1 Chronicles 21

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 30 verses.

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}}

Extant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^Q; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73–74}}{{efn|The extant Codex Sinaiticus only contains 1 Chronicles 9:27–19:17.{{Cite book |last=Würthwein |first=Ernst |title=Der Text des Alten Testaments |publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft |edition=2nd |place=Stuttgart |year=1988 |url= |page=85 |isbn=3-438-06006-X}}{{Cite book |last=Swete |first=Henry Barclay |authorlink=Henry Barclay Swete |title=An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |location=Cambridge |year=1902 |url=https://archive.org/stream/anintrotooldtes00swetuoft#page/128/mode/2up |pages=129–130}}{{Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Codex Sinaiticus}}}}

• {{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|21:1–6|9}}: {{bibleverse|Exodus|30:11–16|9}}; {{bibleverse|2 Samuel|24:1–9|9}}[https://biblehub.com/bsb/1_chronicles/21.htm 1 Chronicles 21 Berean Study Bible]. Biblehub
• {{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|21:7–13|9}}:{{bibleverse|2 Samuel|24:10–14|9}}
• {{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|21:14–17|9}}:{{bibleverse|2 Samuel|24:15–17|9}}
• {{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|21:18–30|9}}:{{bibleverse|2 Samuel|24:18–25|9}}

The Chronicler reinterprets and supplements the account in 2 Samuel 24, taking the perspective of Job chapter 1.{{sfn|Mathys|2007|p=278}}{{sfn|Coogan|2007|p=607 Hebrew Bible}} Instead of "the anger of the {{Lord}}" (2 Samuel 24:1), the one who persuaded David to carry out a census is "Satan", a Hebrew word which should be translated as "an adversary" rather than a personal name, more likely is the same figure mentioned in {{bibleverse|Job|1:6|9}}ff and Zechariah 3:1ff.{{sfn|Mathys|2007|p=278}}{{sfn|Coogan|2007|p=607 Hebrew Bible}}

David's guilt is pronounced strongly by Joab (more than in 2 Samuel 24) as the word 'trespass' (verse 3; NRSV, 'guilt') is used to emphasize David's responsibility.{{sfn|Coogan|2007|p=607 Hebrew Bible}} The Chronicler simply documents the result of the census, excluding the individual stages (due to its insignificance or incomprehensibility) recorded in 2 Samuel 24.{{sfn|Mathys|2007|p=278}}

:And Joab gave the sum of the numbering of the people to David. In all Israel there were 1,100,000 men who drew the sword, and in Judah 470,000 who drew the sword.{{bibleref2|1 Chronicles|21:5|ESV}} ESV

• "1,100,000": the number of able men in the united kingdom of Israel and Judah, of whom 800,000 is reported in {{bibleverse|2 Samuel|24:9|9}}, with the addition of twelve special armies each consisting of 24,000 men, for a total of 288,000, and 12,000 horsemen in chariot cities as well as at Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 1:14).{{sfn|Walvoord|Zuck|2002|loc= 2 Samuel}}
• "470,000": the total of the Judeans. {{bibleverse|2 Samuel|24:9|9}} has 500,000; apparently including 30,000 David's chosen warriors in {{bibleverse|2 Samuel|6:1|9}}.{{sfn|Walvoord|Zuck|2002|loc= 2 Samuel}}

:But he did not count Levi and Benjamin among them, for the king’s word was abominable to Joab.{{bibleref2|1 Chronicles|21:6|NKJV}} NKJV

{{bibleverse|Numbers|1:49|9}} forbids to take a military census among the Levites, whereas the tribe of Benjamin was probably excluded because 'the tabernacle resided upon its territory'.{{sfn|Mathys|2007|p=278}}

The passage emphasizes on YHWH's disapproval, not David's remorse (as in 2 Samuel 24) because David was persuaded by Satan, so it has the statement 'he struck Israel' forecasting the events reported in verse 14.{{sfn|Mathys|2007|p=278}}

The sin of David resulted in the death of Israelites (verse 14; cf. {{bibleverse|2 Samuel|11:17–26|9}}; {{bibleverse-nb|2 Samuel|12:15–19|9}}; {{bibleverse-nb|2 Samuel|24:15|9}}).{{sfn|Selman|1994|p=201}}

:So the Lord sent a plague throughout Israel, and seventy thousand men of Israel fell.{{bibleref2|1 Chronicles|21:14|MEV}} MEV

This sentence is followed in {{bibleverse|2 Samuel|24:15|9}} by "from the morning even to the time appointed," so if "the time appointed" means 'the time of the evening sacrifice', then God shortened the three days to a short one day.Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/pulpit/1_chronicles/21.htm On "1 Chronicles 21".] In: The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019.

:David lifted up his eyes and saw the angel of the Lord standing between earth and heaven with his sword drawn in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem. So David and the elders, covered in sackcloth, fell on their faces.{{bibleref2|1 Chronicles|21:16|MEV}} MEV

The Chronicler describes the angel hanging in the air, recalling the descriptions in Numbers 22:31 and Joshua 5:13-15 (cf. also verse 18); furthermore cf. Daniel 8:15; 12:6.{{sfn|Mathys|2007|p=278}}

In verses 21–25, the purchase of Ornan's threshingfloor is patterned after Abraham's purchase of Machpelah's cave (Genesis 23), including the insistence on paying the full price (an expression used only in Genesis 23:9 and verses 22, 24). The 600 silver shekels David pays is more than Abraham's 400 silver shekels for Machpelah's cave, alluding the higher value of temple site than Sarah's burial site (600 is also a multiple of 12, an important number in various ways in the Chronicles).{{sfn|Mathys|2007|p=278}}

Verses 29–30 explain that because an angel obstructed his way, David had to make sacrifices on Ornan's threshing-floor, instead of at the high place at Gibeon.{{sfn|Mathys|2007|p=278}}

:Then the angel of the Lord commanded Gad to tell David that David should go up and raise an altar to the Lord on the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite. {{bibleref2|1 Chronicles|21:18|MEV}} MEV

The command to erect an altar on the threshing-floor of Ornan (the later name for Araunah) was given only by Gad in 2 Samuel 24, is clarified in Chronicles as originated from the angel of YHWH.{{sfn|Mathys|2007|p=278}}

• David's Mighty Warriors
• House of David
• Jerusalem
• Zeruiah
• Related Bible parts: Genesis 23, Exodus 30, Numbers 23, 2 Samuel 11, 2 Samuel 11, 2 Samuel 23, 2 Samuel 24, Job 1, Zechariah 3

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Cite book | last= Ackroyd | first= Peter R |chapter = Chronicles, Books of

|editor1-last = Metzger |editor1-first = Bruce M

|editor1-link = Bruce M. Metzger

|editor2-last = Coogan |editor2-first = Michael D |title = The Oxford Companion to the Bible

|publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 1993 |isbn = 978-0195046458 | pages= 113–116}}

• {{Cite book | last= Bennett | first= William|title = The Expositor's Bible: The Books of Chronicles|publisher = Litres|year = 2018 |isbn = 978-5040825196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZo3DwAAQBAJ }}
• {{cite book|last= Coogan|first = Michael David| author-link= Michael D. Coogan |title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 |editor-last1=Coogan |editor-first1=Michael David |editor-first2=Marc Zvi |editor-last2= Brettler |editor-first3=Carol Ann |editor-last3= Newsom |editor-first4= Pheme |editor-last4= Perkins |edition= Augmented 3rd |publisher = Oxford University Press |year =2007 |isbn = 9780195288810 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
• {{cite book| last= Endres |first = John C. |title = First and Second Chronicles |publisher = Liturgical Press |year =2012 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mtL0BSEv7i4C | isbn= 9780814628447}}
• {{cite book|last= Hill |first = Andrew E. |title = First and Second Chronicles |publisher = Zondervan |year =2003 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv-LEqnF8Y4C | isbn = 9780310206101 }}
• {{cite book|last= Mabie | first= Frederick | chapter = I. The Chronicler's Genealogical Survey of All Israel | title= 1 and 2 Chronicles |series = The Expositor's Bible Commentary | editor-first1= Tremper | editor-last1=Longman III | editor-first2=David E | editor-last2= Garland | publisher = Zondervan | date = 2017 | pages = 267–308 | isbn = 978-0310531814 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=E8ESDgAAQBAJ | access-date=December 6, 2019}}
• {{cite book|last= Mathys | first= H. P. | chapter = 14. 1 and 2 Chronicles | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John | editor-last1=Barton |editor1-link = John Barton (theologian) | editor-first2=John| editor-last2= Muddiman |editor2-link = John Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press |edition= first (paperback) | date = 2007 | pages = 267–308 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ| access-date=February 6, 2019}}
• {{cite book|last= Selman | first= Martin J. | title=1 Chronicles: An Introduction and Commentary | series = Tyndale Old Testament commentaries | publisher = Inter-Varsity Press | date = 1994 | isbn = 978-0851118475 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMgQAQAAIAAJ | access-date=December 30, 2020}}
• {{cite book|last= Tuell | first= Steven S. | title=First and Second Chronicles | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-0664238650 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RKvdfWsmvEC | access-date=December 30, 2020}}
• {{cite book|last1 = Walvoord | first1= John F.| last2= Zuck | first2= Roy B. | title = The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament and New Testament | publisher= David C. Cook. | year = 2002| isbn= 9780896938007}}
• {{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = William B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year= 1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

• Jewish translations:
• [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16541 Divrei Hayamim I - I Chronicles - Chapter 21 (Judaica Press)] translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
• Christian translations:
• [http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=1+Chronicles+21 Online Bible at GospelHall.org] (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
• [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=13&chapter=21&version=9 First Book of Chronicles Chapter 21. Bible Gateway]

{{First Book of Chronicles}}

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