2016 southern Taiwan earthquake

{{short description|Deadly earthquake centered north of Pingtung City, Taiwan}}

{{Infobox earthquake

| image = 2016 Kaohsiung earthquake shakemap.png

|map2 = {{Location map | Taiwan

| relief = yes

| label =

| lat = 22.94

| long = 120.59

| mark = Bullseye1.png

| marksize = 50

| position = top

| width = 260

| float = right

| caption = }}

| title = 2016 Taiwan earthquake

| timestamp = 2016-02-05 19:57:27

| anss-url = us20004y6h

| isc-event = 611838796

| local-date = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|02|06}}

| local-time = 03:57:27 (UTC+8)

| magnitude = 6.4 {{M|W|link=y}}

| location = {{coord|22.94|120.59|region:TW_type:event|display=inline,title}}

| depth = {{convert|23.0|km|abbr=on}}

| intensity = {{CWB|7|MMI|7}}

| PGA = 0.4 g

| PGV = 38.99 cm/s

| countries affected = Republic of China (Taiwan)

| casualties = 116 dead
550 injured

| citations ={{cite web | url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201602180031.aspx | title=Body of last victim of apartment collapse in Tainan found | date=18 February 2016 | access-date=18 July 2016 | website=Focus Taiwan}}{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-taiwan-earthquake-20160205-story.html |title=Magnitude 6.4 earthquake strikes southern Taiwan; at least 2 buildings collapse |date=6 February 2016 |work=Los Angeles Times}}{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/02/06/taiwan-missing-earthqauke-death/79921478/ |title=Dozens missing, 15 dead after quake rattles Taiwan |date=6 February 2016 |work=USA Today}}

}}

At 03:57 local time on 6 February 2016, an earthquake with a moment magnitude of 6.4 struck 28 km (17 mi) northeast of Pingtung City in southern Taiwan,{{cite web |url=http://geographic.org/earthquakes/real_time_details.php?id=us20004y6h&lat=22.8711&lon=120.6678 |title=Map of the earthquake M6.4 – 28 km NE of Pingtung, Taiwan |author =Global Earthquake Epicenters |date=6 February 2016 |publisher=Geographic.org}} in the Meinong District of Kaohsiung. The earthquake struck at a depth of around 23 km (14 mi). Its comparatively shallow depth caused more intense reverberations on the surface.{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/earthquake-measuring-64-hits-southern-taiwan-160205213442324.html|title=Powerful earthquake rocks southern Taiwan|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=4 April 2016}} The earthquake had a maximum intensity of 7 on the Central Weather Administration seismic intensity scale, causing widespread damage and 116 deaths. Almost all of the deaths were caused by a collapsed residential building, named Weiguan Jinlong in Yongkang District, while two other people were killed in Gueiren District.{{cite web |title=M6.4 – 28 km NE of Pingtung, Taiwan |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/at00o23bfs#general_region |publisher=United States Geological Survey |date=5 February 2016 |access-date=5 February 2016}} Sixty-eight aftershocks have occurred.{{cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201602080020.aspx |title=68 aftershocks recorded after major earthquake |date=8 February 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=Focus Taiwan}} The earthquake was the deadliest earthquake in Taiwan since the 1999 Jiji earthquake.

Geology

Taiwan is located on the Ring of Fire, making it prone to intense earthquakes. However, the February 2016 event was particularly destructive and deadly.{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/08/asia/taiwan-earthquake/index.html|title=Taiwan earthquake: Toppled high-rise built with tin cans|publisher=CNN|access-date=4 April 2016}}

Taiwan lies on the boundary between the Eurasian plate and the Philippine Sea plate, which are converging at 80 mm per year. The island is the result of uplift caused by the collision between the northern end of the Luzon Arc and the continental margin of China.{{cite journal | title= Tectonic features of the incipient arc-continent collision zone of Taiwan: Implications for seismicity |author1=Lin A.T. |author2=Yao B. |author3=Hsu S.-K. |author4=Liu C.-S. |author5=Huang S.-Y. | journal=Tectonophysics | year=2009 | volume=479 | issue=1–2 |pages = 28–42| doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2008.11.004|bibcode=2009Tectp.479...28L |citeseerx = 10.1.1.503.1391}} The earthquake's focal mechanism indicates oblique thrust faulting in the mid to upper crust.

The earthquake's epicenter was in the Meinong District in Kaohsiung City. The earthquake waves traveled northwest from the epicenter to Tainan City through the soft soil in the Chianan Plain. Due to the soft soil nature of Tainan, surface ground motion due to the traveling wave was strongly amplified, thus creating more devastating effects in Tainan.{{cite web | url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/02/09/2003639127 | title=Earthquake Aftermath: Destruction in Tainan caused by 'site effect': experts | date=9 February 2016 | access-date=18 July 2016 | website=Taipei Times}} The earthquake registered a maximum intensity of 7 on the Central Weather Administration seismic intensity scale.{{cite news|title=新聞回顧／台南地震震度7級　災情為何比震央區嚴重|url=https://www.ettoday.net/news/20170127/857261.htm|date=27 January 2017|access-date=7 March 2025|language=zh|website=ETtoday}}

Damage

The worst affected city was Tainan, where numerous buildings reportedly collapsed,{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-quake-taiwan-idUSKCN0VE2EO |title=Magnitude 6.4 earthquake hits southern Taiwan: USGS |date=5 February 2016 |agency=Reuters}}{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35508475 |title=Taiwan: Earthquake measuring 6.4 hits island |date=6 February 2016 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=18 March 2016}} including at least one 17-story residential building in Yongkang District,{{cite web |title=Taiwan earthquake: Rescuers in frantic search for missing |publisher=BBC News |access-date=5 February 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35511884 }} with hundreds of people trapped in the collapsed buildings. 115 people died inside the Weiguan Jinlong building (zh) in Tainan City, including a six-month-old infant who died a few hours later in a hospital.{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2016/02/08/458026/Survivors-pulled.htm |title=Survivors pulled out from building 2 days after Taiwan quake |work=The China Post|access-date=8 February 2016}}{{cite news|title = Taiwan earthquake: Officials investigate collapsed building – BBC News| publisher=BBC News | date=8 February 2016 |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35517965|access-date = 8 February 2016}} Officials reported that 397 people were rescued, with 104 of them taken to a hospital. More than 500 people in total were injured from a disaster that struck during the most important family holiday in the Chinese calendar – the Lunar New Year holiday.{{cite web|title = Death toll from Taiwan quake hits 34, hunt on for survivors {{!}} Fox News|url = https://www.foxnews.com/world/death-toll-from-taiwan-quake-hits-34-hunt-on-for-survivors|publisher = Fox News|date = 7 February 2016|access-date = 8 February 2016}}

A total of 34 historical buildings around Taiwan were damaged, in which 23 of them are located in Tainan.{{cite web | url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aedu/201602150019.aspx | title=34 historic monuments damaged in southern Taiwan quake | date=15 February 2016 | access-date=18 July 2016 | website=Focus Taiwan}} Public Work Bureau of Kaohsiung City Government discovered 314 broken bridges in the city and 5 of them deemed unusable anymore.{{cite web | url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201602150022.aspx | title=Five bridges cordoned off in Kaohsiung following fatal earthquake | date=15 February 2016 | access-date=18 July 2016 | website=Focus Taiwan}}

Taiwan Power Company initially reported that 168,000 households experienced power outage after the quake, but since then has restored the electricity to most of the houses.{{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/magnitude-6.4-earthquake-hits-southern-taiwan---usgs/41943774 |title=Quake fells Taiwan apartment building, at least two dead |work=SWI swissinfo.ch |access-date=6 February 2016 |archive-date=6 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206075727/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/magnitude-6.4-earthquake-hits-southern-taiwan---usgs/41943774 |url-status=dead }} National Fire Agency reported that about 400,000 households were left without water supply.{{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/02/07/2003639002 |title=Tainan reels after 6.4 quake |website=Taipei Times |access-date=6 February 2016}}

Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) cancelled all train services between Taichung Station and Zuoying Station starting Saturday due to damage to the train power systems and extensive damage to its tracks north of Tainan.{{cite news |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2016/02/06/457940/Breaking-Update.htm |title=[Update] Bullet train services restored from North to Chiayi after earthquake in South |newspaper=The China Post |access-date=6 February 2016}}{{cite web |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201602060009.aspx |title=Earthquake paralyzes high-speed rail in southern Taiwan |website=Focustaiwan.tw |date=6 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016}} Later in the day, THSR made an announcement that the service between Taichung and Chiayi Station resumed after successful repair works.{{cite news |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2016/02/06/457940/Update-Bullet.htm |title=[Update] Bullet train services restored from North to Chiayi after earthquake in South |newspaper=The China Post |access-date=6 February 2016}}

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company reported that the silicon wafers at its Tainan factory were damaged, although it did not affect much of its shipment.{{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/02/07/2003639025 |title=Silicon wafers damaged in earthquake, TSMC says |date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 February 2016}} United Microelectronics Corporation said that the earthquake triggered its plant safety measures to shut down the machines and that they would need recalibrating afterwards.

Disaster response

=Rescue efforts=

File:Weiguan Jinlong residential building.jpg, Tainan.]]

The Ministry of the Interior immediately set up the Central Emergency Operation Center (CEOC) shortly after 4 a.m. once the earthquake had occurred. From the CEOC, President Ma Ying-jeou coordinated the rescue efforts and is expected to head to Tainan. Tainan Mayor William Lai also set up emergency response minutes after the quake. Premier Chang San-cheng has cancelled his original itinerary and is expected to head to Tainan as well.{{cite news |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2016/02/06/457939/Tremor-rattles.htm |title=[Update] Tremor rattles Southern Taiwan, at least 7 dead, 437 injured |newspaper=The China Post |access-date=6 February 2016}} The Ministry of Health and Welfare had launched six regional emergency operation centers.{{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/02/07/2003639002/2 |title=Tainan reels after 6.4 quake |website=Taipei Times |access-date=6 February 2016}} The last survivors, a woman and her niece, were found 60 hours after the earthquake.{{cite web |url=http://www.pureland-buddhism.org/%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%9B%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89%E4%BA%8B%E8%B9%9F/%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%9B%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89/D13%E9%99%B3%E7%BE%8E%E6%97%A5.htm |title=業報現前困樓中念佛蒙救心境轉──陳美日脫離2016年台南地震60小時受困之經歷 |work=Pureland Buddhism |language=zh}}{{cite web |url=http://www.fsamtj.com/my/Html/2016-4/396105.html |title=台湾地震废墟下念佛 60小时后生还 |date=11 April 2016 |language=zh |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603020552/http://www.fsamtj.com/my/Html/2016-4/396105.html |archive-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}

Ministry of National Defense confirmed that army units were dispatched for the rescue efforts consisting of 810 personnel, 11 medical teams, 24 search and rescue teams and 38 vehicles. The Army Command Headquarters in Gueiren District sent two helicopters to survey the damaged areas. Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital dispatched 30 medical personnel to Tainan. Gen. Yen Teh-fa, Armed Forces Chief of the General Staff, was planned to be stationed at the joint military operations command center to oversee the rescue efforts.{{cite web |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201602060008.aspx |title=Military, rescuers respond to quake disaster in southern Taiwan |website=Focustaiwan.tw |date=6 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016}} A total of 1,200 beds in four locations were prepared by the military for people who lost their homes due to the earthquake.{{cite web |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201602060007.aspx |title=President wants all-out efforts in earthquake rescue |website=Focustaiwan.tw |date=6 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016}} Tainan Air Force Base had been turned into a temporary shelter that could accommodate up to 1,400 people left homeless by the quake.

Rescue teams from Japan and People's Republic of China provided advice on the search and rescue efforts.{{cite web | url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201602070014.aspx | title=Japan, China send teams to join Taiwan's quake rescue efforts | date=7 February 2016 | access-date=18 July 2016 | website=Focus Taiwan}} Rescuers used sensors to detect signs of life and avoided using heavy machinery for fear of further collapsing the rubble and potentially trapping any survivors.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/10/world/asia/taiwan-earthquake-arrest-wei-guan.html|title=Taiwan Earthquake Investigators Arrest Developer of Collapsed Building|last=Bradsher|first=Keith|date=9 February 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=4 April 2016}} On 13 February 2016, Tainan Mayor William Lai declared the search and rescue mission for the earthquake victims was over.{{cite web|url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Policy-Politics/Search-for-Taiwan-quake-victims-ends-with-death-toll-at-116 |access-date=14 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214085405/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Policy-Politics/Search-for-Taiwan-quake-victims-ends-with-death-toll-at-116 |archive-date=14 February 2016 |title=Search for Taiwan quake victims ends with death toll at 116 |date=13 February 2016 |work=Nikkei Asian Review}}

=Reactions=

File:Hsinhua branch of King's Town Bank.jpg

Taipei 101 put on a lighting display on Saturday night to pay tribute to the earthquake victims.{{cite web |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeco/201602060030.aspx |title=Taipei 101 to light up in tribute to quake victims |website=Focustaiwan.tw |date=6 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016}} Tennis athletes Chan Yung-jan and Chan Hao-ching dedicated their Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Group I victory to the earthquake victims.{{cite web | url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/02/08/2003639064 | title=Fed Cup win dedicated to Tainan quake victims | date=8 February 2016 | access-date=18 July 2016 | author=Carroll, Dave | website=Taipei Times | agency=Reuters}}

During her visit to Tainan, President-elect Tsai Ing-wen said that safety checks of old buildings and urban renewal will be the top priority of her administration, later stating that Taiwan has become a developed society that demands improved public infrastructure and better quality of life.{{cite web | url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201602080015.aspx | title=Building check, urban renewal to be new government's priority: Tsai | date=8 February 2016 | access-date=18 July 2016 | website=Focus Taiwan}} When meeting with the quake victims treated at hospital, Tsai promised that rescue efforts will continue and that rescue teams will not give up hope.{{cite web | url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201602080014.aspx | title=President-elect Tsai Ing-wen visits quake-struck Tainan | date=8 February 2016 | access-date=18 July 2016 | website=Focus Taiwan}}

==Donations==

To assist with post-earthquake relief and reconstruction efforts, Japan donated US$1 million, United States pledged US$500,000, and China donated 2 million yuan (approx. {{To USD|2000000|CHN}} USD).{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/foreign-affairs/2016/02/10/458105/Nation-thanks.htm |title=Nation thanks Japan, China, US for earthquake donations |website=The China Post |date=10 February 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016}}

Tsai Ing-wen donated NT$1 million to the earthquake relief efforts.{{cite web |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201602060018.aspx |title=President-elect, political parties donate to quake relief |website=Focustaiwan.tw |date=6 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016}} New Taipei Mayor Eric Chu also donated NT$1 million to earthquake victims.{{cite news |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2016/02/07/457978/p2/President-wants.htm |title=President wants all-out efforts in earthquake rescue |newspaper=The China Post |access-date=6 February 2016}} Changhua County Magistrate Wei Ming-ku donated one month of his salary to the earthquake victims.

Yulon Group pledged NT$10 million while Acer donated NT$1 million.{{cite web |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeco/201602060014.aspx |title=Yulon Group donates NT$10 million to help Tainan quake victims |website=Focustaiwan.tw |date=6 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016}} Foxconn and Yunglin Healthcare Foundation donated NT$100 million each. Lin Rung San Foundation of Culture and Social Welfare pledged NT$100 million for the victims. Formosa Plastics Corp pledged NT$50 million to help the rescue efforts. Taishin Financial Holdings and Himax each pledged NT$10 million to the Tainan City Government.{{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/02/07/2003639023 |title=Donations flood in after Tainan disaster |date=7 February 2016 |access-date=7 February 2016}}

Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation sent more than 1,000 volunteers to 15 locations in Tainan with blankets, winter bedding, clothes and food for the earthquake survivors. Taiwan's Red Cross Society mobilized more than 100 employees and volunteers to help with the relief efforts, while the Red Cross Society of China and Macau Red Cross have pledged US$303,030 and US$50,000 respectively.{{cite web | url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201602060036.aspx | title=Quake death toll climbs to 14; rescue work continues in Tainan | access-date=6 February 2016 | website=Focus Taiwan | date=6 February 2016}} In addition, some Taiwanese and foreign celebrities, like Jay Chou or Huang Xiaoming, donated to the relief efforts.{{cite web |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeas/201602060032.aspx |title=Donations pour in from celebrities after southern Taiwan quake |website=Focustaiwan.tw |date=6 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016}}

Hotels around Tainan provided temporary free rooms for earthquake survivors to stay in. Restaurant owners setup temporary kitchens to provide hot foods for rescue workers and relatives of the people who are still trapped under the building rubble. Heating pads and hand warmers were also distributed to the traffic police around the collapsed building.{{cite web | url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/02/08/2003639077 | title=Earthquake Aftermath: Soup kitchens spring up to feed rescuers | date=8 February 2016 | access-date=18 July 2016 | website=Focus Taiwan}}

Aftermath

= Reconstruction =

The government allocated NT$25 billion for the reconstruction after the damaged caused by the earthquake. The government will also provide rent assistance and banks will provide interest-free long-term loans. The government will also release report on land around Taiwan affected by soil liquefaction and submersion.{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2016/02/15/458323/Govt-to.htm|title=Gov't to pump NT$25 bil. into quake reconstruction|date=15 February 2016|website=The China Post|access-date=18 July 2016}}

= Criminal investigation =

On 9 February 2016, Tainan District Court approved prosecutors' request to detain three executives of a now-defunct Weiguan developer company that built the collapsed Weiguan Jinlong apartment complex. The prosecutors detained Lin Ming-hui (林明輝), former chairman of the Weiguan company, as well as two other former executives Chang Kui-an (張奎安) and Cheng Chin-kui (鄭進貴), on charges of professional negligence resulting in death.{{cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201602100001.aspx|title=Developers of collapsed building detained|work=focustaiwan.tw|date=10 February 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016}} Reuters reported that witnesses saw large rectangular cooking-oil cans packed inside wall cavities of the collapsed apartment building, apparently having been used as building material, while Taiwan media reported the presence of polystyrene in supporting beams, mixed in with concrete.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-quake-taiwan-crime-idUSKCN0VI0DU|title=Taiwan developer in custody after deadly quake fells building|date=9 February 2016|author=J.R. Wu|agency=Reuters|access-date=10 February 2016}}