1994 South African general election

{{Short description|First South African election held under nonracial, universal suffrage}}

{{Infobox election

| country = South Africa

| flag_year = 1994

| type = parliamentary

| previous_election = 1989 South African general election

| previous_year = 1989

| election_date = 26–29 April 1994

| next_election = 1999 South African general election

| next_year = 1999

| elected_members = List of National Assembly members of the 22nd Parliament of South Africa

| seats_for_election = All 400 seats in the National Assembly

| majority_seats = 201

| image_size = 130x130px

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image = Nelson Mandela 1994.jpg|bSize = 107|cWidth = 107|cHeight = 130|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}}

| leader1 = Nelson Mandela

| party1 = African National Congress

| last_election1 = Banned party

| seats1 = 252

| seat_change1 = New party

| popular_vote1 = 12,237,655

| percentage1 = 62.65%

| swing1 = New party

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image = F.W. de Klerk wait to speak in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania LCCN2011634246 (cropped).tif|F.W. de Klerk wait to speak in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania LCCN2011634246 (cropped)|bSize = 107|cWidth = 107|cHeight = 130|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}}

| leader2 = F. W. de Klerk

| party2 = NP

| last_election2 = 48.19%, 94 seats

| seats2 = 82

| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 12

| popular_vote2 = 3,983,690

| percentage2 = 20.39%

| swing2 = {{decrease}} 27.80pp

| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image = Buthelezi2.jpg|bSize = 118|cWidth = 107|cHeight = 130|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}}

| leader3 = Mangosuthu Buthelezi

| party3 = Inkatha Freedom Party

| last_election3 = Did not exist

| seats3 = 43

| seat_change3 = New party

| popular_vote3 = 2,058,294

| percentage3 = 10.54%

| swing3 = New party

| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image = Constand Viljoen c. 1985.png|bSize = 200|cWidth = 107|cHeight = 130|oTop = 12|oLeft = 42}}

| leader4 = Constand Viljoen

| party4 = Freedom Front (South Africa)

| last_election4 = Did not exist

| seats4 = 9

| seat_change4 = New party

| popular_vote4 = 424,555

| percentage4 = 2.17%

| swing4 = New party

| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image = De Beer (cropped).png|bSize = 107|cWidth = 107|cHeight = 130|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}}

| leader5 = Zach de Beer

| party5 = DP

| last_election5 = 20.00%, 33 seats

| seats5 = 7

| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 26

| popular_vote5 = 338,426

| percentage5 = 1.73%

| swing5 = {{decrease}} 18.27pp

| image6 = {{CSS image crop|Image = ClarenceMakwetu (cropped).jpg|bSize = 107|cWidth = 107|cHeight = 130|oTop = 10|oLeft = 0}}

| leader6 = Clarence Makwetu

| party6 = Pan Africanist Congress of Azania

| last_election6 = Banned party

| seats6 = 5

| seat_change6 = New party

| popular_vote6 = 243,478

| percentage6 = 1.25%

| swing6 = New party

| map_image = 1994 South African general election.svg

| map_size = 402px

| title = State President

| before_election = F. W. de Klerk

| before_party = NP

| posttitle = Elected President

| after_election = Nelson Mandela

| after_party = African National Congress

}}{{Politics of South Africa}}

File:South African 1994 election ballot paper.jpg File:RSA1994 Election.png

General elections were held in South Africa between 26 and 29 April 1994.[http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2291_94.htm South Africa: Parliamentary Chamber: National Assembly: Elections held in 1994] Inter-Parliamentary Union The elections were the first in which citizens of all races were allowed to take part, and were therefore also the first held with universal suffrage. The election was conducted under the direction of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC), and marked the culmination of the four-year process that ended apartheid.

Millions queued in lines over a four-day voting period. Altogether, 19,726,579 votes were counted, and 193,081 were rejected as invalid. As widely expected, the African National Congress (ANC), whose slate incorporated the labour confederation COSATU and the South African Communist Party (SACP), won a sweeping victory, taking 62 percent of the vote, just short of the two-thirds majority required to unilaterally amend the Interim Constitution. As required by that document, the ANC formed a Government of National Unity with the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party, the two other parties that won more than 20 seats in the National Assembly. The governing National Party polled just over 20%, and was thus eligible for a post of Vice President to incumbent president De Klerk. The new National Assembly's first act was to elect Nelson Mandela as President, making him the country's first black chief executive. He then appointed the Cabinet of Nelson Mandela.

The date 27 April is now a public holiday in South Africa, Freedom Day.

Background

=Apartheid=

In 1948, the newly elected National Party government in South Africa began to institute apartheid, an institutionalized system of racial segregation that placed sociopolitical dominance in the hands of the European-descended white minority. Under the Population Registration Act, 1950, all South Africans were categorised by the government as White, Black, Coloured (mixed) or Indian. Suffrage was reserved for Whites, interracial sexual relationships were forbidden and over 80% of the country's land was reserved for the white majority. Members of the Black majority were stripped of citizenship under the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act, 1970, and were instead made citizens of one of the country's "bantustans", territories reserved for various black ethnic groups.{{Cite web |title=apartheid |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/apartheid |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}} The South African government faced international condemnation against the backdrop of the decolonisation of Africa, and by the 1980s, the state was struggling with major internal political violence, a war of independence in Namibia and intervention in Angola and a failing economy burdened by international sanctions and the heavy costs of national security, effectively forcing the government to move towards political reform.{{Cite web |title=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - The End of Apartheid |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/apartheid |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Office of the Historian}}

In 1983, P. W. Botha's government approved a new constitution, which implemented a Tricameral Parliament, with additional houses representing the Coloured and Indian populations. However, Blacks remained unrepresented in parliament, with political representation only existing under the bantustan system. Anti-apartheid groups opposed to the Tricameral Parliament instead reorganized under the umbrella of the United Democratic Front. The 1984 election to the non-white houses of parliament also faced widespread boycotts from Indian and Coloured voters.{{Cite web |title=Tricameral Parliament Description 2 |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01828/05lv02005/06lv02007.htm |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The O'Malley Archives}}{{Cite web |title=United Democratic Front (UDF) |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03188/06lv03222.htm |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The O'Malley Archives}} In 1985, the government introduced a sweeping state of emergency in response to growing civil unrest, which included sweeping restrictions on freedom of movement, freedom of speech and freedom of the press, particularly for non-White South Africans.{{Cite web |date=2015-07-21 |title=State of Emergency - 1985 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/state-emergency-1985 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=South African History Online}} In 1989, F. W. de Klerk was elected State President of South Africa, succeeding Botha. On 2 February 1990, de Klerk made a speech at the opening of Parliament in Cape Town, in which he unexpectedly announced his intention to unban anti-apartheid groups such as the ANC, SACP and the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC), to release political prisoners such as ANC leader Nelson Mandela and requested a process of negotiation with the anti-apartheid opposition.{{Cite web |title=F. W. de Klerk's speech at the opening of Parliament 2 February 1990 |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02039/04lv02103/05lv02104/06lv02105.htm |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=The O'Malley Archives}}{{Cite web |last=O'Carroll |first=Sinead |date=2015-02-02 |title=On this day 25 years ago, the speech that changed South Africa forever |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/apartheid-anc-fw-de-klerk-1911557-Feb2015/ |website=TheJournal.ie}} On 11 February, Mandela was released from Victor Verster Prison in Cape Town, after 27 years of incarceration.{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Cydney |date=2016-02-11 |title=Feb. 11th, 1990: Nelson Mandela released from prison |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/on-this-day-february-11th-1990-nelson-mandela-released-from-prison/ |website=CBS News}}

=Political transition=

Formal negotiations between the ANC and the government were initially scheduled to begin on 11 April 1990. However on 26 March, police opened fire on protestors in the township of Sebokeng, killing 11 people. Consequently, the ANC cancelled the talks, and negotiations were only rescheduled for 2–4 May following an emergency meeting between Mandela and de Klerk. The "talks about talks" were held at the Groote Schuur presidential estate, and were intended to discuss terms before more substantive constitutional negotiations could begin. The parties jointly agreed to aim to end political violence, and to establish a joint working group. On 6 August, the government and ANC issued a further joint declaration, known as the Pretoria Minute, in which the ANC and its armed wing, uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) agreed to the suspension of armed activities, in exchange for the government lifting of the State of Emergency (then only active in Natal Province), further release of political prisoners from September 1990, and a review of certain provisions of the Internal Security Act.{{cite web |title=Minutes and Accords between the ANC and the South African Government, May 1990 – February 1991 |url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/transition/minutes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924080916/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/transition/minutes.html |archive-date=2006-09-24 |access-date=2024-12-11|publisher=African National Congress}}{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thula |date=2009 |title=Toyi-Toyi-ing to Freedom: The Endgame in the ANCs Armed Struggle, 1989-1990 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40283245 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=507–521 |doi=10.1080/03057070902920015 |jstor=40283245 |hdl=2263/14707 |s2cid=145785746 |issn=0305-7070|hdl-access=free }} On 14 September 1991, 24 organisations signed the National Peace Accord, which included a code of conduct for political parties and security forces, and structures for the resolution of political conflict, such as the Goldstone Commission.{{Cite web |last1=Camay |first1=Phiroshaw |last2=Gordon |first2=Anne J. |title=The National Peace Accord and its Structures |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv03275/05lv03294/06lv03321.htm |website=The O'Malley Archives}}

On 30 November 1991, 19 organisations announced that the first meeting of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) would be held in Johannesburg on 20 and 21 December 1991, in order to discuss constitutional arrangements.{{Cite web |title=1991 |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02039/04lv02040/05lv02042.htm |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The O'Malley Archives}} The CODESA 1 plenary session saw all participating groups, except for the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) and the government of the Bophuthatswana homeland, agree to a declaration of intent on establishing a united South Africa with common citizenship for all racial groups, and to promote peaceful political participation so that constitutional change could be advanced. Working groups were established with the aim of forming a constitution-making body, deciding the future of the bantustans, and establishing an interim government within a set time frame. CODESA 1 was not attended by the PAC, Conservative Party (CP) or Azanian People's Organisation (AZAPO).{{Cite web |title=Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/convention-democratic-south-africa-codesa |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=SA History Online}}{{Cite web |title=THE CONVENTION FOR A DEMOCRATIC SOUTH AFRICA - CODESA 1 and CODESA 2 (1991-1992) |url=https://www.concourttrust.org.za/uploads/files/Background_to_CODESA_1.pdf |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Constitutional Court Trust}} Around the same time, de Klerk's National Party government faced a series of whites-only by-election losses, leading his government to hold a referendum on 17 March 1992 on the continuation of the negotiation process. The NP and Democratic Party campaigned for a "Yes" vote, while the CP supported the "No" vote. The referendum produced a landslide victory for the government, with 68.3% of voters voting "Yes" for the process to end the apartheid system.{{Cite web |last=Traydon |first=Robert J. |title= The 'often overlooked' sledgehammer that ended apartheid |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/the-often-overlooked-sledgehammer-that-ended-apartheid-20171019 |website=News24}}

The second session, CODESA 2, convened at the Kempton Park World Trade Centre on 25 May 1992. The session collapsed following a deadlock on constitutional issues between the ANC and NP.{{Cite web |title=The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA): CODESA 2 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/convention-democratic-south-africa-codesa-codesa-2 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=SA History Online}} In response to the failure of negotiations, the ANC announced a campaign of "rolling mass action", encompassing public protests and strikes in order to pressure the government to meet its demands.{{Cite web |title= Events leading to the breakdown of CODESA and the launch of the Rolling Mass Action Campaign |url=https://ourconstitution.wethepeoplesa.org/the-breakdown-of-codesa-and-the-launch-of-rolling-mass-action/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=WeThePeopleSA }} On 23 June, the ANC announced the suspension of talks after alleging government complicity in a 17 June massacre against residents of the township of Boipatong by supporters of the Inkatha Freedom Party.{{Cite web |last=Keller |first=Bill |date=1992-06-04 |title=Mandela, Stunned by Massacre, Pulls Out of Talks on Black Rule |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/24/world/mandela-stunned-by-massacre-pulls-out-of-talks-on-black-rule.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526060349/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/24/world/mandela-stunned-by-massacre-pulls-out-of-talks-on-black-rule.html |archive-date=2015-05-26 |website=The New York Times}} On 7 September, ANC supporters, marching against the government of Oupa Gqozo in the homeland of Ciskei, were opened fire on by the Ciskei Defence Force in the homeland's capital, Bhisho, killing 29 people. Despite the massacre often being cited as the impetus for a return to negotiations, the aftermath saw an escalation of political violence in Ciskei.{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=Laura |date=2023 |title=The Bhisho March and Massacre of September 1992: The 'Leipzig Option' and the Meanings of Mass Action in the South African Transition |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=75 |issue=3|pages=287–324 |doi=10.1080/02582473.2024.2399631 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite report |url=https://sabctrc.saha.org.za/reports/volume2/chapter7/subsection14.htm |title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission Final Report |date=1998 |volume=2 |chapter=7 |page=622 |quote="After the Bisho massacre of September 1992, these clashes erupted into more overt warfare, with increasingly sophisticated weapons being used"}}

While negotiations between the ANC and NP had been suspended, unofficial talks were continued from June 1992 without authorization between Cyril Ramaphosa of the ANC and Roelf Meyer of the NP. The talks culminated in the official Record of Understanding between the ANC and the government on the 26 September, recognizing agreements reached between the two in meetings.{{Cite journal |last=O'Malley |first=Padraig |date=June 1996 |title=Ramaphosa and Meyer in Belfast – The South African Experience: How the New South Africa was Negotiated |url=https://scholarworks.umb.edu/mccormack_pubs/28 |website=ScholarWorks at UMass Boston |publisher=John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies}}{{Cite web |date=25 November 1992 |title=Record of Understanding 26 September 1992 |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02039/04lv02046/05lv02092/06lv02096.htm |website=The O'Malley Archives}} On 1-2 April 1993, a new multilateral conference, the Multiparty Negotiating Process, was first attended at Kempton Park by 26 different organizations.{{Cite web |title=THE MULTIPARTY NEGOTIATING PROCESS (1993) |url=https://www.concourttrust.org.za/uploads/files/Background_to_Multi-party_Negotiations.pdf |website=Constitutional Court Trust}} The only significant absent groups were AZAPO and some Afrikaner nationalist organizations.{{Cite web |title=The story of the MPNP |url=https://ourconstitution.wethepeoplesa.org/the-multi-party-negotiating-process/ |website=WeThePeopleSA}}

In October 1992, the IFP initiated the formation of the Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG) alongside the bantustan governments of Bophuthatswana and Ciskei and the white pro-apartheid Conservative Party, in protest at its alleged sidelining during the negotiation process, and in order to ensure its representation among factions other than the national government and the anti-apartheid opposition. In June 1993, the IFP walked out from the MPNF in protest at the mechanism being used to determine the upcoming election date. Bophuthatswana and Ciskei continued participation until withdrawing in October, upon which COSAG was replaced with the Freedom Alliance, incorporating additional far-right elements.{{Cite journal |last=Corder |first=Hugh |date=1994 |title=Towards a South African Constitution |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1096553 |journal=The Modern Law Review |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=491–533 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1994.tb01957.x |jstor=1096553 |issn=0026-7961|url-access=subscription }} On 17 November 1993, an MPNF plenary meeting endorsed an interim constitution, under which non-racial elections were due to be held on 27 April 1994.

=Political violence=

Prior to the political transition, South Africa suffered from serious internal political violence, which intensified following the government's announcement of the negotiation process in 1990.{{Cite journal |date=3 February 1992 |title=Political Violence: 1990 |url=https://www.csvr.org.za/political-violence-1990/ |journal=Human Rights and Labour Law Yearbook 1991 |volume=2 |pages=193–219}} Political violence was perpetrated by various actors, including the state, anti-apartheid groups, bantustan authorities, Zulu supporters of the Inkatha Freedom Party and pro-apartheid white supremacist groups.

=Conduct=

After initially announcing a boycott due to constitutional disagreements, the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) reversed its decision on 19 April, days before the election. It was added to the already-printed ballot papers by means of a sticker.{{Cite web |date=2014-04-27 |title=The bargain that saved us in 1994 |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/the-bargain-that-saved-us-in-1994-1680948 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015340/https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/the-bargain-that-saved-us-in-1994-1680948 |archive-date=2018-11-01 |website=The Sunday Independent}}{{Cite news |date=1994-04-20 |title=BUTHELEZI ENDS BOYCOTT OF S. AFRICAN VOTE |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/04/20/buthelezi-ends-boycott-of-s-african-vote/ec9c8d56-5eb9-4a35-8f50-03fcb595e731/ |newspaper=Washington Post}} In rural areas with limited infrastructure, people queued "for days" in order to vote.

The Afrikaner nationalist and pro-apartheid Conservative Party, the official opposition in the outgoing National Assembly, did not contest the elections. The similarly aligned Herstigte Nasionale Party, which had run in the white-only elections in 1989 also chose not to run.

Results

=National Assembly=

The 400 members of the National Assembly were chosen from party lists in proportion to each party's share of the national ballot.

{{Election results

|image=File:South African National Assembly 1994.svg

|party1=African National Congress|votes1=12237655|seats1=252

|party2=National Party|votes2=3983690|seats2=82

|party3=Inkatha Freedom Party|votes3=2058294|seats3=43

|party4=Freedom Front|votes4=424555|seats4=9

|party5=Democratic Party|votes5=338426|seats5=7

|party6=Pan Africanist Congress|votes6=243478|seats6=5

|party7=African Christian Democratic Party|votes7=88104|seats7=2

|party8=Africa Muslim Party|votes8=34466|seats8=0

|party9=African Moderates Congress Party|votes9=27690|seats9=0

|party10=Dikwankwetla Party|votes10=19451|seats10=0

|party11=Federal Party|votes11=17663|seats11=0

|party12=Minority Front|votes12=13433|seats12=0

|party13=Sport Organisation for Collective Contributions and Equal Rights|votes13=10575|seats13=0

|party14=African Democratic Movement|votes14=9886|seats14=0

|party15=Women's Rights Peace Party|votes15=6434|seats15=0

|party16=Ximoko Progressive Party|votes16=6320|seats16=0

|party17=Keep It Straight and Simple Party|votes17=5916|seats17=0

|party18=Workers' List Party|votes18=4169|seats18=0|color18=red

|party19=Luso-South African Party|votes19=3293|seats19=0

|invalid=193112

|source=[http://africanelections.tripod.com/za.html#1994_National_Assembly_Election African Elections Database]

}}

=Senate=

The 90 members of the Senate were chosen, 10 from each province, by the newly elected provincial legislatures. Each province's Senate seats were allocated in proportion to the parties' representation in the provincial legislature.

class=wikitable style=text-align:right \|align=center colspan=14 \|File:South African Senate 1994.svg \|+Determination of seats in the Senate as a consequence of the 26–29 April 1994 provincial elections
colspan=2\|Party !EC !FS !G !KZN !M !NW !NC !NP !WC !Total
bgcolor={{party color\|African National Congress}}\|	align=left\|African National Congress \|9 \|8 \|6 \|3 \|8 \|8 \|5 \|10 \|3 \|60
bgcolor={{party color\|National Party (South Africa)}}\|	align=left\|National Party \|1 \|1 \|2 \|1 \|1 \|1 \|4 \| \|6 \|17
bgcolor={{party color\|Inkatha Freedom Party}}\|	align=left\|Inkatha Freedom Party \| \| \| \|5 \| \| \| \| \| \|5
bgcolor={{party color\|Freedom Front}}\|	align=left\|Freedom Front \| \|1 \|1 \| \|1 \|1 \|1 \| \| \|5
bgcolor={{party color\|Democratic Party (South Africa)}}\|	align=left\|Democratic Party \| \| \|1 \|1 \| \| \| \| \|1 \|3
colspan="2" style="text-align:left"\|Total !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !90
align=left colspan=14\|Source: Constitution of South AfricaConstitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, Schedule 6: "Transitional Arrangements", item 7.

class=wikitable style=text-align:right

|align=center colspan=14 |File:South African Senate 1994.svg

|+Determination of seats in the Senate as a consequence of the 26–29 April 1994 provincial elections

colspan=2|Party

!EC

!FS

!KZN

!NW

!NC

!NP

!WC

!Total

bgcolor={{party color|African National Congress}}|

align=left|African National Congress

|10

|60

bgcolor={{party color|National Party (South Africa)}}|

align=left|National Party

|17

bgcolor={{party color|Inkatha Freedom Party}}|

align=left|Inkatha Freedom Party

bgcolor={{party color|Freedom Front}}|

align=left|Freedom Front

bgcolor={{party color|Democratic Party (South Africa)}}|

align=left|Democratic Party

colspan="2" style="text-align:left"|Total

!10

!90

align=left colspan=14|Source: Constitution of South AfricaConstitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, Schedule 6: "Transitional Arrangements", item 7.

In 1997, on the adoption of the final Constitution, the Senate became the National Council of Provinces; its political makeup remained the same, but members were divided into permanent and special delegates, as described in the following table.

class=wikitable style=text-align:right \|align=center colspan=14 \|File:South African National Council of Provinces 1997.svg \|+Initial determination of delegates to the National Council of Provinces at the adoption of the new Constitution on 4 February 1997
colspan=2\|Party !Delegate type !EC !FS !G !KZN !M !NW !NC !NP !WC !colspan=2\|Total
bgcolor={{party color\|African National Congress}} rowspan=2\| \|align=left rowspan=2\|African National Congress \|align=left\|Permanent \|5 \|4 \|3 \|1 \|4 \|4 \|3 \|6 \|2 \|32 \|rowspan=2\|60
align=left\|Special \|4 \|4 \|3 \|2 \|4 \|4 \|2 \|4 \|1 \|28
bgcolor={{party color\|National Party (South Africa)}} rowspan=2\| \|align=left rowspan=2\|National Party \|align=left\|Permanent \|1 \|1 \|1 \|1 \|1 \|1 \|2 \| \|3 \|11 \|rowspan=2\|17
align=left\|Special \| \| \|1 \| \| \| \|2 \| \|3 \|6
bgcolor={{party color\|Inkatha Freedom Party}} rowspan=2\| \|align=left rowspan=2\|Inkatha Freedom Party \|align=left\|Permanent \| \| \| \|3 \| \| \| \| \| \|3 \|rowspan=2\|5
align=left\|Special \| \| \| \|2 \| \| \| \| \| \|2
bgcolor={{party color\|Freedom Front}}\|	align=left\|Freedom Front \|align=left\|Permanent \| \|1 \|1 \| \|1 \|1 \|1 \| \| \|colspan=2\|5
bgcolor={{party color\|Democratic Party (South Africa)}}\|	align=left\|Democratic Party \|align=left\|Permanent \| \| \|1 \|1 \| \| \| \| \|1 \|colspan=2\|3
colspan="3" style="text-align:left"\|Total !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !colspan=2\|90
align=left colspan=14\|Source: Constitution of South Africa

class=wikitable style=text-align:right

|align=center colspan=14 |File:South African National Council of Provinces 1997.svg

|+Initial determination of delegates to the National Council of Provinces at the adoption of the new Constitution on 4 February 1997

colspan=2|Party

!Delegate type

!EC

!FS

!KZN

!NW

!NC

!NP

!WC

!colspan=2|Total

bgcolor={{party color|African National Congress}} rowspan=2|

|align=left rowspan=2|African National Congress

|align=left|Permanent

|32

|rowspan=2|60

align=left|Special

|28

bgcolor={{party color|National Party (South Africa)}} rowspan=2|

|align=left rowspan=2|National Party

|align=left|Permanent

|11

|rowspan=2|17

align=left|Special

bgcolor={{party color|Inkatha Freedom Party}} rowspan=2|

|align=left rowspan=2|Inkatha Freedom Party

|align=left|Permanent

|rowspan=2|5

align=left|Special

bgcolor={{party color|Freedom Front}}|

align=left|Freedom Front

|align=left|Permanent

|colspan=2|5

bgcolor={{party color|Democratic Party (South Africa)}}|

align=left|Democratic Party

|align=left|Permanent

|colspan=2|3

colspan="3" style="text-align:left"|Total

!10

!colspan=2|90

align=left colspan=14|Source: Constitution of South Africa

Provincial legislature results

Members of the provincial legislatures were elected from party lists in proportion to each party's share of the provincial ballot.

class=wikitable style=text-align:right !colspan=2"\|Party !EC !FS !G !KZN !M !NW !NC !NP !WC
{{Party name with color\|African National Congress}}	48	24	50	26	25	26	15	38	14
{{Party name with color\|National Party (South Africa)}}	6	4	21	9	3	3	12	1	23
{{Party name with color\|Inkatha Freedom Party}}	0	0	3	41	0	0	0	0	0
{{Party name with color\|Freedom Front Plus\|shortname=Freedom Front}}	0	2	5	0	2	1	2	1	1
{{Party name with color\|Democratic Party (South Africa)}}	1	0	5	2	0	0	1	0	3
{{Party name with color\|Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}}	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
{{Party name with color\|African Christian Democratic Party}}	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1
{{Party name with color\|Minority Front}}	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
style=font-weight:bold \|colspan=2 align=left\|Total	56	30	86	81	30	30	30	40	42

=Eastern Cape=

{{Election results

|image=File:Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature 1994.svg

|party1=African National Congress|votes1=2453790|seats1=48

|party2=National Party|votes2=286029|seats2=6

|party3=Democratic Party|votes3=59644|seats3=1

|party4=Pan Africanist Congress|votes4=59475|seats4=1

|party5=Freedom Front|votes5=23167|seats5=0

|party6=African Christian Democratic Party|votes6=14908|seats6=0

|party7=Inkatha Freedom Party|votes7=5050|seats7=0

|party8=African Democratic Movement|votes8=4815|seats8=0

|party9=Merit Party|votes9=2028|seats9=0

|invalid=13248

|source=[http://electionresources.org/za/provinces.php?election=1994&province=EC Election Resources]

}}

=Free State=

{{Election results

|image=File:Free State Provincial Legislature 1994.svg

|party1=African National Congress|votes1=1037998|seats1=24

|party2=National Party|votes2=170452|seats2=4

|party3=Freedom Front|votes3=81662|seats3=2

|party4=Pan Africanist Congress|votes4=24451|seats4=0

|party5=Dikwankwetla Party|votes5=17024|seats5=0

|party6=Democratic Party|votes6=7664|seats6=0

|party7=Inkatha Freedom Party|votes7=6935|seats7=0

|party8=African Christian Democratic Party|votes8=6072|seats8=0

|party9=African Democratic Movement|votes9=2008|seats9=0

|invalid=10286

|source=[http://electionresources.org/za/provinces.php?election=1994&province=FS Election Resources]

}}

=Gauteng=

{{Election results

|image=File:Gauteng Provincial Legislature 1994.svg

|party1=African National Congress|votes1=2418257|seats1=50

|party2=National Party|votes2=1002540|seats2=21

|party3=Freedom Front|votes3=258935|seats3=5

|party4=Democratic Party|votes4=223548|seats4=5

|party5=Inkatha Freedom Party|votes5=153567|seats5=3

|party6=Pan Africanist Congress|votes6=61512|seats6=1

|party7=African Christian Democratic Party|votes7=25542|seats7=1

|party8=Federal Party|votes8=16279|seats8=0

|party9=Africa Muslim Party|votes9=12888|seats9=0

|party10=Women's Rights Peace Party|votes10=7279|seats10=0

|party11=Luso-South African Party|votes11=5423|seats11=0

|party12=Dikwankwetla Party|votes12=4853|seats12=0

|party13=African Democratic Movement|votes13=4352|seats13=0

|party14=Ximoko Progressive Party|votes14=3275|seats14=0|sc14=

|invalid=25383

|source=[http://electionresources.org/za/provinces.php?election=1994&province=GT Election Resources]

}}

=KwaZulu/Natal=

{{Election results

|image=File:KwaZuluNatal Provincial Legislature 1994.svg

|party1=Inkatha Freedom Party|votes1=1844070|seats1=41|sc1=

|party2=African National Congress|votes2=1181118|seats2=26|sc2=

|party3=National Party|votes3=410710|seats3=9|sc3=

|party4=Democratic Party|votes4=78910|seats4=2|sc4=

|party5=Minority Front|votes5=48951|seats5=1|sc5=

|party6=Pan Africanist Congress|votes6=26601|seats6=1|sc6=

|party7=African Christian Democratic Party|votes7=24690|seats7=1|sc7=

|party8=Freedom Front|votes8=18625|seats8=0|sc8=

|party9=Africa Muslim Party|votes9=17931|seats9=0|sc9=

|party10=African Democratic Movement|votes10=8092|seats10=0|sc10=

|party11=Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International|votes11=4626|seats11=0|sc11=

|invalid=39369

|source=[http://electionresources.org/za/provinces.php?election=1994&province=NL Election Resources]

}}

=Mpumalanga=

{{Election results

|image=File:Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature 1994.svg

|party1=African National Congress|votes1=1070052|seats1=25|sc1=

|party2=National Party|votes2=119311|seats2=3|sc2=

|party3=Freedom Front|votes3=75120|seats3=2|sc3=

|party4=Pan Africanist Congress|votes4=21679|seats4=0|sc4=

|party5=Inkatha Freedom Party|votes5=20147|seats5=0|sc5=

|party6=Democratic Party|votes6=7437|seats6=0|sc6=

|party7=African Christian Democratic Party|votes7=6339|seats7=0|sc7=

|party8=African Democratic Movement|votes8=5062|seats8=0|sc8=

|party9=Right Party|votes9=921|seats9=0|sc9=

|invalid=12631

|source=[http://electionresources.org/za/provinces.php?election=1994&province=MP Election Resources]

}}

=North-West=

{{Election results

|image=File:North West Provincial Legislature 1994.svg

|party1=African National Congress|votes1=1310080|seats1=26|sc1=

|party2=National Party|votes2=138986|seats2=3|sc2=

|party3=Freedom Front|votes3=72821|seats3=1|sc3=

|party4=Pan Africanist Congress|votes4=27274|seats4=0|sc4=

|party5=Democratic Party|votes5=7894|seats5=0|sc5=

|party6=Inkatha Freedom Party|votes6=5948|seats6=0|sc6=

|party7=African Christian Democratic Party|votes7=5570|seats7=0|sc7=

|party8=African Democratic Movement|votes8=3569|seats8=0|sc8=

|invalid=18974

|source=[http://electionresources.org/za/provinces.php?election=1994&province=NW Election Resources]

}}

=Northern Cape=

{{Election results

|image=File:Northern Cape Provincial Legislature 1994.svg

|party1=African National Congress|votes1=200839|seats1=15

|party2=National Party|votes2=163452|seats2=12

|party3=Freedom Front|votes3=24117|seats3=2

|party4=Democratic Party|votes4=7567|seats4=1

|party5=Pan Africanist Congress|votes5=3765|seats5=0

|party6=Inkatha Freedom Party|votes6=1688|seats6=0

|party7=African Christian Democratic Party|votes7=1610|seats7=0

|party8=African Democratic Movement|votes8=734|seats8=0

|invalid=3534

|source=[http://electionresources.org/za/provinces.php?election=1994&province=NC Election Resources]

}}

=Limpopo=

{{Election results

|image=File:Northern Province Provincial Legislature 1994.svg

|party1=African National Congress|votes1=1759597|seats1=38

|party2=National Party|votes2=62745|seats2=1

|party3=Freedom Front|votes3=41193|seats3=1

|party4=Pan Africanist Congress|votes4=24360|seats4=0

|party5=United People's Front|votes5=10123|seats5=0

|party6=African Christian Democratic Party|votes6=7363|seats6=0

|party7=Ximoko Progressive Party|votes7=4963|seats7=0

|party8=Democratic Party|votes8=4021|seats8=0

|party9=African Democratic Movement|votes9=3662|seats9=0

|party10=Inkatha Freedom Party|votes10=2233|seats10=0

|invalid=13702

|source=[http://electionresources.org/za/provinces.php?election=1994&province=NP Election Resources]

}}

=Western Cape=

{{Election results

|image=File:Western Cape Provincial Legislature 1994.svg

|party1=National Party|votes1=1138242|seats1=23|sc1=

|party2=African National Congress|votes2=705576|seats2=14|sc2=

|party3=Democratic Party|votes3=141970|seats3=3|sc3=

|party4=Freedom Front|votes4=44003|seats4=1|sc4=

|party5=African Christian Democratic Party|votes5=25731|seats5=1|sc5=

|party6=Pan Africanist Congress|votes6=22676|seats6=0|sc6=

|party7=Africa Muslim Party|votes7=20954|seats7=0|sc7=

|party8=Islamic Party|votes8=16762|seats8=0|sc8=

|party9=Inkatha Freedom Party|votes9=7445|seats9=0|sc9=

|party10=Wes-Kaap Federaliste Party|votes10=6337|seats10=0|sc10=

|party11=South African Women's Party|votes11=2641|seats11=0|sc11=

|party12=Green Party|votes12=2611|seats12=0|sc12=

|party13=African Democratic Movement|votes13=1939|seats13=0|sc13=

|party14=Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International|votes14=855|seats14=0|sc14=

|invalid=10714

|source=[http://electionresources.org/za/provinces.php?election=1994&province=WC Election Resources]

}}

Legacy

Following the elections, 27 April subsequently became a national public holiday, Freedom Day.{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/04/s-africa-marks-democracy-anniversary-2014427114951886747.html|title=S Africa marks democracy anniversary|website=aljazeera.com}}

In a Sunday Independent article on the 20th anniversary of the election, Steven Friedman, who headed the IEC's information analysis department during the election, stated that the lack of a voters roll made verifying the results of the election difficult, and there were widespread accusations of cheating. Friedman characterised the election as a "technical disaster but a political triumph", and intimated that the final results were as a result of a negotiated compromise, rather than being an accurate count of the votes cast, stating that it was impossible to produce an accurate result under the circumstances that the election was held. He wrote that he believed that the result of the election, which gave KwaZulu-Natal to the IFP; gave the National Party 20% of the vote share, and a Deputy President position; and held the ANC back from the two-thirds majority with the ability to unilaterally write the final constitution, helped prevent a civil war.

References

External links

US Department of the Army, South Africa Country Study, "[http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/77.htm The 1994 Elections]"
[https://web.archive.org/web/20080628132254/http://www.elections.org.za/Elections94.asp IEC results for 1994 election]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20080830075911/http://www.uiowa.edu/~electdis/SouthAfrica.htm Proportional representation and alternative systems]

South Africa

Category:Democratization

Category:General elections in South Africa

South Africa

Category:Nelson Mandela