1990 Peruvian general election
{{Short description|none}}
{{Expand Spanish|Elecciones generales de Perú de 1990|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| country = Peru
| flag_year = state
| previous_election = 1985 Peruvian general election
| previous_year = 1985
| next_election = 1995 Peruvian general election
| next_year = 1995
| module = {{Infobox election
| embed = yes
| election_name = Presidential election
| type = presidential
| election_date = 8 April 1990 (first round)
10 June 1990 (second round)
| image1 = Visit_of_Alberto_Fujimori,_President_of_Peru,_to_the_CEC_(cropped).jpg
| nominee1 = Alberto Fujimori
| popular_vote1 = 4,489,897
| percentage1 = 62.38%
| party1 = Cambio 90
| running_mate1 = Máximo San Román
{{nowrap|Carlos García y García}}
| image2 = Mario Vargas Llosa 1986 cropped.jpg
| nominee2 = {{nowrap|Mario Vargas Llosa}}
| popular_vote2 = 2,708,291
| percentage2 = 37.62%
| party2 = Democratic Front (Peru)
| running_mate2 = Eduardo Orrego
{{ill|Ernesto Alayza Grundy|es|lt=Ernesto Alayza}}
| map = {{Switcher
| First round results by department (left) and province (right)
|Second round results by department (left) and province (right)
| default=2
}}
| title = President
| before_election = Alan García
| before_party = American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
| after_election = Alberto Fujimori
| after_party = Cambio 90
| ongoing =
| module = {{Infobox legislative election
| embed = yes
| election_date = 8 April 1990
| election_name = Congressional election
| heading1 = Senate
| leader1 = Mario Vargas Llosa
| party1 = Democratic Front
| color1 = #00BFFF
| last_election1 = 8
| seats1 = 20
| percentage1 = 32.06
| leader2 = Alan García
| party2 = American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
| last_election2 = 32
| seats2 = 16
| percentage2 = 25.09
| leader3 = Andrés Reggiardo
| party3 = Change 90
| color3 = {{party color|Cambio 90}}
| last_election3 = New
| seats3 = 14
| percentage3 = 21.70
| party4 = United Left (Peru)
| leader4 = Henry Pease
| last_election4 = 15
| seats4 = 6
| percentage4 = 9.77
| party5 = Socialist Left
| leader5 = Alfonso Barrantes
| color5 = #FA8072
| last_election5 = New
| seats5 = 3
| percentage5 = 5.46
| party6 = FRENATRACA
| leader6 = {{ill|Roger Cáceres|es|Roger Cáceres Velásquez}}
| color6 = {{party color|National Front of Workers and Peasants}}
| last_election6 = 1
| seats6 = 1
| percentage6 = 2.03
| heading7 = Chamber of Deputies
| leader7 = Mario Vargas Llosa
| party7 = Democratic Front
| color7 = #00BFFF
| last_election7 = 16
| seats7 = 62
| percentage7 = 30.03
| leader8 = Alan García
| party8 = American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
| last_election8 = 107
| seats8 = 53
| percentage8 = 24.78
| leader9 = Andrés Reggiardo
| party9 = Change 90
| color9 = {{party color|Cambio 90}}
| last_election9 = New
| seats9 = 32
| percentage9 = 16.93
| party10 = United Left (Peru)
| leader10 = Henry Pease
| last_election10 = 48
| seats10 = 16
| percentage10 = 9.82
| leader11 = Fernando Olivera
| party11 = FIM
| color11 = {{party color|Independent Moralizing Front}}
| last_election11 = New
| seats11 = 7
| percentage11 = 5.95
| party12 = Socialist Left
| leader12 = Alfonso Barrantes
| color12 = #FA8072
| last_election12 = New
| seats12 = 4
| percentage12 = 5.24
| party13 = FRENATRACA
| leader13 = {{ill|Roger Cáceres|es|Roger Cáceres Velásquez}}
| color13 = {{party color|National Front of Workers and Peasants}}
| last_election13 = 1
| seats13 = 3
| percentage13 = 2.42
| party14 = MRL
| color14 =
| leader14 =
| last_election14 = 0
| seats14 = 1
| percentage14 = 0.48
| party15 = Tacneñista Front
| color15 =
| leader15 =
| last_election15 = New
| seats15 = 1
| percentage15 = 0.34
| party16 = Popular Agreement
| color16 =
| leader16 =
| last_election16 = New
| seats16 = 1
| percentage16 = 0.28
}}}}}}{{Politics of Peru}}
General elections were held in Peru on 8 April 1990, with a second round of the presidential elections on 10 June.Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p454 {{ISBN|978-0-19-928358-3}} This exercise was to elect the President of the Republic, two vice presidents, and the members of Congress. The elections filled 180 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 60 seats in the Senate for the 1990-1995 governmental period.
The run-off was between favorite, novelist Mario Vargas Llosa leading a coalition of economically liberal parties collectively known as the Democratic Front and political underdog Alberto Fujimori of the populist and more moderate Cambio 90. Vargas Llosa won the first round with a small plurality, but alienated much of the electorate with a comprehensive privatisation agenda, bolstering the allegedly unelectable Fujimori who had finished second ahead of Luis Alva Castro of the ruling APRA party to enter the run-off against Vargas Llosa. Fujimori eventually won a landslide victory and would remain president for ten years until his forced resignation in November 2000.
Background
At the time of the 1990 elections the government of Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party (APRA) faced significant public disapproval. This disapproval was due to attempts to nationalize the banking system, purportedly to control rampant inflation that had been uncontrollable since 1987. Garcia's administration was also marred by corruption scandals and a resurgence of terrorist violence, notably from the terrorist organization Shining Path.{{cite web |title=Outsider Presidents and Neophyte Ministers: Evidence from the Fujimori Example |url=https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r32071.pdf |access-date=21 September 2024}} Consequently, it was anticipated that the elections would prompt a significant right-wing response.
Presidential candidates
Mario Vargas Llosa, a widely recognized writer, ran as the candidate of the tripartite coalition Democratic Front (FREDEMO). Vargas Llosa was initially favored to win decisively, potentially eliminating the need for a runoff, particularly given the perceived weakness of the incumbent APRA party. APRA nominated Luis Alva Castro, its second vice-president, as its candidate. However, as the campaign progressed, Alberto Fujimori, representing the small new party Cambio 90, began to gain increasing support in the polls. Fujimori's rise was attributed to his moderate profile,{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=Gregory D |title=Fujimori's 1990 Upset Victory in Peru: Electoral Rules, Contingencies, and Adaptive Strategies |journal=Comparative Politics |date=April 1996 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=321–354 |doi=10.2307/422210 |jstor=422210 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/422210 |access-date=21 September 2024|url-access=subscription }} which drew support away from the traditional candidates.{{cite web |title=1990 Elections: Demons and Redeemers in the New Peru |url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/laoap/iep/ddtlibro36.pdf |access-date=21 September 2024}}{{cite web |title=Fujimori's Annunciation: Alan Garcia 1985-1990 |url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/laoap/desco/desco00001.pdf |access-date=21 September 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Comas |first1=Jose |title='Chinito' Fujimori is hot on Vargas Llosa's heels |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/04/08/internacional/639525601_850215.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=el Pais |date=Apr 7, 1990}}{{cite journal |title=Political Theory and History |journal=Journal of Political Science |volume=38 |page=1 |url=https://revcienciapolitica.com.ar/num38art5.php |access-date=21 September 2024}}
Campaign
During the presidential runoff Fujimori received endorsements from United Left and Socialist Left, along with a faction of the APRA led by García. Vargas Llosa was supported by Ricardo Belmont, the newly elected mayor of Lima, and Ezequiel Ataucusi, the leader of the Agricultural People's Front. Vargas Llosa also received backing from various media outlets and personalities, including the newspaper Expreso, Panamericana Televisión and television host Augusto Ferrando.{{cite book |last1=Godoy |first1=Jose Alejandro |last2=Romero |first2=Ezequiel |title=The Last Dictator |date=2021 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9786124272769 |pages=659 |url=https://dokumen.pub/el-ultimo-dictador-9786124272769.html |access-date=22 September 2024}}
Debates
A debate between Vargas Llosa and Fujimori took place on 3 June 1990 during the runoff campaign.{{cite news |last1=Comas |first1=Jose |title=Side by side in Peru, despite Vargas Llosa's triumph over Fujimori on television |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/06/05/internacional/644536817_850215.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=el Pais |date=June 4, 1990}} This was the first televised debate in Peruvian presidential elections.{{cite news |last1=de la Garza Estrada |first1=German |title=History of debates in Latin America |url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/opinion/german-de-la-garza-estrada/historia-de-los-debates-en-america-latina/1234422 |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=Excelsior}}{{cite news |title=25 years after the first presidential debate in Peru |url=http://elcomercio.pe/blog/huellasdigitales/2015/06/a-25-anos-del-primer-debate-presidencial-en-el-peru |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=El Comercio |date=June 3, 2015}}{{cite journal |last1=Vargas Llosa |first1=Mario |last2=Fujimori |first2=Alberto |title=The Debate: Complete Version of the Debate Held Between the Candidates for the Presidency of the Republic, at the Civic Center of Lima, on June 3, 1990 |url=http://repositorio.up.edu.pe/handle/11354/399 |journal=Repositorio de la Universidad del Pacífico - up |date=November 1990 |access-date=21 September 2024}}
Opinion polls
=President=
==First round==
Results
Due to mandatory voting laws voter turnout was high, reaching 78% in the presidential election but notably lower in the legislative elections, with 68% for the Chamber of Deputies and 69% for the Senate. Voter turnout for the presidential runoff was slightly higher than in the first round at 80%.
=President=
In the first round Vargas Llosa received 33% of the votes, while Fujimori, who had initially polled at 1%, significantly increased his support to secure second place with 29% of the vote. Alva Castro of the incumbent APRA party finished in third place with 22% of the vote, the first time that the APRA candidate did not finish first or second in a free election. No other candidate exceeded 10% of the vote; the two main left-wing candidates representing United Left and Socialist Left finished in fourth and fifth place with 8% and 5% of the vote respectively.
As no candidate received more than 50% of the valid vote in the first round, a runoff was necessary for the first time in Peruvian history. Fujimori achieved a decisive victory with 62% of the vote, making him the first elected president since the restoration of democracy to secure over half of the total vote. Vargas Llosa saw a small increase in support from the first round, receiving 38% of the vote.{{cite web |title=1990 Elections: Demons and Redeemers in the New Peru |url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/laoap/iep/ddtlibro36.pdf |access-date=21 September 2024}} Although Vargas Llosa had won across the country in the first round, in the runoff he only received a majority of the vote in the department of Loreto.
{{Election results
|cand1=Mario Vargas Llosa|party1=Democratic Front|votes1=2163323|votes1_2=2708291
|cand2=Alberto Fujimori|party2=Cambio 90|votes2=1932208|votes2_2=4489897
|cand3=Luis Alva Castro|party3=American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|votes3=1494231
|cand4=Henry Pease|party4=United Left|votes4=544889
|cand5=Alfonso Barrantes|party5=Socialist Left|votes5=315038
|cand6={{ill|Roger Cáceres|es|Roger Cáceres Velásquez}}|party6=National Front of Workers and Peasants|votes6=86418
|cand7=Ezequiel Ataucusi Gamonal|party7=Agricultural People's Front of Peru|votes7=73974
|cand8={{ill|Dora Narrea|es}}|party8=Odriist National Union|votes8=21962
|cand9=Nicolás de Pierola Balta|party9=Democratic Union|votes9=9541
|invalid=1195532|invalid2=760044
|electorate=10013225|electorate2=10007614
|source=Nohlen
}}
=Chamber of Deputies=
FREDEMO emerged as the largest party in both chambers, securing 20 senators and 62 deputies. Despite its presidential candidate finishing third, the APRA maintained its position as the second-largest party, winning 17 senate seats and 53 deputy seats. Cambio 90 led by Fujimori finished third, capturing 14 Senate seats and 32 in the Chamber of Deputies.
{{Election results
|image=File:Camara de Diputados Peru elecciones 1990.svg
|party1=Democratic Front|votes1=1561291|seats1=62|sc1=+40
|party2=American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|votes2=1288461|seats2=53|sc2=–54
|party3=Cambio 90|votes3=879949|seats3=32|sc3=New
|party4=United Left|votes4=510557|seats4=16|sc4=–32
|party5=Independent Moralizing Front|votes5=309263|seats5=7|sc5=New
|party6=Socialist Left|votes6=272591|seats6=4|sc6=New
|party7=National Front of Workers and Peasants|votes7=126067|seats7=3|sc7=+2
|party8=Agricultural People's Front of Peru|votes8=63450|seats8=0|sc8=New
|party9=Independent Civic Union|votes9=33819|seats9=0|sc9=New
|party10=Loreto Regionalist Movement|votes10=24854|seats10=1|sc10=+1
|party11=Tacneñista Front|votes11=17642|seats11=1|sc11=New
|party12=Popular Agreement Independent List|votes12=14547|seats12=1|sc12=New
|party13=In Action Independent Movement|votes13=12614|seats13=0|sc13=New
|party14=Odriist National Union|votes14=10413|seats14=0|sc14=New
|party15=Democratic Union|votes15=7738|seats15=0|sc15=New
|party16=Nationalist Independent Front|votes16=6106|seats16=0|sc16=New
|party17=Hayist Bases Movement|votes17=5607|seats17=0|sc17=New|color17=#FFB6C1
|party18=National Reconstruction Movement|votes18=5588|seats18=0|sc18=New
|party19=Independent Democratic Front|votes19=4780|seats19=0|sc19=New
|party20=Independent Social Movement|votes20=4348|seats20=0|sc20=New
|party21=Lima Defence Front – Provinces|votes21=3739|seats21=0|sc21=New
|party22=Independent Front of Retirees|votes22=3477|seats22=0|sc22=New
|party23=Chavin Region|votes23=3416|seats23=0|sc23=New
|party24=Democratic Alliance|votes24=3204|seats24=0|sc24=New
|party25=Democratic Agrarian Front "Atusparia"|votes25=3016|seats25=0|sc25=New
|party26=Velasquista Movement|votes26=2228|seats26=0|sc26=New
|party27=National Cooperation|votes27=2136|seats27=0|sc27=New
|party28=Independent List of Socialist Workers|votes28=1942|seats28=0|sc28=New
|party29=Amazonense Independent Movement|votes29=1459|seats29=0|sc29=New
|party30=Renewal Union of Peru|votes30=1312|seats30=0|sc30=New
|party31=Huascaran|votes31=1221|seats31=0|sc31=New
|party32=National Democratic Unity|votes32=1025|seats32=0|sc32=New
|party33=United|votes33=1020|seats33=0|sc33=New
|party34=Victors of Ayacucho|votes34=985|seats34=0|sc34=New
|party35=Chalaco Regional Movement|votes35=925|seats35=0|sc35=New
|party36=Independent Solidarity Movement|votes36=913|seats36=0|sc36=New
|party37=Integration Movement for the Development of Huanuco|votes37=817|seats37=0|sc37=New
|party38=Popular Renewal Movement|votes38=772|seats38=0|sc38=New
|party39=Porteño Renovation Movement|votes39=735|seats39=0|sc39=New
|party40=Independent Democratic Movement|votes40=675|seats40=0|sc40=New
|party41=Lambayecano Independent Movement|votes41=671|seats41=0|sc41=New
|party42=Independent Agreement for National Development|votes42=597|seats42=0|sc42=New
|party43=North-East Agrarian Movement|votes43=578|seats43=0|sc43=New
|party44=Andean Nationalist Left|votes44=502|seats44=0|sc44=New
|party45=Impetu Regional Independent Movement|votes45=398|seats45=0|sc45=New
|party46=Independent Popular Peruvian Alliance|votes46=375|seats46=0|sc46=New
|party47=PASOP party|votes47=357|seats47=0|sc47=New
|party48=Independent Democratic Organisation|votes48=342|seats48=0|sc48=New
|party49=Advanced Democratic Integration|votes49=332|seats49=0|sc49=New
|party50=Independent Civic Front Strength and Freedom|votes50=157|seats50=0|sc50=New
|party51=Independent Democratic Socialist Party|votes51=92|seats51=0|sc51=New
|invalid=
|total_sc=0
|electorate=
|source=[https://electiondataarchive.org/data-and-documentation/clea-lower-chamber-elections-archive/ CLEA]
}}
==By constituency==
| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center
!Constituency !Total seats !FREDEMO !APRA !Cambio 90 !United Left !Others |
| align=left|Amazonas
|3 |1 |2 |0 |0 |0 |
| align=left|Ancash
|9 |2 |4 |2 |1 |0 |
| align=left|Apurimac
|3 |1 |0 |0 |2 |0 |
| align=left|Arequipa
|9 |3 |2 |2 |1 |1 |
| align=left|Ayacucho
|4 |1 |2 |0 |1 |0 |
| align=left|Cajamarca
|10 |3 |5 |0 |1 |1 |
| align=left|Callao
|7 |3 |2 |2 |0 |0 |
| align=left|Cusco
|8 |2 |1 |3 |2 |0 |
| align=left|Huancavelica
|3 |2 |0 |1 |0 |0 |
| align=left|Huanuco
|4 |2 |1 |1 |0 |0 |
| align=left|Ica
|6 |2 |2 |1 |1 |0 |
| align=left|Junin
|10 |4 |1 |5 |0 |0 |
| align=left|La Libertad
|11 |2 |8 |1 |0 |0 |
| align=left|Lambayeque
|8 |3 |5 |0 |0 |0 |
| align=left|Lima 1
|9 |3 |3 |2 |1 |0 |
| align=left|Lima 2
|40 |14 |6 |9 |2 |9 |
| align=left|Loreto
|5 |3 |1 |0 |0 |1 |
| align=left|Madre De Dios
|1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |
| align=left|Moquegua
|1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |
| align=left|Pasco
|2 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |
| align=left|Piura
|11 |4 |5 |0 |1 |1 |
| align=left|Puno
|8 |1 |1 |3 |1 |2 |
| align=left|San Martin
|3 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |
| align=left|Tacna
|2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |
| align=left|Tumbes
|1 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |
| align=left|Ucayali
|2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |
| class=sortbottom
|align=left colspan=7|Source: [https://electiondataarchive.org/data-and-documentation/clea-lower-chamber-elections-archive/ CLEA] |
=Senate=
{{Election results
|image=File:Senado Peru elecciones 1990.svg
|party1=Democratic Front|votes1=1772953|seats1=20|sc1=+7
|party2=American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|votes2=1387931|seats2=16|sc2=–14
|party3=Cambio 90|votes3=1200459|seats3=14|sc3=New
|party4=United Left|votes4=540620|seats4=6|sc4=–9
|party5=Socialist Left|votes5=302110|seats5=3|sc5=New
|party6=National Front of Workers and Peasants|votes6=112142|seats6=1|sc6=0
|party7=Agricultural People's Front of Peru|votes7=63694|seats7=0|sc7=New
|party8=Somos Libres|votes8=50430|seats8=0|sc8=New
|party9=Independent Civic Union|votes9=45046|seats9=0|sc9=New
|party10=Odriist National Union|votes10=16349|seats10=0|sc10=–1
|party11=Hayist Bases Movement|votes11=13531|seats11=0|sc11=New|color11=#FFB6C1
|party12=Independent Front of Retirees|votes12=8994|seats12=0|sc12=New
|party13=Democratic Union|votes13=7805|seats13=0|sc13=New
|party14=National Co-operation|votes14=3969|seats14=0|sc14=New
|party15=Solidarity Independent Movement|votes15=3088|seats15=0|sc15=New
|party16=Honorary Confederation of Independent Organised Struggle|votes16=1779|seats16=0|sc16=New
|row17=Former presidents|seats17=2|sc17=+1
|invalid=1336963
|total_sc=+1
|electorate=10013225
|source=[https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/elecciones-generales-1990-senadores_candidatos-y-resultados_JtCddh+qiMs=Ch JNE]
}}
Aftermath
The two chambers of the elected Congress in Peru were unable to complete their constitutional terms due to a self-coup by Fujimori on 5 April 1992, in which he dissolved Congress and intervened in the judiciary,{{cite web |last1=Wills |first1=Maria Emma |last2=Pinto |first2=Maria Teresa |title=Peru's Failed Search for Political Stability (1968-2000) |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/28248/1/WP30MEW.pdf |access-date=22 September 2024}} effectively suspending the constitutional governance. Following the coup, Fujimori governed with full powers until the end of 1993, when a Democratic Constituent Congress was inaugurated. Despite the political upheaval, Fujimori completed his term and was re-elected in 1995. This period of governance led to significant constitutional reform, including the abolition of the Senate. As a result, the 1990 elections were the last for the bicameral parliament.