1975 24 Hours of Le Mans

The ongoing fuel-crisis was having a growing impact on international motor-racing, as critics saw the sport as a profligate waste of petrol. The Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO), ever wanting to follow its original mandate to advance automobile technology,Clausager 1982, p.24 put in radical measures to provide a solution. All cars had to go 20 laps before refuelling with petrol and oil – roughly equivalent to {{convert|270|km|abbr=on}}, around 7mpg, for a 25% improvement.Clausager 1982, p.167-9 As a reference, the Matras had only done 16 laps between their fuel stops in 1974.Spurring 2011, p.174 Fuel tank sizes were also limited in size.Clausager 1982, p.167-9

These, however, put it out of step with the CSI (Commission Sportive Internationale - the FIA’s regulations body) and the FIA therefore removed the Le Mans 24 Hours from the World Championship calendar. This had happened before when the FIA had excluded Le Mans in 1956 because of their stricter safety requirements.Clausager 1982, p.167-9Wimpffen 2007, p.158 It can also be pointed out that Le Mans races prior to 1960 had run to refuelling restrictions.Clausager 1982, p.167-9 For its part, the CSI had postponed the introduction of its new Group 5 “silhouette” rules until 1976.Spurring 2011, p.180

The ACO also introduced a new “GTX” (Le Mans Grand Touring Experimental) class for GT cars to use non-homologated equipment. It also opened up its entry list to Group 3 GTs, alongside the Group 5, 4 and 2 cars. Finally, the ACO allowed teams to replace any pieces of equipment during the race, but the defective parts had to be given to the ACO technical team.Spurring 2011, p.174Clarke 1997, p.7-8: Autocar Jun21 1975 This year, the ACO also gave a prize to the car which used the smallest amount of fuel. Also the Index of Thermal Efficiency was now opened to all car classes.Spurring 2011, p.9

Since the race's inception in 1923, the Le Mans circuit had incorporated using public highways. An ambitious plan in the early 1970s had been proposed to build a new Mulsanne Straight parallel to the main road and bypassing the Mulsanne corner.Clausager 1982, p.23 However, by 1975 with the economic recession and reduced interest in motor-racing, no work had been started, and in the end the project was cancelled later in the year.

To general surprise, the ACO received a commendable 101 applications, which became 71 arriving for qualifying and a final 55 in the race.Spurring 2011, p.173 However, Matra had followed Ferrari out of Sports-Car racing. Alfa Romeo works team Autodelta had sold its cars to German Willi Kauhsen,Wimpffen 2007, p.158 who chose not to enter, saying there was no way the Alfas could make the necessary fuel economy. Alpine-Renault cited the same reason.

• Note: The first number is the number of arrivals, the second the number who started.

Although John Wyer had semi-retired, he saw an opportunity for his Gulf-Mirage cars with the fuel-formula and the lack of big opposition. Last year the Gulfs had achieved fuel consumption of 6.1mpg.Clarke 1997, p.6: Autocar Jun14 1975 So he and JWA designer John Horsman set about adapting and optimising a new model, the Gulf GR-8 for this single race in the season. It had a long-wheelbase and low-drag body. They detuned the Cosworth DFV to run at a 8400rpm rev-limit, down about 2000rpm.Spurring 2011, p.176-7Clarke 1997, p.17-8: Autosport Jun19 1975 The engine would now put out 380 bhp capable of 310 kp/h (195 mph). Chemists at Gulf Oil developed a fuel for the cars and put together they could achieve an impressive 7.25mpg.Spurring 2011, p.176-7 Once again, Wyer was able to call upon Jacky Ickx to drive, partnered with Derek Bell, while the other car had Vern Schuppan and Jean-Pierre Jaussaud.

File:1975LigierJS2FordCosworthDFV.jpg

In the absence of other manufacturers, it was Guy Ligier who would be Gulf's biggest competition. Suffering from the effects of the economic downturn, Ligier realised he would not have sufficient cars built to get Group 4 homologation. Having purchased the facilities of the defunct Matra Sport at the end of 1974, Ligier was preparing to enter Formula One. With the services of Matra's engineer Gérard Ducarouge and ace driver Henri Pescarolo he also adapted his JS2 cars to carry the Cosworth DFV engine (detuned to about 410 bhp) and Hewland gearboxes. However, being about 10% heavier than the Gulfs meant the Ligiers were slightly slower in a straight line. For the race, regular drivers François Migault and Jean-Louis Lafosse were split: Migault drove with Pescarolo, while Lafosse teamed up with Ligier-regular Guy Chasseuil. As a late entry, the team also ran a 320 bhp Maserati-engined version for two other former Matra drivers, Jean-Pierre Beltoise and Jean-Pierre Jarier.Spurring 2011, p.178

Meanwhile, in the World Championship, it had been the five-year old,Clarke 1997, p.13-4: Motor Jun21 1975 360 bhp Porsche 908/03 of Joest Racing taking the battle to Willi Kauhsen's Alfa Romeos. Norbert Singer, Porsche works engineer, was seconded to the team and gave the car a longtail chassis. Team-owner Reinhold Joest drove with Mario Casoni and Jürgen Barth.Spurring 2011, p.180

British privateer Alain de Cadenet arrived with a new car – a Lola T380 fitted with a Cosworth DFV capable of 400 bhp by engine-specialist John Nicholson. Despite this the chassis was very new, and nearly 40 kp/h slower on the straights than the Gulfs and Ligiers. It was driven by regular racing duo of de Cadenet with Chris Craft.Spurring 2011, p.187 Swiss privateer Heinz Schulthess likewise entered a new Lola-Cosworth T284, tuned by another engine-specialist, compatriot Heini Mader.Spurring 2011, p.191 Shin Kato returned with his latest Sigma model, the MC-75, that was now powered by a 1.6-litre Toyota turbo engine which put it in the 3-litre class because of the x1.4 equivalency factor for turbo enginesSpurring 2011, p.84Spurring 2011, p.191 (in sports car racing, the factor in Formula 1 was x2.0Automobile Year 1976, p.145).

File:1975 Alpine Renault A441 Renault-Gordini V6 2ACT 1997cc 285hp 320kmh foto 3.jpg

The fuel-economy regulations now made S-2000 class a lot more competitive. Renault Sport had won the inaugural 1973 World Rally Championship, and was now focused on Sports-car racing.Spurring 2011, p.182-3 Along with its subsidiary companies Gordini (engines) and Alpine (chassis) had been working on a new sports car. For 1975, the new turbo-powered A442 made an immediate impression beating the Alfa Romeos at Mugello. However their cars were very new and proved fast but unreliable. The works team did not enter, however a non-turbo, A441 arrived in the colours of Elf Switzerland for the all-female team of Marie-Claude Beaumont and Lella Lombardi.Spurring 2011, p.182-3 It was the first Alpine to race at Le mans for six years.Clausager 1982, p.167-9 André Moynet, French war hero, politician and amateur racer, had been building his own sports car, based on a Chappe et Gesselin chassis with a 2-litre Simca-JRD engine and Porsche transmission. He gained sponsorship from Elf's competitor Esso-France, who suggested also compiling an all-female driving team. Moynet hired Michèle Mouton, Christine Dacremont and Marianne Hoepfner for his car.Spurring 2011, p.184

The strong showing by the new 2-litre Simca-ROC engines in the 1974 race saw five cars with Fred Stadler's engine including three Lolas of his own team.Spurring 2011, p.190

In lieu of the works team, Ferrari was represented primarily by the North American Racing Team (NART) bringing four different cars in three categories. The 308 special returned in Group 5, and a regular 365 GTB/4 for Ronnie Bucknum/Carlo Facetti in Group 4. The other two were entered in the new GTX category: a new 365 Berlinetta Boxer and a 365 Daytona spyder.Spurring 2011, p.186

The Group 4 Special GT class was dominated by the Porsche RSR teams. This year's most successful team - Georg Loos’ Gelo Racing - had three cars entered, for John Fitzpatrick (the current European GT champion)/Gijs van Lennep, Tim Schenken / Howden Ganley and Toine Hezemans/Manfred Schurti. Their main competition came from their compatriot Kremer Racing and Tebernum teams (supported by Joest Racing), the Swiss Porsche Club Romand, Spanish Escuderia Montjuïch along with the local French ASA Cachia-Bondy team and owner-engineers Robert Buchet and Louis Meznarie.Spurring 2011, p.181-2

Up against the armada of 911s (comprising half the field with 28 of 55 starters) alongside the NART Ferrari, were two other 365s for the Ecurie Francorchamps and French privateer Marcel Mignot.Spurring 2011, p.186 Along with Henri Greder's Chevrolet Corvette was also a De Tomaso Pantera and a Datsun 240Z. As expected, Porsche dominated the new Group 3 entry with eight of the nine cars against Wicky Racing's lone De Tomaso Pantera.

There was renewed interest in Group 2 this year, with seven cars arriving for qualification. These included two Ford Capris from the French Shark Team and the return of Claude Buchet's Mazda twin-rotary RX-3. Against them were three BMWs: defending class-winner Jean-Claude Aubriet brought his 3.0 CSL back. Lichtenstein engine-specialist Max Heidegger prepared a BMW 2002 TI with a F2 engine (capable of 260 bhp) for French privateer Daniel Brillat.Spurring 2011, p.189 The third was another French privateer. Hervé Poulain, an art dealer and keen racer, entered another 3.0 CSL and convinced his friend, artist Alexander Calder, to paint it. Although not the first “art car” (Porsche had raced the psychedelic Martini-917 in 1970 and “Pink Pig” in 1971), it was to become the first of many BMW Art Cars. BMW insured it for DM 1 million (~US$430 000),Clarke 1997, p.11: Road&Track Oct 1975 and Poulain got 1964-winner Jean Guichet and American IMSA-BMW driver Sam Posey as co-drivers.Spurring 2011, p.188

The last entry was a big American “muscle car” – a Plymouth Barracuda with a big 426cu in Hemi engine entered by French privateer Michel Guicherd.

The ACO cancelled the March Test Weekend, when the CSI scheduled a championship race at Mugello on the same weekend. Thus, many teams came to Race Week with no real idea of their racing fuel economy. The ACO required every car to prove some time during the practice sessions that it could run at least 20 laps at a race pace before refuelling.Spurring 2011, p.173Clarke 1997, p.17-18: Autosport Jun19 1975 This meant at least one 60-90 minute run. But in compensation, the total practice time was increased to ten hours over the Wednesday and Thursday. Also, every driver now had to pass a minimum lap-time in both daylight and night.Spurring 2011, p.174

Jacky Ickx immediately set the pace on Wednesday night with a 3:49.9 lap that would put his Gulf on pole. This was fully fourteen seconds slower than the Matra's pole time the previous year. After initial issues, on Thursday Jean-Pierre Jaussaud put the sister Gulf on the front row with a 3:51.8. Third was Lafosse in the Ligier with Casoni fourth in the Joest-Porsche and Pescarolo in the other Ligier.Spurring 2011, p.173

Then came the two Lolas of Schulthess and De Cadenet, joined by 2-litre Lola-ROC (4:02.8) fractionally ahead of the women in the Alpine. Tenth on the grid was the Ligier-Maserati of Beltoise/Jarier.

Eleventh was the BMW “art-car” (4:06.0) proving significantly faster than the Group 4 GTs, the quickest of which was the Buchet Porsche in 13th (4:16.0) ahead of the Tebernum Porsche. The Buchet Porsche's stablemate, of Wollek/Grandet, was the first of the Group 3 cars down in 38th with a 4:28.9. Slowest qualifier was the little BMW 2002 with a 4:47.9, although it was still quicker in its class than a Ford Capri and the ‘Hemicuda’Spurring 2011, p.195

A major argument broke out on Friday when the officials declared that the NART Dino 308 GT4 had not qualified, although it had met the qualification requirements. Team manager Luigi Chinetti was incensed and when his appeal was denied he pulled all four of his Ferraris off the dummy grid in protest, as the cars were forming up on Saturday.Spurring 2011, p.186 Some last minute calls and preparation got the Japanese Sigma and the Claude Buchet Mazda RX-3 there in their stead.Spurring 2011, p.191 Paul Rilly, running the Lamborghini Islero that had not qualified in the GTX category was not at home and missed his call to bring the car back to the track.Spurring 2011, p.173{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemans.org/en/news/the-24-hours-of-le-mans-and-lamborghini-part-1/18124|title=The 24 Hours of Le Mans and Lamborghini (Part 1)|last=Riom|first=Pierre-Yves|last2=Ehrhardt|first2=Nikki|date=12 November 2014|website=lemans.org|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.les24heures.fr/images/24hphotoarticle/1975lambo/Lemans1975-34-Islero.pdf|title=ISLERO LE MANS 1975 – PAUL RILLY|last=Nameche|first=Olivier|date=2007|website=jaramaregistry.com}}

The Ecuador-Marlboro team had brought two cars, neither of which qualified. However, in a race-first, the team still managed to sneak onto the back row of the dummy grid with its 911, and even got to run three laps in the race until it was spotted and black-flagged by the officials.Spurring 2011, p.181-2

On a hot Saturday afternoon, Bell took the lead from the rolling start. Schuppan then overtook him heading onto the Mulsanne Straight for the first time and proceeded to build a lead. Joest slotted into third with Craft then Pescarolo, in the first of the Ligiers, and the Group 2 BMW “art-car” in a credible sixth.

As always there were a number of cars pitting with early problems: The Schulthess Lola had not been able to fire up in time and started the race a lap behind after the rolling start had passed by.Spurring 2011, p.191 Lafosse brought his Ligier in when a warning light came on, and lost a lap only to find that it was the light at fault.Spurring 2011, p.178 The BMW art-car pitted with a broken brake-line, dropping it well down the order, and two of the ROC-Lolas pitted with the start of many electrical issues.

The Gulfs were able to maintain a strong 4-minute pace right through to their first pit-stops after 21 laps, and soon afterward Ickx took the lead the car was never going to forfeit thereafter. It was at the first stops that the only victim was afflicted by the fuel regulations. Marie-Claude Beaumont, in the Alpine 2-litre running sixth, came to a stop at Mulsanne corner with no fuel three laps before her scheduled refuelling stop. The team had managed 26 laps on a tank during practice. Able to manually pump some fuel she could only get as far as Indianapolis. A faulty fuel system was blamed,Clarke 1997, p.19-20: Autosport Jun19 1975 but team principal Gérard Larrousse later admitted the team had got their fuel calculations wrong.Spurring 2011, p.182-3

Going into the third hour, the Gulfs were 2 seconds apart, with de Cadenet, Joest and Casoni now the last on the lead lap. Migault was a lap down and the other two Ligiers a further lap back with Posey in the BMW catching up again and the Poirot Porsche in eighth. Schickentanz in the Tebernum Porsche lead the GTs by ten seconds from the Fitzpatrick Gelo-Porsche. Beltoise in the Ligier-Maserati was running sixth when he tried to outbrake a Ferrari going into Indianapolis, but only ended up getting pushed off into the Armco barrier.Spurring 2011, p.178 Craft pitted the de Cadenet from third. The notorious vibration of the Cosworth engine had popped rivets in the engine case and broken the exhaust. The repairs took 45 minutes, and when Craft came back out he set the fastest lap rushing back through the field.Spurring 2011, p.187 The third Gelo Porsche (Hezemans/Schurti) crashed when its suspension failed. They continued on until nightfall when the car was retired and the drivers were transferred to the team's leading car, now running fifth.Spurring 2011, p.181-2

Around 9.30pm, as night fell, the second-placed Gulf of Schuppan/Jaussaud spent 25 minutes in the pits replacing an alternator, dropping it to 5th, six laps behind the teammates The BMW ‘art-car’ had got back up to 6th when a broken CV joint left Posey stuck out on the circuit.Spurring 2011, p.188 In the GTs it was Fitzpatrick two laps ahead of the “Beurlys” car with the Kremer car closing.

Just before midnight Alain De Cadenet, running third, was completely unaware when the engine-cover of his Lola flew off while at speed on the Mulsanne Straight.Clausager 1982, p.167-9 It landed on the track and fourth-placed François Migault had the misfortune to hit it at full speed in the dark with his Ligier. Although repaired (taking three-quarters an hour) a faulty alternator in the small hours dropped them out of contention.Spurring 2011, p.178

Around 2am the second-placed Joest Porsche collided with Poirot's 908 (running 6th) at Mulsanne corner. Repairs took 20 minutes and dropped them down to fourth.Spurring 2011, p.180 By half-time, the Gulf cars were back running 1-2 (albeit 6 laps apart), ahead of the Lafosse/Chasseuil Ligier and the repaired Joest Porsche. The Gelo Porsche still led the GT class, and running fifth overall, now ahead of the Kremer Porsche up to second in class.

File:2017-03-07 Geneva Motor Show 0893.JPG

Soon after dawn Pescarolo suffered a puncture on his Ligier, ruining the bodywork, and stranding him out on the track.Spurring 2011, p.178 About the same time a very similar accident happened to Joest but he was more fortunate to be able to get the Porsche back to the pits.Spurring 2011, p.180 However the repairs put the car 15 laps behind the leader and only two ahead of the Gelo Porsche.

By the time the sun was up, Ickx and Bell had built up a sizeable lead. Right on 6am Jaussaud pitted complaining of an excessive rear-end vibration. Subsequent checks and work took a quarter-hour and put them on the same lap, two minutes behind the Ligier.Spurring 2011, p.176-7 Joest had yet another puncture at 8am, but kept his place. The Gelo Porsche was now four laps back, still holding a two-lap lead over the Kremer and “Beurlys” cars. Throughout the morning the Ligier traded places with the second Gulf which would power past only to then come into the pits to investigate its engine vibration further.

Soon after midday the rain arrived. The Gulf of Schuppan/Jaussaud pitted yet again, when water got into its electrics. Drying them out cost fifteen minutes which finally gave the Ligier breathing space in second place.Spurring 2011, p.176-7

File:Moynet LM 75.jpg

The leading Gulf also had the same ongoing vibration as their stablemate and it finally came to a head when it was forced to pit at 2.30pm with an exhaust shaken apart by the vibration. While repairs were being done, the Ligier closed in. It had just got onto the lead lap when Bell took the Gulf back out, fuelled to the finish. When the Ligier subsequently pitted for its final fuel stop, the race was secure for JWA. About the same time, the Kremer Porsche had to pit with a major engine failure. Amazingly, the team was able to replace the whole engine in 30 minutes and they only lost ten laps to finish 9th.Spurring 2011, p.181-2

Going into the final hour Bob Wollek, running 12th, spun his Porsche damaging the exhaust. While pitted, the crew mistakenly refuelled the car, before its requisite 20 laps and was disqualified.Spurring 2011, p.181-2 The fastest S-2000, the Lola-ROC of Ferrier/Lapeyre/Ethuin had issues from the start but was stopped at its final pitstop when the starter motor broke.Spurring 2011, p.190

In the end Ickx and Bell won by a lap from the Lafosse/Chasseuil Ligier. Schuppan/Jaussaud were third, five laps back, with Joest's Porsche 908 another five laps back. The next eight places were Porsche GTs lead home by the Gelo car of van Lennep/Fitzpatrick/Hezemans winning Group 4 by four laps from the veteran Jean Blaton's privateer entry with Belgian racing-journalist Nick Faure.

De Cadenet's Lola was 14th, finishing the race with a bodywork stuck together with a lot of adhesive tape. First of the S-2000 class home was the Moynet with the all-female crew, finishing 21st, after a careful and trouble-free run.Spurring 2011, p.184 The last classified finisher, and winner of the Group 2 category by attrition, was the little BMW 2002 having spent the first half of the race battling with the Mazda RX-3 for last place.Spurring 2011, p.189

Winner of the Index of Thermal Efficiency was the second X-Racing Group 3 Porsche. The privateer Lola-ROC (although slowest of the S-2000 class) came second in class four laps behind the Moynet, and comfortably used the smallest amount of fuel.Spurring 2011, p.190

It was the first Le Mans victory for the nine-year old Cosworth-DFV engine finally proving its reliability. This was the fourth win for John Wyer, dating back to the Aston Martin triumph in 1959 and the second for Jacky Ickx.Spurring 2011, p.175 After the race, Wyer retired for good and the JWA team was disbanded.Spurring 2011, p.176-7

After an impressive start, the BMW “art car” had been retired with a damaged driveshaft in the sixth hour.Clarke 1997, p.9: Road&Track Oct 1975 Having been displayed in the Louvre and in Munich before the race, afterward it went onto the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

As it was, Ickx and Bell covered only one lap less than the winning Matra of the previous year.Clausager 1982, p.167-9 With the cars run at far lower engines revs, the mechanical wear was far lower and thirty cars were running at the end – equalling the record of 1923 and 1951. Ironically that meant there was much more fuel consumed overall than in the previous year's race.Spurring 2011, p.175 Although derided at the time,Clarke 1997, p.6a: Autosport Jun12 1975Automobile Year 1976, p.159 the ACO regulations would, in fact, be a predecessor to the Group C era of the 1980s.

Results taken from Quentin Spurring's book, officially licensed by the ACOSpurring 2011, p.2 Class Winners are in Bold text.

• Note *: Not Classified because did not cover sufficient distance (70% of the leader) at the 12, 18 and 24-hour intervals.Spurring 2011, p.8

• Note: setting a new class distance record.

• Note: Only the top ten positions are included in this set of standings.Spurring 2011, p.9

• Note: Only the top six positions are included in this set of standings, which is a ranking of the cars using the least volume of fuel during the race.Spurring 2011, p.174Spurring 2011, p.197

Taken from Quentin Spurring's book, officially licensed by the ACO

• Fastest Lap in practice –J.Ickx, #11 Gulf-Mirage GR8 – 3:49.9secs; {{convert|213.59|km/h|abbr=on}}
• Fastest Lap – C. Craft, #4 Lola T380 – 3:53.8secs; {{convert|210.03|km/h|abbr=on}}
• Winning Distance – {{convert|4595.58|km|abbr=on}}
• Winner's Average Speed – {{convert|191.50| km/h|abbr=on}}
• Attendance – ~80000Laban 2001, p.179{{Cite web|url= http://www.wsrp.cz/nonchamp1975.html#20|title= World Sports Cars|website=World Sports Racing Prototypes.com|access-date=2018-07-20}}

;Citations

{{reflist|30em}}

• Chilvers, Tim – English editor (1976) Automobile Year #23 1975-76 Lausanne: Edita S.A.
• Clarke, R.M. - editor (1997) Le Mans 'The Porsche Years 1975-1982' Cobham, Surrey: Brooklands Books {{ISBN|1-85520-387-1}}
• Clausager, Anders (1982) Le Mans London: Arthur Barker Ltd {{ISBN|0-213-16846-4}}
• Laban, Brian (2001) Le Mans 24 Hours London: Virgin Books {{ISBN|1-85227-971-0}}
• Spurring, Quentin (2011) Le Mans 1970-79 Yeovil, Somerset: Haynes Publishing {{ISBN|978-1-84425-539-9}}
• Wimpffen, János (2007) Spyders and Silhouettes Hong Kong: David Bull Publishing {{ISBN|1-893618-83-8}}

• [http://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Le_Mans-1975-06-15.html Racing Sports Cars] – Le Mans 24 Hours 1975 entries, results, technical detail. Retrieved 6 Jul 2018
• [http://www.lemans-history.com/provas.php?ano=1975 Le Mans History] – Le Mans History, hour-by-hour (incl. pictures, quotes, YouTube links). Retrieved 20 Jul 2018
• [http://www.wsrp.cz/nonchamp1975.html#20 World Sports Racing Prototypes] – results, reserve entries & chassis numbers. Retrieved 20 Jul 2018
• [http://www.teamdan.com/archive/wsc/1975/75lemans.html Team Dan] – results & reserve entries, explaining driver listings. Retrieved 20 Jul 2018
• [http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/le_mans_1975 Unique Cars & Parts] – results & reserve entries. Retrieved 20 Jul 2018
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705000830/http://www.formula2.net/1975.htm Formula 2] – Le Mans results & reserve entries. Retrieved 20 Jul 2018
• [http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/query.php?db=ct&q=year&n=1975 Motorsport Memorial] – details of the year's fatal accidents. Retrieved 20 Jul 2018
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cc47A0YVZGc YouTube] – Colour footage of the start preparation in French (4mins). Retrieved 8 Aug 2018
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltker7hm4VM YouTube] – The Calder BMW art-car (1min). Retrieved 8 Aug 2018

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Le Mans

Category:1975 in French motorsport