=Popular vote

|secondround=County unit vote

|cand1=Eugene Talmadge|votes1=297245|votes1_2=244

|cand2=James V. Carmichael|votes2=313389|votes2_2=144

|cand3=Eurith D. Rivers|votes3=69489|votes3_2=22

|cand4=Hoke O'Kelley|votes4=11758

|source={{sfn|Congressional Quarterly|1998|p=107}}{{cite web |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=377207 |title=GA Governor, 1946 - D Primary |publisher=Our Campaigns |access-date=17 June 2020}}{{sfn|Georgia Register|1950|pp=490-493}}

}}

General election

In the general election, Talmadge faced token opposition.

However, from October 3, Talmadge began to suffer from stomach hemorrhages and was unable to attend the state convention in October in Macon.{{cite news |author= |title=Talmadge death may give Arnall another term |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1946-12-22/ed-1/seq-1/ |work=Evening Star |location=Washington, D.C. |date=22 December 1946 |page=1 |access-date=17 June 2020 }}{{Sfn|Henderson|1991|page=171}}{{Sfn|Bullock, Buchanan and Gaddie|2015|page=128}}

The 1945 state constitution required a candidate receive a majority of votes to be elected governor; if no one had a majority, the General Assembly was to hold a contingent election between the top two candidates "who shall be in life, and shall not decline an election".{{cite web |title=1945 Constitution of Georgia |url=http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/ggpd/docs/1945/ga/c600/_ps1/p7/1945.con/1.pdf |page=32}} Talmadge supporters believed this would require the General Assembly to choose between the second- and third-placed candidates in case of his death, and thus prepared by organizing enough write-in votes to ensure his son Herman Talmadge would take part.{{Sfn|Bullock, Buchanan and Gaddie|2015|page=134-135}}{{sfn|Georgia Register|1950|pp=542}}{{Sfn|Henderson|1991|page=178}}{{Sfn|Novotny|2007|p=233}}

=Results=

D. Talmadge Bowers was a Republican.{{Sfn|Bullock, Buchanan and Gaddie|2015|page=133}}{{cite news |author= |title=Talmadge backers claim Legislature for son |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1946-12-29/ed-1/seq-2/ |work=Evening Star |location=Washington, D.C. |date=29 December 1946 |page=A-2 |access-date=17 June 2020 }}

{{Election box begin | title=1946 Georgia gubernatorial election{{sfn|Congressional Quarterly|1998|p=48}}{{cite web |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=174216 |title=GA Governor, 1946 |publisher=Our Campaigns |access-date=17 June 2020}}{{sfn|Glashan|1979|pp=68-69}}{{sfn|Georgia Register|1950|pp=538-543}}

}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|

| party = Democratic Party (United States)

| candidate = Eugene Talmadge

| votes = 143,279

| percentage = 98.54%

| change =

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|

| party = Write-in

| candidate = Herman Talmadge

| votes = 675

| percentage = 0.46%

| change =

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|

| party = Write-in

| candidate = James V. Carmichael

| votes = 669

| percentage = 0.46%

| change =

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|

| party = Write-in

| candidate = D. Talmadge Bowers

| votes = 637

| percentage = 0.44%

| change =

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|

| party = Write-in

| candidate = Ellis Arnall

| votes = 122

| percentage = 0.08%

| change =

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|

| party = Write-in

| candidate = Eurith D. Rivers

| votes = 6

| percentage = 0.00%

| change =

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|

| party = Write-in

| candidate = Hoke O'Kelley

| votes = 4

| percentage = 0.00%

| change =

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|

| party = Write-in

| candidate = All others

| votes = 11

| percentage = 0.01%

| change =

}}

{{Election box turnout|

| votes = 145,403

| percentage = 100.00%

| change =

}}

{{Election box hold with party link|

| winner = Democratic Party (United States)

| loser =

| swing =

}}

{{Election box end}}

Aftermath

On December 21, 1946, Talmadge died before taking office. The state constitution did not specify who would assume the governorship in such a situation, so three men made claims to the governorship: Ellis Arnall, the outgoing governor; Melvin E. Thompson, the lieutenant governor-elect; and Herman Talmadge, Eugene Talmadge's son.

The General Assembly met to certify the election on January 14, 1947. When the returns were first opened, Republican write-in Talmadge Bowers was second, with James Carmichael third and Herman Talmadge fourth. However, additional write-in votes were discovered for Herman Talmadge from his home county of Telfair, probably the result of electoral fraud, and in the official results he was second.{{cite news |last1=Hackle |first1=Al |title=The 3 governors controversy |url=https://www.statesboroherald.com/local/the-3-governors-controversy/ |work=Statesboro Herald |date=5 August 2016}}

The General Assembly then declined to certify Eugene Talmadge as the winner, instead resolving that "no person had a majority of the whole number of votes" because of his death. It immediately proceeded to the contingent election between the top two living candidates.{{cite court |litigants=Thompson v. Talmadge |vol=41 |reporter=S.E.2d |opinion=883 |court=Ga. |date=1947 |url=https://casetext.com/case/thompson-v-talmadge}} Carmichael declined to participate; Talmadge opponents voted present out of protest.{{Sfn|Bullock, Buchanan and Gaddie|2015|page=165}}

{{Election box begin no change

| title = 1946 Georgia gubernatorial election - legislative election{{Sfn|Novotny|2007|p=233}}{{cite web |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=261915 |title=GA Governor, 1946 - Legislative Election |publisher=Our Campaigns |access-date=17 June 2020}}

}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change

| candidate = Herman Talmadge

| party = Democratic Party (United States)

| votes = 161

| percentage = 64.92

}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change

| candidate = Abstain

| party =

| votes = 87

| percentage = 35.08

}}

{{Election box total no change

| votes = 248

| percentage = 100.00

}}

{{Election box end}}

Thompson appealed to the Supreme Court of Georgia. The court ruled in March 1947 that Eugene Talmadge's death did not change the fact that a majority of votes had been cast for him, and the General Assembly had violated the constitution by resolving there was no majority. It defined the General Assembly's role in certification as purely ministerial, and held that the constitution did not allow it any discretion in the process, including considering the death of a candidate.

Ironically, the court then resolved the initial controversy of who should have been governor after certification in favor of Ellis Arnall; since the constitution defined the gubernatorial term as four years but stipulated it does not expire until a successor is "chosen and qualified", and a dead person is not qualified, the court held Arnall should have continued serving as governor. However, he had voluntarily resigned any claim to the office on January 18 to make way for Thompson. At that point, the court held, power devolved on the duly elected lieutenant governor.

In a 1985 interview, Arnall admitted he shared the interpretation that he could continue in office for up to another full term, but had little interest in doing so. Before he resigned, wanting to avoid "plung[ing] the state into a banana republic war", he first contacted an unnamed Supreme Court justice to ensure the court was likely to rule against the legislature, and thus would find his resignation would transfer power to Thompson.{{cite interview |last=Arnall |first=Ellis |subject-link=Ellis Arnall |interviewer=Harold P. (Hal) Henderson, Sr. |title=Interview with Ellis Arnall, December 10, 1985 |work= |date=10 December 1985 |publisher=University of Georgia |location= |url=https://georgiaoralhistory.libs.uga.edu/items/show/1817 |access-date=29 June 2023}}

The constitution required a special election to complete the 1947–1951 gubernatorial term "at the next general election for members of the General Assembly", which was in November 1948.

References

{{Reflist}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book |title=Gubernatorial Elections, 1787-1997 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Congressional Quarterly Inc. |date=1998 |isbn=1-56802-396-0 | ref={{SfnRef|Congressional Quarterly|1998}}}}
  • {{cite book |last = Glashan | first = Roy R. | title = American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978 | publisher = Meckler Books | year = 1979 | isbn = 0-930466-17-9 }}
  • {{cite book |author=Compiled by Mrs. J.E. Hays, State Historian and Director |date=1950 |title=Georgia's Official Register, 1945-1950 |url=http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/statreg-images/pdfs/1945.pdf |location=Atlanta, GA |publisher=State of Georgia, Department of Archives and History | ref = {{SfnRef|Georgia Register|1950}}}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Bullock |first1=Charles S. |last2=Buchanan |first2=Scott E. |last3=Gaddie |first3=Ronald Keith |date=2015 |title=The Three Governors Controversy: Skullduggery, Machinations, and the Decline of Georgia's Progressive Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3PHBwAAQBAJ |location=Athens, GA |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-4734-9 |ref={{SfnRef|Bullock, Buchanan and Gaddie|2015}}}}
  • {{cite book |last=Henderson |first=Harold P. |date=1991 |title=The Politics of Change in Georgia: A Political Biography of Ellis Arnall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lnsxHhybo8C&pg=PA171 |location=Athens, GA |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=0-8203-1306-8 }}
  • {{cite book |last=Novotny |first=Patrick |date=2007 |title=This Georgia Rising: Education, Civil Rights, and the Politics of Change in Georgia in the 1940s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Li_lnmeAG0C&pg=PA233 |location=Macon, GA |publisher=Mercer University Press |isbn=978-0-88146-088-9 }}

{{1946 United States elections}}

1946

Georgia

Gubernatorial

Category:November 1946 in the United States

Category:Single-candidate elections

Category:July 1946 in the United States