2024 in climate change#Measurements and statistics

File:1940-2024 Global surface temperature - stacked - Copernicus.jpg

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• 19 March: "The climate crisis is the defining challenge that humanity faces and is closely intertwined with the inequality crisis, as witnessed by growing food insecurity and population displacement, and biodiversity loss." —Prof. Celeste Saulo, Secretary-General of the World Meteorological Organization, in State of the Climate 2023.{{cite web |title=State of the Global Climate 2023 |url=https://library.wmo.int/viewer/68835/download?file=1347_Statement_2023_en.pdf&type=pdf&navigator=1 |website=WMO.int |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319195010/https://library.wmo.int/viewer/68835/download?file=1347_Statement_2023_en.pdf&type=pdf&navigator=1 |archive-date=19 March 2024 |date=19 March 2024 |url-status=live}} WMO-No. 1347, p. iii.{{cite web |title=Record-Breaking Heatwaves, Floods, and Wildfires Led to 2023 Becoming the Warmest Year on Record: WMO Report |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/climate-change/news/2024-03-20-2023-marked-warmest-year-on-record-confirms-wmo-report |publisher=The Weather Channel |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529182015/https://weather.com/en-IN/india/climate-change/news/2024-03-20-2023-marked-warmest-year-on-record-confirms-wmo-report |archive-date=29 May 2024 |location=India |format=News article |date=20 March 2024 |quote=“The climate crisis is the defining challenge that humanity faces and is closely intertwined with the inequality crisis, as witnessed by growing food insecurity and population displacement, and biodiversity loss,” said Celeste Saulo. |url-status=live}}
• October: "For the first time in human history, the hydrological cycle is out of balance, undermining an equitable and sustainable future for all."{{cite web |title=The Economics of Water / Valuing the Hydrological Cycle as a Global Common Good |url=https://economicsofwater.watercommission.org/report/economics-of-water.pdf |publisher=Global Commission on the Economics of Water |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241020040653/https://economicsofwater.watercommission.org/report/economics-of-water.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2024 |location=Executive Summary / From crisis to opportunity |page=11 |date=October 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 12 November: At the COP29 conference, U.N. Secretary General António Guterres described 2024 as a "master class in climate destruction.{{cite news |title=Greta Thunberg calls site of COP29 climate summit 'beyond absurd' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2024/11/12/cop29-baku-azerbaijan-un-climate-conference-2024/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241114045250/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2024/11/12/cop29-baku-azerbaijan-un-climate-conference-2024/ |archive-date=14 November 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 7 April 2025: a study published in npj Climate and Atmospheric Science found that the climate extremes of 2023–2024 were exceptional even compared to recent warming trends, with record-breaking global surface air and sea surface temperatures. The research attributes these extremes to a combination of a positive decadal trend in Earth’s Energy Imbalance, three consecutive years of La Niña, and a rapid transition to El Niño, resulting in over 75% more heating between 2022 and 2023 than during similar past events. The authors warn that if the current trend in Earth’s energy accumulation continues, natural climate fluctuations like ENSO will increasingly produce amplified, record-breaking impacts in the future.{{cite journal |last1=Minobe |first1=S. |last2=Behrens |first2=E. |last3=Findell |first3=K.L. |last4=Loeb |first4=N.G. |last5=Martinez |first5=B. |last6=Smith |first6=R. |title=Global and regional drivers for exceptional climate extremes in 2023–2024: beyond the new normal |journal=npj Climate and Atmospheric Science |year=2025 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=138 |doi=10.1038/s41612-025-00996-z |bibcode=2025npCAS...8..138M |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-025-00996-z|pmc=11972963 }}

20241231 Vital signs of the planet - NASA - climate change.png |"Vital Signs of the Planet" as presented by NASA on 31 December 2024{{cite web |title=Vital Signs of the Planet / Understanding our planet to benefit humankind |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ |website=climate.NASA.gov |publisher=NASA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231062923/https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/ |archive-date=31 December 2024 |date=31 December 2024 |url-status=live }}

• 5 February: a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences proposed adding a "Category 6" to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale to adequately convey storms' risk to the public, the researchers noting a number of storms have already achieved that intensity.{{cite journal |last1=Wehner |first1=Michael F. |last2=Kossin |first2=James P. |title=The growing inadequacy of an open-ended Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale in a warming world |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=5 February 2024 |volume=121 |issue=7 |page=e2308901121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2308901121 |doi-access=free |pmid=38315843 |pmc=10873601 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12108901W }}
• 5 February: a study published in Nature Climate Change, based on 300 years of ocean mixed-layer temperature records preserved in sclerosponge skeletons, concluded that modern global warming began in the 1860s (over 80 years earlier than indicated by sea surface temperature records) and was already 1.7{{nbsp}}°C above pre-industrial levels by 2020—a figure 0.5{{nbsp}}°C higher than IPCC estimates.{{cite journal |last1=McCulloch |first1=Malcolm T. |last2=Winter |first2=Amos |last3=Sherman |first3=Clark E. |last4=Trotter |first4=Julie A. |title=300 years of sclerosponge thermometry shows global warming has exceeded 1.5 °C |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=5 February 2024 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=171–177 |doi=10.1038/s41558-023-01919-7 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024NatCC..14..171M }}

File:2024 Accumulated Cyclone Energy Index compared to 30-year average.svg

• February (reported): a Copernicus Climate Change Service analysis indicated that from February 2023 through January 2024, the running average global average air temperature exceeded 1.5{{nbsp}}°C for the first time. This single-year breach does not violate the 1.5{{nbsp}}°C long-term average agreed on in the 2015 Paris Agreement.{{cite news |last1=Poynting |first1=Mark |title=World's first year-long breach of key 1.5C warming limit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-68110310 |agency=BBC |date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208043721/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-68110310 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 13 February: a study published in Current Issues in Tourism concluded that U.S. average ski seasons (incl. snowmaking) decreased from 1960–1979 to 2000–2019 by between 5.5 and 7.1 days per season, with direct economic losses estimated at $252 million annually.{{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Daniel |last2=Stiger |first2=Robert |title=How climate change is damaging the US ski industry |journal=Current Issues in Tourism |date=13 February 2024 |volume=27 |issue=22 |pages=3891–3907 |doi=10.1080/13683500.2024.2314700 |doi-access=free }}
• 18 March (reported): the University of Maine's Climate Reanalyzer analyzed NOAA data and concluded that the average global ocean surface temperature reached a record daily high in mid-March 2023, and remained at unprecedented high levels every day since.{{cite news |last1=Paddison |first1=Laura |title=Global ocean heat has hit a new record every single day for the last year |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/18/climate/ocean-heat-record-year-climate-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321164825/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/18/climate/ocean-heat-record-year-climate-intl/index.html |archive-date=21 March 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 21 March: a study published in Communications Earth & Environment concluded that higher temperatures increase inflation persistently over twelve months in both higher- and lower-income countries, with inflation pressures largest at low latitudes and having strong seasonality at high latitudes.{{cite journal |last1=Kotz |first1=Maximilian |last2=Kuik |first2=Friderike |last3=Lis |first3=Eliza |last4=Nickel |first4=Christiane |title=Global warming and heat extremes to enhance inflationary pressures |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |date=21 March 2024 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=116 |doi=10.1038/s43247-023-01173-x |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024ComEE...5..116K }}
• 8 May (reported): Ember reported that for the first time, renewable energy generated a 30% of global electricity in 2023.{{cite web |last1=Wiatros-Motyka |first1=Malgorzata |last2=Fulghum |first2=Nicolas |last3=Jones |first3=Dave |title=World passes 30% renewable electricity milestone |url=https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2024/ |website=Ember-climate.org |publisher=Ember |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521032231/https://ember-climate.org/web/20240521032231/https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2024/ |archive-date=21 May 2024 |date=8 May 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 28 May: a study published by Climate Central, the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre and World Weather Attribution concluded that over the preceding twelve months, human-caused climate change caused a worldwide average of 26 additional days of extreme heat.{{cite web |title=Climate Change and the Escalation of Global Extreme Heat: Assessing and Addressing the Risks |url=https://assets.ctfassets.net/cxgxgstp8r5d/5sjPWtBWuPk56xVZKuuL3g/710d0a89e6eb859b1dc0417cb718dea8/Climate_Central_Climate_Change_and_the_Escalation_of_Global_Extreme_Heat.pdf |publisher=Climate Central, the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre and World Weather Attribution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528165806/https://assets.ctfassets.net/cxgxgstp8r5d/5sjPWtBWuPk56xVZKuuL3g/710d0a89e6eb859b1dc0417cb718dea8/Climate_Central_Climate_Change_and_the_Escalation_of_Global_Extreme_Heat.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2024 |date=28 May 2024 |url-status=live}}
• 11 June: a study published in Earth System Science Data estimated that total annual anthropogenic nitrous oxide ({{N2O}}) emissions increased 40% from 1980 to 2020, exceeding projected levels under all scenarios in the CMIP6 model.{{cite journal |last1=Tian |first1=Hanquin |last2=Pan |first2=Naiqing |last3=Thompson |first3=Rona L. |last4=Canadell |first4=Josep G. |last5=Suntharalingam |first5=Parvadha |display-authors=4 |title=Global nitrous oxide budget (1980–2020) |journal=Earth System Science Data |date=11 June 2024 |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2543–2604 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2543-2024|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2543T }}

File:2024 Climate change increasing Atlantic hurricane peak wind speeds.svg

• 1 July (reported): Hurricane Beryl, the earliest Category 5 storm on record in the Atlantic,{{cite news |last1=Gilbert |first1=Mary |last2=Wolfe |first2=Elizabeth |title=Beryl strengthens into the earliest Category 5 Atlantic hurricane on record after devastating Windward Islands |date=1 July 2024 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/01/weather/hurricane-beryl-caribbean-landfall-monday/index.html |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240702040745/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/01/weather/hurricane-beryl-caribbean-landfall-monday/index.html |archive-date=2 July 2024 |url-status=live }} (Beryl had increased to Category 5.) broke records for rapid intensification (65 mph in 24 hours), overall strength, and location for June.{{cite news |last1=Andrew |first1=Andrew |title=Why Hurricane Beryl is a warning of what is to come this season |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/07/01/hurricane-beryl-rapid-intensification-warning-sign |work=Axios |date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701141322/https://www.axios.com/2024/07/01/hurricane-beryl-rapid-intensification-warning-sign |archive-date=1 July 2024 |url-status=live }} (when Beryl was still Category 4)
• 9 July (reported): for the first time, in each month in a 12-month period (through June 2024), Earth's average temperature exceeded 1.5{{nbsp}}°C above the pre-industrial baseline.{{cite news |last1=Berwyn |first1=Bob |title=Average Global Temperature Has Warmed 1.5 Degrees Celsius Above Pre-industrial Levels for 12 Months in a Row |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/09072024/average-global-temperatures-above-pre-industrial-levels-for-12-months/ |work=Inside Climate News |date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709182740/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/09072024/average-global-temperatures-above-pre-industrial-levels-for-12-months/ |archive-date=9 July 2024 |url-status=live }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240708211659/https://climate.copernicus.eu/copernicus-june-2024-marks-12th-month-global-temperature-reaching-15degc-above-pre-industrial Copernicus graphic])
• 21 July: the highest daily global average temperature is recorded at {{Convert|17.09|C|F}}, surpassing the previous record of {{Convert|17.08|C|F}} on 6 July 2023.{{Cite news |last=Dickie |first=Gloria |date=2024-07-23 |title=World recorded hottest day on July 21, monitor says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/world-registers-hottest-day-ever-recorded-july-21-monitor-says-2024-07-23/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=Reuters}}
• 28 August: a study published in the journal Nature concluded that the June–September 2023 Canadian wildfires caused carbon emissions that exceeded annual fossil fuel emissions of all nations except India, China and the US.{{cite journal |last1=Byrne |first1=Brendan |last2=Liu |first2=Junjie |last3=Bowman |first3=Kevin W. |last4=Pascolini-Campbell |first4=Madeleine |last5=Chatterjee |first5=Abhishek |last6=Pandey |first6=Sudhanshu |last7=Miyazaki |first7=Kazuyuki |last8=van der Werf |first8=Guido R. |last9=Wunch |first9=Debra |last10=Wennberg |first10=Paul O. |last11=Roehl |first11=Coleen M. |last12=Sinha |first12=Saptarshi |display-authors=4 |title=Carbon emissions from the 2023 Canadian wildfires |journal=Nature |date=2024 |volume=633 |issue=8031 |pages=835–839 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07878-z|doi-access=free |pmid=39198654 |pmc=11424480 |bibcode=2024Natur.633..835B }}
• 20 November: a study published in Environmental Research: Climate, applied to 2024 Atlantic hurricanes to date, estimated that climate change's increase of water temperatures intensified peak wind speeds in all eleven such hurricanes by {{convert|9|-|28|mph|kph|abbr=on}}, including Helene ({{convert|16|mph|abbr=on}}) and Milton ({{convert|24|mph|abbr=on}}).● {{cite journal |last1=Gilford |first1=Daniel M. |last2=Giguere |first2=Joseph |last3=Pershing |first3=Andrew J. |title=Human-caused ocean warming has intensified recent hurricanes |journal=Environmental Research: Climate |date=20 November 2024 |volume=3 |issue=4 |page=045019 |doi=10.1088/2752-5295/ad8d02|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024ERCli...3d5019G }}
  ● Explained in {{cite web |url=https://assets.ctfassets.net/cxgxgstp8r5d/gbIn7ANc1uAzb5cbwQMXC/58c45b96cac793be4cbc215502d4b4bd/Climate_Central_2024_hurricane_attribution_report.pdf |title=Climate change increased wind speeds for every 2024 Atlantic hurricane: Analysis |publisher=Climate Central |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120111425/https://assets.ctfassets.net/cxgxgstp8r5d/gbIn7ANc1uAzb5cbwQMXC/58c45b96cac793be4cbc215502d4b4bd/Climate_Central_2024_hurricane_attribution_report.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2024 |date=20 November 2024 |url-status=live}}
• 30 November: a report from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Stepping back from the precipice: Transforming land management to stay within planetary boundaries, estimated an annual land degradation rate of {{convert|1,000,000|km2|mi2}}, in addition to previous accumulated land degradation of {{convert|15,000,000|km2|mi2}}.{{cite web |title=Stepping back from the precipice: Transforming land management to stay within planetary boundaries |url=https://publications.pik-potsdam.de/rest/items/item_30631_2/component/file_30742/content |publisher=Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) |date=30 November 2024 |page=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201172857/https://publications.pik-potsdam.de/rest/items/item_30631_2/component/file_30742/content |archive-date=1 December 2024 |doi=10.48485/pik.2024.018 |url-status=live |last1=Tomalka |first1=Julia |last2=Hunecke |first2=Claudia |last3=Murken |first3=Lisa |last4=Heckmann |first4=Tim |last5=Cronauer |first5=Carla |last6=Becker |first6=Rike |last7=Collignon |first7=Quitterie |last8=Collins-Sowah |first8=Peron A. |last9=Crawford |first9=Michael |last10=Gloy |first10=Nele |last11=Hampf |first11=Anna C. |last12=Lotze-Campen |first12=Hermann |last13=Malevolti |first13=Giulia |last14=Maskell |first14=Gina |last15=Müller |first15=Christoph |last16=Popp |first16=Alexander |last17=Vodounhessi |first17=Mélika |last18=Gornott |first18=Christoph |last19=Rockström |first19=Johan }}

• January: a study published in Annual Review of Marine Science reported that sea level rise's (SLR's) elevation of coastal water tables and shifting of their salinity landward—whose damage is "largely concealed and imperceptible"—makes potentially 1,546 coastal communities vulnerable to impacts decades before SLR-induced surface inundation.{{cite journal |last1=Habel |first1=Shellie |last2=Fletcher |first2=Charles H. |last3=Barbee |first3=Mathew M. |last4=Fornace |first4=Kyrstin L. |title=Hidden Threat: The Influence of Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Groundwater and the Convergence of Impacts on Municipal Infrastructure |journal=Annual Review of Marine Science |date=January 2024 |volume=16 |pages=81–103 |doi=10.1146/annurev-marine-020923-120737 |pmid=37540890 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-marine-020923-120737}}
• 12 February: a study published by the nonprofit First Street Foundation reported that improvements in air quality brought about by environmental regulation are being partially reversed by a "climate penalty" caused by climate change, especially with increases in PM2.5 particulates caused by increased wildfires.{{cite web |title=The 10th National Risk Assessment Atrocious Air |url=https://assets.firststreet.org/media/The%2010th%20National%20Risk%20Assessment%20(1).pdf |website=FirstStreet.org |publisher=First Street Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212191925/https://assets.firststreet.org/media/The%2010th%20National%20Risk%20Assessment%20(1).pdf |archive-date=12 February 2024 |page=7 |date=12 February 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 28 February: a study published in Weather and Climate Dynamics statistically linked recent Arctic ice loss with warmer and drier weather in Europe, enabling "an enhanced predictability of European summer weather at least a winter in advance".{{cite journal |last1=Oltmanns |first1=Marilena |last2=Holliday |first2=N. Penny |last3=Screen |first3=James |last4=Moat |first4=Ben I. |last5=Josey |first5=Simon A. |last6=Evans |first6=D. Gwyn |last7=Bacon |first7=Sheldon |title=European summer weather linked to North Atlantic freshwater anomalies in preceding years |journal=Weather and Climate Dynamics |date=28 February 2024 |volume=5 |pages=109–132 |doi=10.5194/wcd-5-109-2024 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024WCD.....5..109O |url=https://wcd.copernicus.org/articles/5/109/2024/}}
• 25 March: a study published in Oecologia concluded that global warming, and increased intensity and frequency of precipitation and wildfires, have reduced pollen diversity, negatively affecting pollen richness in the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada.{{cite journal |last1=Balmaki |first1=Behnaz |last2=Rostami |first2=Masoud A. |last3=Allen |first3=Julie M. |last4=Dyer |first4=Lee A. |title=Effects of climate change on Lepidoptera pollen loads and their pollination services in space and time |journal=Oecologia |date=25 March 2024 |volume=204 |issue=4 |pages=751–759 |doi=10.1007/s00442-024-05533-y|pmid=38523192 |bibcode=2024Oecol.204..751B }}
• 26 March: a study published in Nature concluded that under some circumstances, change in albedo (Earth's surface's reflection of sunlight back into space) resulting from planting more trees can cause a significant "albedo offset" that reduces the benefits of the trees' removal of carbon from the atmosphere.{{cite journal |last1=Hasler |first1=Natalia |last2=Williams |first2=Christopher A. |last3=Denney |first3=Vanessa Carrasco |last4=Ellis |first4=Peter W. |last5=Shrestha |first5=Surendra |last6=Hart |first6=Drew E. Terasaki |last7=Wolff |first7=Nicholas H. |last8=Yeo |first8=Samantha |last9=Crowther |first9=Thomas W. |last10=Werden |first10=Leland K. |last11=Cook-Patton |first11=Susan C. |display-authors=4 |title=Accounting for albedo change to identify climate-positive tree cover restoration |journal=Nature |date=26 March 2024 |volume=15 |issue=2275 |page=2275 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46577-1|pmid=38531896 |pmc=10965905 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2275H }}
• 27 March: a study published in Nature concluded that accelerated melting of ice in Greenland and Antarctica has decreased Earth's rotational velocity, affecting Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) adjustments and causing problems for computer networks that rely on UTC.{{cite journal |last1=Agnew |first1=Duncan Car |title=A global timekeeping problem postponed by global warming |journal=Nature |date=27 March 2024 |volume=628 |issue=8007 |pages=333–336 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07170-0 |pmid=38538793 |bibcode=2024Natur.628..333A |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07170-0|url-access=subscription }}
• 8 April: recognizing that climate warming causes many meteorites to be lost from the surface by melting into the Antarctic ice sheet, a study in Nature Climate Change concluded that about 5,000 meteorites become inaccessible each year. About 24% are projected to be lost by 2050, potentially rising to ∼76% by 2100 under a high-emissions scenario. (Over 60% of meteorite finds on Earth originate from Antarctica.){{cite journal |last1=Tollenaar |first1=Veronica |last2=Zekollari |first2=Harry |last3=Kittel |first3=Christoph |last4=Farinotti |first4=Daniel |last5=Lhermitte |first5=Stef |last6=Debaille |first6=Vinciane |last7=Goderis |first7=Steven |last8=Claeys |first8=Philippe |last9=Hoy |first9=Katherine Helen |last10=Pattyn |first10=Frank |title=Antarctic meteorites threatened by climate warming |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=8 April 2024 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=340–343 |doi=10.1038/s41558-024-01954-y |pmid=38617203 |pmc=11006603 |bibcode=2024NatCC..14..340T }}
• 11 April: a study published in Science noted that the effect of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) on future atmospheric carbon concentrations has been inadequately studied, and projected that soil acidification associated with nitrogen additions to terrestrial ecosystems will cause release into the atmosphere up to 23 billion tonnes of carbon over the next 30 years.{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Yuanyuan |last2=Song |first2=Xiadong |last3=Wang |first3=Ying-Ping |last4=Canadell |first4=Josep G. |last5=Luo |first5=Yiqi |last6=Ciais |first6=Philippe |last7=Chen |first7=Anping |last8=Hong |first8=Songbai |last9=Wang |first9=Yugang |last10=Zhang |first10=Gan-Lin |display-authors=4 |title=Size, distribution, and vulnerability of the global soil inorganic carbon |journal=Science |date=11 April 2024 |volume=384 |issue=6692 |pages=233–2239 |doi=10.1126/science.adi7918 |pmid=38603490 |bibcode=2024Sci...384..233H |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi7918|url-access=subscription }}
• 11 May (reported): Venezuela became the first country in modern times to lose all of its glaciers, with the Humboldt Glacier having shrunk to the point that climate scientists reclassified it as an ice field.{{cite news |last1=Vallangi |first1=Neelima |title=Venezuela loses its last glacier as it shrinks down to an ice field |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/article/2024/may/08/venezuela-loses-its-last-glacier-as-it-shrinks-down-to-an-ice-field |work=The Guardian |date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511105918/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/article/2024/may/08/venezuela-loses-its-last-glacier-as-it-shrinks-down-to-an-ice-field |archive-date=11 May 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 20 May: a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences concluded that rushing of seawater beneath grounded ice over considerable distances makes Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica, more vulnerable to melting than previously anticipated, which in turn increases projections of ice mass loss.{{cite journal |last1=Rignot |first1=Eric |last2=Ciraci |first2=Enrico |last3=Scheuchl |first3=Bernd |last4=Dow |first4=Christine |title=Widespread seawater intrusions beneath the grounded ice of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=20 May 2024 |volume=121 |issue=22 |page=e2404766121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2404766121 |pmid=38768351 |pmc=11145208 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12104766R }}
• 6 June: a study published in Geophysical Research Letters concluded that, from 1980 through 2022, internal climate variability has enhanced Arctic warming but suppressed global warming, specifically involving warming in the Barents Sea and Kara Sea but cooling in the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean.{{cite journal |last1=Sweeney |first1=Aodhan J. |last2=Fu |first2=Qiang |last3=Po-Chedley |first3=Stephen |last4=Wang |first4=Hailong |last5=Wang |first5=Muyin |title=Unique Temperature Trend Pattern Associated With Internally Driven Global Cooling and Arctic Warming During 1980–2022 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=6 June 2024 |volume=51 |issue=11 |doi=10.1029/2024GL108798|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024GeoRL..5108798S }}

{{quote box

|title =Aridification

|quote = {{font|font=Times New Roman|size=16px|{{nbsp|5}} For the first time, scientists... have clearly documented current and future drying trends and impacts that reveal a global, existential peril previously shrouded by a fog of scientific uncertainty. (Aridity) and its effects threaten the lives and livelihoods of billions across almost every region of the globe.}}

|source = —United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
9 December 2024

|align = right |width = 35% |border = 1px |fontsize = 100% |bgcolor = #fafafa |title_bg = #fafafa |title_fnt = #202060 |qalign = left |salign = right

}}

• 13 June: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration published a notice that El Niño conditions had given way to ENSO-neutral conditions in the preceding month,{{cite web |title=El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Diagnostic Discussion |url=https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.shtml |publisher=National Oceanic and Administration (NOAA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614042821/https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.shtml |archive-date=14 June 2024 |date=13 June 2024 |url-status=live}} Use the archive link, as NOAA continually updates the direct link. ending a year-long period during which ocean and air temperatures reached into record-setting territory.{{cite news |last1=Dance |first1=Scott |title=El Niño has ended. Here's what that means for a streak of record heat. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/06/13/el-nino-climate-pattern-over/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613194809/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/06/13/el-nino-climate-pattern-over/ |archive-date=13 June 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 15 July: noting that global warming-induced melting of glaciers and polar ice sheets has moved mass from polar regions toward the equator to significantly change Earth's shape and increase the length of days (LOD), a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences concluded that mass variations at the Earth's surface lengthened days between 0.3–1.0{{nbsp}}ms/year in the 20th century, and accelerated to about 1.33{{nbsp}}ms/year in the 21st century. Under a high emissions scenario, LOD could increase to 2.62±0.79{{nbsp}}ms/year by 2100. LOD variations make precise timekeeping and space navigation more difficult.{{cite journal |last1=Shahvandi |first1=Mostafa Kiani |last2=Adhikari |first2=Surendra |last3=Dumberry |first3=Mathieu |last4=Soja |first4=Benedikt |title=The increasingly dominant role of climate change on length of day variations |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=15 July 2024 |volume=121 |issue=30 |page=e2406930121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2406930121|doi-access=free |pmid=39008671 |pmc=11287281 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12106930S }}
• 25 July: from measurements of {{CO2}} and methane emissions from exposed sediments of Great Salt Lake, a study published in One Earth concluded that such emissions are high enough that they should be accounted for in regional carbon budgets, and warrant efforts to halt and reverse the loss of saline lakes around the world.{{cite journal |last1=Cobo |first1=Melissa |last2=Goldhammer |first2=Tobias |last3=Brothers |first3=Soren |title=A desiccating saline lake bed is a significant source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions |journal=One Earth |date=25 July 2024 |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=1414–1423 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2024.07.001|doi-access=free }}
• 9 December: a report from the UNCCD concluded that more than three-quarters of the Earth's land "has become permanently dryer in recent decades", that "drier climates now affecting vast regions across the globe will not return to how they were", and that a quarter of the global population lives in expanding drylands.{{cite web |title=The Global Threat of Drying Lands: Regional and global aridity trends and future projections |url=https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2024-12/aridity_report.pdf |publisher=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210223314/https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2024-12/aridity_report.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2024 |page=7 (Forward) |date=9 December 2024 |url-status=live }}
• December (reported): NOAA's 2024 Arctic Report Card stated that the Arctic tundra region had shifted from being a {{CO2}} sink to being a {{CO2}} source. The region continued to be a methane source.{{cite web |title=Arctic Report Card: Update for 2024 / Executive Summary |url=https://arctic.noaa.gov/report-card/report-card-2024/executive-summary-2024/ |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217204723/https://arctic.noaa.gov/report-card/report-card-2024/executive-summary-2024/ |archive-date=17 December 2024 |date=December 2024 |url-status=live}}
• 5 December: a study published in Science attributed 2023's unexpectedly large rise in global average temperature to a "record low planetary albedo" resulting from a continuation of a multi-year trend of diminishing low cloud cover in the northern mid-latitudes and tropics.{{cite journal |last1=Goessling |first1=Helge F. |last2=Rackow |first2=Thomas |last3=Jung |first3=Thomas |title=Recent global temperature surge intensified by record-low planetary albedo |journal=Science |date=5 December 2024 |volume=387 |issue=6729 |pages=68–73 |doi=10.1126/science.adq7280|pmid=39636934 |url=https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/59831/1/adq7280_Merged_AcceptedVersion_v20241206.pdf }}
• 20 December: a study published in Science of the Total Environment enumerated motivations for studying the effect of climate change on zoonotic (animal-to-human) disease transmission.{{cite journal |last1=Andersen-Ranberg |first1=Emilie |last2=Nymo |first2=Ingebjørg H. |last3=Jokelainen |first3=Pikka |last4=Emelyanova |first4=Anastasia |last5=Jore |first5=Solveig |last6=Laird |first6=Brian |display-authors=4 |title=Environmental stressors and zoonoses in the Arctic: Learning from the past to prepare for the future |journal=Science of the Total Environment |date=20 December 2024 |volume=957 |page=176869|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176869 |pmid=39423885 |bibcode=2024ScTEn.95776869A |doi-access=free }}

• 2 January: the first commercial-scale offshore wind farm in the U.S. began operation {{convert|15|mi}} off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, initially providing 5 MW from one wind turbine, but planning an eventual 62 turbines capable of powering 400,000 homes and businesses.{{cite news |last1=Calma |first1=Justine |title=The first US commercial-scale offshore wind farm is live, but the industry faces strong headwinds |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/1/4/24025186/offshore-wind-joe-biden-climate-clean-energy-vineyard |work=The Verge |date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104202648/https://www.theverge.com/2024/1/4/24025186/offshore-wind-joe-biden-climate-clean-energy-vineyard |archive-date=4 January 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 11 January: a study in Nature Cities presents results of a Riyadh-based trial of eight urban heat mitigation scenarios, finding large cooling effects with combinations that include reflective rooftop materials, irrigated greenery, and retrofitting.{{cite news |last1=Bello |first1=Abdul-Rahman Oladimeji |title=A new study shows some innovative strategies to beat heat |url=https://interestingengineering.com/energy/no-more-heat-a-new-study-shows-some-innovative-strategies-to-beat-heat |access-date=11 May 2024 |work=Interesting Engineering |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Haddad |first1=Shamila |last2=Zhang |first2=Wanni |last3=Paolini |first3=Riccardo |last4=Gao |first4=Kai |last5=Altheeb |first5=Muzahim |last6=Al Mogirah |first6=Abdulrahman |last7=Bin Moammar |first7=Abdullatif |last8=Hong |first8=Tianzhen |last9=Khan |first9=Ansar |last10=Cartalis |first10=Constantinos |last11=Polydoros |first11=Anastasios |last12=Santamouris |first12=Mattheos |title=Quantifying the energy impact of heat mitigation technologies at the urban scale |journal=Nature Cities |date=January 2024 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=62–72 |doi=10.1038/s44284-023-00005-5 |language=en |issn=2731-9997}}
• 18 January: the first successful test of a solar farm in space—collecting solar power from a photovoltaic cell and beaming energy down to Earth—constituted an early feasibility demonstration.{{cite news |last1=Cuthbertson |first1=Anthony |title=First ever space-to-Earth solar power mission succeeds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/space/space-solar-power-electricity-microwaves-b2480671.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119042313/https://www.independent.co.uk/space/space-solar-power-electricity-microwaves-b2480671.html |archive-date=19 January 2024 |url-status=live }}
• February: an underwater generator operating on the principle of a kite travels a figure-8 pattern, moving faster than the current that drives it. A 1.2 MW utility-scale generator began providing power to the grid of the Faroe Islands.{{cite news |last1=Hanley |first1=Steve |title=Minesto Underwater "Kite" Begins Delivering Electricity To Faroe Islands |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2024/02/13/minesto-underwater-kite-begins-delivering-electricity-to-faroe-islands/ |work=Clean Technica |date=February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213213809/https://cleantechnica.com/2024/02/13/minesto-underwater-kite-begins-delivering-electricity-to-faroe-islands/ |archive-date=13 February 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 9 February: researchers use simulations to develop an early-warning signal for a atlantic meridional overturning circulation#Stability and vulnerability published in Science Advances and suggest it indicates the AMOC is "on route to tipping".{{cite news |last1=Pappas |first1=Stephanie |title='We are approaching the tipping point': Marker for the collapse of key Atlantic current discovered |url=https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/rivers-oceans/we-are-approaching-the-tipping-point-marker-for-the-collapse-of-key-atlantic-current-discovered |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=livescience.com |date=9 February 2024 |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=van Westen |first1=René M. |last2=Kliphuis |first2=Michael |last3=Dijkstra |first3=Henk A. |title=Physics-based early warning signal shows that AMOC is on tipping course |journal=Science Advances |date=9 February 2024 |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=eadk1189 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adk1189 |language=en |issn=2375-2548|doi-access=free|pmid=38335283 |pmc=10857529 |arxiv=2308.01688 |bibcode=2024SciA...10K1189V }}
• Experts mini-survey: {{cite web |title=expert reaction to paper warning of a collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation {{!}} Science Media Centre |url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-paper-warning-of-a-collapse-of-the-atlantic-meridional-overturning-circulation/ |access-date=15 May 2024}}
• 5 March: in a non-unanimous vote, the IUGS's Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy voted against declaring the Anthropocene a new geological epoch. The vote leaves open more informally classifying human impacts as a geological event that unfolds gradually over a long period.{{cite news |last1=Hung |first1=Katie |title=Are we in the Anthropocene Epoch? Not so fast, geologists say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/05/world/anthropocene-epoch-rejected-scn/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305192331/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/05/world/anthropocene-epoch-rejected-scn/index.html |archive-date=5 March 2024 |url-status=live }}
• March: the largest inventory of methane emissions from U.S. oil and gas production, published in Nature, finds them to be largely concentrated and around three times the national government inventory estimate.{{cite news |title=Innovative solutions will be necessary to reduce methane emissions, one of the most powerful greenhouse gases, experts say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/innovative-solutions-reduce-methane-emissions-powerful-greenhouse-gases/story?id=108155750 |access-date=11 May 2024 |work=ABC News |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Sherwin |first1=Evan D. |last2=Rutherford |first2=Jeffrey S. |last3=Zhang |first3=Zhan |last4=Chen |first4=Yuanlei |last5=Wetherley |first5=Erin B. |last6=Yakovlev |first6=Petr V. |last7=Berman |first7=Elena S. F. |last8=Jones |first8=Brian B. |last9=Cusworth |first9=Daniel H. |last10=Thorpe |first10=Andrew K. |last11=Ayasse |first11=Alana K. |last12=Duren |first12=Riley M. |last13=Brandt |first13=Adam R. |title=US oil and gas system emissions from nearly one million aerial site measurements |journal=Nature |date=March 2024 |volume=627 |issue=8003 |pages=328–334 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07117-5 |pmid=38480966 |bibcode=2024Natur.627..328S |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378939365 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|url-access=}} Methane emissions from U.S. landfills are quantified in Science, with super-emitting point-sources accounting for almost 90% thereof.{{cite news |last1=Grist |first1=Sachi Mulkey |title=Landfills Leak More Planet-Baking Methane Than We Thought |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/landfills-leak-more-planet-baking-methane-than-we-thought/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |work=Scientific American |language=en|quote=The researchers found these super-emitting points can persist for months or even years, and account for almost 90 percent of all measured methane from the landfills. Tackling these hotspots could be a huge stride toward lowering emission rates, but blindspots in current monitoring protocols mean they often evade detection.}}{{cite journal |last1=Cusworth |first1=Daniel H. |last2=Duren |first2=Riley M. |last3=Ayasse |first3=Alana K. |last4=Jiorle |first4=Ralph |last5=Howell |first5=Katherine |last6=Aubrey |first6=Andrew |last7=Green |first7=Robert O. |last8=Eastwood |first8=Michael L. |last9=Chapman |first9=John W. |last10=Thorpe |first10=Andrew K. |last11=Heckler |first11=Joseph |last12=Asner |first12=Gregory P. |last13=Smith |first13=Mackenzie L. |last14=Thoma |first14=Eben |last15=Krause |first15=Max J. |last16=Heins |first16=Daniel |last17=Thorneloe |first17=Susan |title=Quantifying methane emissions from United States landfills |journal=Science |date=29 March 2024 |volume=383 |issue=6690 |pages=1499–1504 |doi=10.1126/science.adi7735 |pmid=38547284 |pmc=11904827 |bibcode=2024Sci...383.1499C |language=en |issn=0036-8075|url=https://zerowasteinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Science-Magazine-Quantifying-methane-emissions-from-United-States-landfills.pdf}}
• March (reported inventions): a wind-powered electrodynamic screen (EDS) generates strong electric fields that repel dust and contaminants from the surface of solar panels, thereby increasing the panels' efficiency while avoiding manual cleaning.{{cite web |last1=Choudhury |first1=Rizwan |title=Self-cleaning solar panels boost efficiency with wind power |url=https://interestingengineering.com/energy/self-cleaning-solar-panels-boost-efficiency-with-wind-power |publisher=Interesting Engineering |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402163933/https://interestingengineering.com/energy/self-cleaning-solar-panels-boost-efficiency-with-wind-power |archive-date=2 April 2024 |date=30 March 2024 |url-status=live}}{{cite journal |last1=Heo |first1=Minsu |last2=Yang |first2=Junyeong |last3=Kim |first3=Bosung |last4=Lee |first4=Cheoljae |last5=Park |first5=Hyosik |last6=Kim |first6=Soo-Kwan |last7=Lee |first7=Jongsung |last8=Son |first8=Seongho |last9=Cheon |first9=Jeongnam |last10=Choi |first10=Jongmin |last11=Seung |first11=Wanchul |last12=Kim |first12=Sang-Woo |last13=Lee |first13=Ju-Hyuck |title=Self-powered electrodynamic dust removal for sustainable solar panels using triboelectric nanogenerators |journal=Nano Energy |date=March 2024 |volume=121 |pages=109257 |doi=10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109257 |bibcode=2024NEne..12109257H |issn=2211-2855}} Researchers demonstrate simultaneous radiative cooling and solar power generation from the same area.{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pramit |last2=Wei |first2=Xinsheng |last3=Liu |first3=Hanze |last4=Zhang |first4=Zhenong |last5=Zhu |first5=Linxiao |title=Simultaneous subambient daytime radiative cooling and photovoltaic power generation from the same area |journal=Cell Reports Physical Science |date=March 2024 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=101876 |doi=10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101876 |bibcode=2024CRPS....501876G |issn=2666-3864|doi-access=free }}
• April (reported): a new glass-ceramic material placed atop solar panels transforms ultraviolet light into visible light, effectively increasing the amount of usable light from the sun (the material passes visible light, as normal).{{cite web |last1=Makic |first1=Erik |title=Scientists make crucial breakthrough that could revolutionize solar energy: '[This] might open up new avenues' |url=https://www.thecooldown.com/green-tech/glass-ceramic-solar-panels-energy-conversion/ |publisher=The Cooldown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403040006/https://www.thecooldown.com/green-tech/glass-ceramic-solar-panels-energy-conversion/ |archive-date=3 April 2024 |date=3 April 2024 |url-status=live }}
• April (reported): "rock flour"—rock that has been finely ground by glaciers and having large surface area per unit volume—has been found to enhance "chemical weathering" that removes carbon from air when spread across ground surfaces.{{cite news |last1=Grandoni |first1=Dino |title=How melting glaciers could help stop global warming |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2024/04/06/glacier-greenland-rock-flour/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406111553/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2024/04/06/glacier-greenland-rock-flour/ |archive-date=6 April 2024 |url-status=live }} A similar sequestration process, using concrete particles 1{{nbsp}}millimeter in diameter, has also been tested.{{cite magazine |last1=Orf |first1=Darren |title=A New Use for Old Concrete Could Revolutionize Carbon Capture |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a60537619/a-new-use-for-old-concrete-could-revolutionize-carbon-capture/ |magazine=Popular Mechanics |date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426063150/https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a60537619/a-new-use-for-old-concrete-could-revolutionize-carbon-capture/ |archive-date=26 April 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 2 April: the first outdoor test in the U.S. of marine cloud brightening technology—designed to brighten clouds and reflect sunlight back into space—tested whether a machine could consistently spray the right size salt aerosols through the open air outside of a lab.{{cite news |last1=Flavelle |first1=Christopher |title=Warming Is Getting Worse. So They Just Tested a Way to Deflect the Sun |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/climate/global-warming-clouds-solar-geoengineering.html |work=The New York Times |date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407042142/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/climate/global-warming-clouds-solar-geoengineering.html |archive-date=7 April 2024 |url-status=live }} Local authorities halted the project the following month, citing concerns for public health and safety.{{cite news |last1=Pender |first1=Caelyn |title=Climate-change research project aboard USS Hornet paused for environmental review |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-05-climate-aboard-uss-hornet-environmental.html |work=Phys.org |date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515030014/https://phys.org/news/2024-05-climate-aboard-uss-hornet-environmental.html |archive-date=15 May 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 3 April: a study published in Communications Earth & Environment reasoned that reductions of planet-cooling aerosol emissions due to air quality legislation will worsen Earth's energy imbalance in addition to that caused by greenhouse gas emissions, concluding that accelerated global warming in this decade is to be expected.{{cite journal |last1=Hodnebrog |first1=Oivind |last2=Myhre |first2=Gunnar |last3=Jouan |first3=Caroline |last4=Andrews |first4=Timothy |last5=Forster |first5=Piers M. |last6=Jia |first6=Hailing |last7=Loeb |first7=Norman G. |last8=Olivie |first8=Dirk J. L. |last9=Paynter |first9=David |last10=Quaas |first10=Johannes |last11=Raghuraman |first11=Shiv Priyam |last12=Schulz |first12=Michael |display-authors=4 |title=Recent reductions in aerosol emissions have increased Earth's energy imbalance |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |date=3 April 2024 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=166 |doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01324-8 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024ComEE...5..166H }}
• 30 May: a study published in Communications Earth & Environment concluded that a 2020 International Maritime Organization fuel regulation to reduce sulfur emissions from international shipping reduced aerosol pollution along shipping lanes, but caused an increase in radiative forcing (global warming effect) that the researchers called an "inadvertent geoengineering termination shock with global impact".{{cite journal |last1=Yuan |first1=Tianle |last2=Song |first2=Hua |last3=Oreopoulos |first3=Lazaros |last4=Wood |first4=Robert |last5=Bian |first5=Huisheng |last6=Breen |first6=Katherine |last7=Chin |first7=Mian |last8=Yu |first8=Hongbin |last9=Barahona |first9=Donifan |last10=Meyer |first10=Kerry |last11=Platnick |first11=Steven |display-authors=4 |title=Abrupt reduction in shipping emission as an inadvertent geoengineering termination shock produces substantial radiative warming |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |date=30 May 2024 |volume=5 |issue=5 |page=281 |doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01442-3 |doi-access=free |pmid=38826490 |pmc=11139642 |bibcode=2024ComEE...5..281Y }}
• 5 June: a study published in Nature introduced a "charge-sorbent" material having reactive hydroxide ions embedded in the pores of an activated carbon material, the ions removing {{CO2}} from the air through bicarbonate formation. After being saturated with {{CO2}}, the charge-sorbent material's properties can be renewed at low temperatures {{convert|90|to|100|C|F}}.{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Huaiguang |last2=Zick |first2=Mary E. |last3=Trisukhon |first3=Teedhat |last4=Signorile |first4=Matteo |last5=Liu |first5=Xinyu |last6=Eastmond |first6=Helen |last7=Sharma |first7=Shivani |last8=Spreng |first8=Tristan L. |last9=Taylor |first9=Jack |last10=Gittins |first10=Jamie W. |last11=Farrow |first11=Cavan |last12=Lim |first12=S. Alexandra |last13=Crocella |first13=Valentina |last14=Milner |first14=Phillip J. |last15=Forse |first15=Alexander |display-authors=4 |title=Capturing carbon dioxide from air with charged-sorbents |journal=Nature |date=5 June 2024 |volume=630 |issue=8017 |pages=654–659 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07449-2|pmid=38839965 |pmc=11186774 |bibcode=2024Natur.630..654L }}
• June (reported): a consortium of maritime experts proposed a fuel use reduction system in which ships coordinate non-conflicting arrival times at ports, to avoid the conventional "sail fast, then wait" practice by cruising at generally slower, fuel-saving speeds.{{cite news |last1=Budin |first1=Jeremiah |title=Company develops wildly simple solution for enormous fuel and pollution savings in shipping industry: 'On track for commercial deployment this year' |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/company-develops-wildly-simple-solution-for-enormous-fuel-and-pollution-savings-in-shipping-industry-on-track-for-commercial-deployment-this-year/ar-BB1oLIWH |agency=MSN |date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627025959/https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/company-develops-wildly-simple-solution-for-enormous-fuel-and-pollution-savings-in-shipping-industry-on-track-for-commercial-deployment-this-year/ar-BB1oLIWH |archive-date=27 June 2024 |url-status=live }}
• July (reported): warming climate is found to create glacial meltwater that washes away temporally ordered layers of trapped aerosols that researchers use as an historical record of environmental events. The Ice Memory Foundation plans to store additional ice cores in Antarctica in advance of this impending loss of data.{{cite magazine |last1=Jones |first1=Nicola |title=The race to save glacial ice records before they melt away |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/glacier-melt-ice-cores-artifacts-meteorites/ |magazine=Popular Science |date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716034852/https://www.popsci.com/environment/glacier-melt-ice-cores-artifacts-meteorites/ |archive-date=16 July 2024 |url-status=live}}
• October: A paper published in arXiv proposing twelve policy recommendations surrounding Energy and Environmental Reporting Obligations; Legal and Regulatory Clarifications; Transparency and Accountability Mechanisms; and Future Far-Reaching Measures beyond Transparency to combat the effects of Artificial Intelligence and data centers on climate change with reference to the shortcomings of the EU AI Act.{{Citation |last1=Ebert |first1=Kai |title=AI, Climate, and Regulation: From Data Centers to the AI Act |date=2024-10-09 |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.06681 |access-date=2025-05-07 |arxiv=2410.06681 |last2=Alder |first2=Nicolas |last3=Herbrich |first3=Ralf |last4=Hacker |first4=Philipp}}
• November (reported): U.S. government agencies are operating an airborne early warning system for detecting small concentrations of aerosols to detect where other countries might be carrying out geoengineering attempts. Solar radiation modification is thought to have unpredictable effects on climate.{{cite news |last1=Flavelle |first1=Christopher |title=The U.S. Is Building an Early Warning System to Detect Geoengineering |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/28/climate/geoengineering-early-warning-system.html |work=The New York Times |date=28 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202135942/lhttps://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/28/climate/geoengineering-early-warning-system.html |archive-date=2 December 2024 |url-status=live }}

• 8 February: climate scientist Michael E. Mann won a $1 million judgment for punitive damages in a defamation lawsuit filed in 2012 against bloggers who attacked his hockey stick graph of global temperature rise, one of the bloggers having called Mann's work "fraudulent".{{cite news |last1=Frazin |first1=Rachel |title=Climate scientist wins defamation case against right-wing writers |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/4458609-climate-scientist-michael-mann-wins-defamation-case-against-right-wing-writers/ |work=The Hill |date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209173152/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/4458609-climate-scientist-michael-mann-wins-defamation-case-against-right-wing-writers/ |archive-date=9 February 2024 |url-status=live }}

File:Global share of degree programmes in renewable energy and fossil fuels.jpg of 18,400 universities worldwide higher education was found to not be transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy curricula nearly fast enough to meet future workforce demands.]]

• 14 February: a study in Energy Research & Social Science reviewed educational content of 18,400 universities worldwide, finding higher education is not transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy curricula, {{tooltip|failing|"In 2019, 546 universities had faculties and/or degrees dedicated to fossil fuels whereas only 247 universities had faculties and/or degrees in renewable energy. As many as 68% of the world's energy-focused educational degrees were oriented towards fossil fuels, and only 32% focused on renewable energy."}} to meet the growing demand for a clean energy workforce.{{cite journal |last1=Vakulchuk |first1=Roman |last2=Overland |first2=Indra |title=The failure to decarbonize the global energy education system: Carbon lock-in and stranded skill sets |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |date=1 April 2024 |volume=110 |pages=103446 |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2024.103446 |issn=2214-6296|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024ERSS..11003446V |hdl=11250/3128127 |hdl-access=free }}{{cite news |title=HE failing to match clean energy workforce demand – Study |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20240223104409766 |access-date=12 May 2024 |work=University World News |language=en}}
• March (reported): website Realtor.com added property-specific tools describing individual properties' vulnerability to heat, wind, and air quality, publishing current risks and projected risks 30 years into the future.{{cite news |last1=Latu |first1=Dan |last2=Boudreau |first2=Catherine |title=See how badly your home could be hit by heat, wind, and bad air over the next 30 years |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/tool-determines-home-climate-risk-heat-wind-bad-air-2024-3 |work=Business Insider |date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314043143/https://www.businessinsider.com/tool-determines-home-climate-risk-heat-wind-bad-air-2024-3 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |url-status=live }}

{{quote box

|title = Denial, Disinformation, and Doublespeak

|quote = {{font|font=Times New Roman |size=12pt | {{nbsp|5}}● Documents demonstrate for the first time that fossil fuel companies internally do not dispute that they have understood since at least the 1960s that burning fossil fuels causes climate change and then worked for decades to undermine public understanding of this fact and to deny the underlying science.

{{nbsp|5}}● Big Oil's deception campaign evolved from explicit denial of the basic science underlying climate change to deception, disinformation, and doublespeak.}}

|source = —House Committee on Oversight and Accountability,
and U.S. Senate Committee on the Budget{{cite web |title=Denial, Disinformation, and Doublespeak: Big Oil's Evolving Efforts to Avoid Accountability for Climate Change / Joint Staff Report / Executive Summary |url=https://www.budget.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/fossil_fuel_report1.pdf |publisher=House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, and U.S. Senate Committee on the Budget |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505214028/https://www.budget.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/fossil_fuel_report1.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2024 |page=i |date=30 April 2024 |url-status=live}}
30 April 2024

|align = right |width = 40% |border = 1px |fontsize = 100% |bgcolor = #fafafa |title_bg = #fafafa |title_fnt = #202060 |qalign = left |salign = right

}}

{{quote box

|title = Highway to climate hell

|quote = {{font|font=Times New Roman |size=12pt | {{nbsp|5}} In the case of climate, we are not the dinosaurs. We are the meteor. We are not only in danger, we are the danger. But, we are also the solution.}}

|source = UN Secretary-General António Guterres
5 June 2024{{cite web |title=There is an exit off 'the highway to climate hell', Guterres insists |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1150661 |website=UN.org |publisher=United Nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613125427/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1150661 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |date=5 June 2024 |url-status=live}}

|align = right |width = 40% |border = 1px |fontsize = 100% |bgcolor = #fafafa |title_bg = #fafafa |title_fnt = #202060 |qalign = left |salign = right

}}

• 22 March: the Nauta provincial court (Peru) ruled that the Marañón River has "intrinsic" value and possesses the rights to exist, flow, and be free from pollution. The ruling was the first time Peru has legally recognized "rights of nature".{{cite news |last1=Surma |first1=Katie |title=Landmark Peruvian Court Ruling Says the Marañón River Has Legal Rights To Exist, Flow and Be Free From Pollution |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20032024/peru-court-rules-maranon-river-legal-rights/ |work=Inside Climate News |date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320231451/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20032024/peru-court-rules-maranon-river-legal-rights/ |archive-date=20 March 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 29 March: the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, based in Costa Rica, ruled that the government of Peru is liable for physical and mental harm to people caused by a metallurgical facility's pollution, and ordered the government to provide free medical care and monetary compensation to victims.{{cite news |last1=Surma |first1=Katie |title=International Court Issues First-Ever Decision Enforcing the Right to a Healthy Environment |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29032024/international-court-right-to-healthy-environment/ |work=Inside Climate News |date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406165152/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29032024/international-court-right-to-healthy-environment/ |archive-date=6 April 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 9 April: in its first ruling on climate litigation, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Switzerland's failure to adequately tackle the climate crisis breached 2000 women plaintiffs' human rights to effective protection from "the serious adverse effects of climate change on lives, health, well-being and quality of life".{{cite news |last1=Paddison |first1=Laura |title=International court rules Switzerland violated human rights in landmark climate case brought by 2,000 women |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/09/climate/international-court-judgment-human-rights-climate-intl/index.html |agency=CNN |date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409140759/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/09/climate/international-court-judgment-human-rights-climate-intl/index.html |archive-date=9 April 2024 |url-status=live}}
• 30 April: G7 ministers agreed to end unabated coal power plants by 2035, giving leeway for countries whose power plants are fitted with carbon capture technology.{{cite news |last1=Ambrose |first1=Jillian |title=G7 agree to end use of unabated coal power plants by 2035 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/30/g7-agree-to-end-use-of-unabated-coal-power-plants-by-2035 |work=The Guardian |date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501082109/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/30/g7-agree-to-end-use-of-unabated-coal-power-plants-by-2035 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 1 May: a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Juliana v. United States should be dismissed. The lawsuit was filed in 2015 by 21 young people claiming the U.S. government's energy policies violate their rights to be protected from climate change, more specifically, violating their rights to due process and equal protection under the U.S. Constitution.{{cite news |last1=Mindock |first1=Clark |title=US appeals court says kids' climate lawsuit must be dismissed |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/us-appeals-court-says-kids-climate-lawsuit-must-be-dismissed-2024-05-01/ |work=Reuters |date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502034031/https://www.reuters.com/legal/us-appeals-court-says-kids-climate-lawsuit-must-be-dismissed-2024-05-01/ |archive-date=2 May 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 21 May: in an advisory opinion that could provide precedent for other cases, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ruled that greenhouse gas emissions absorbed by the oceans constitute marine pollution, and that countries have a legal obligation to monitor and reduce such emissions. The tribunal laid out specific requirements for environmental impact assessments.{{cite news |last1=Alkousaa |first1=Riham |title=Climate change: small island states hail ocean court victory |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/international-ocean-tribunal-issue-climate-opinion-david-goliath-precedent-case-2024-05-21/ |work=Inside Climate News |date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522013858/https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/international-ocean-tribunal-issue-climate-opinion-david-goliath-precedent-case-2024-05-21/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 29 May: a study published in Cell Reports Sustainability estimated 2022 climate and health benefits of using wind and solar rather than fossil fuels to be $143/MWh (wind) and $100/MWh (solar). The study estimated $249 billion of climate and air quality benefits in the U.S. from 2019-2022.{{cite journal |last1=Millstein |first1=Dev |last2=O'Shaughnessy |first2=Eric |last3=Wiser |first3=Ryan |title=Climate and air quality benefits of wind and solar generation in the United States from 2019 to 2022 |journal=Cell Reports Sustainability |date=29 May 2024 |volume=1 |issue=6 |doi=10.1016/j.crsus.2024.100105 |doi-access=free }}
• 30 May: Vermont became the first U.S. state to enact a law, the Climate Superfund Act, requiring the state to charge fossil fuel companies for climate impacts of their fossil fuel emissions.{{cite news |last1=Noor |first1=Dharna |title='Game-changing': Vermont becomes first state to require big oil to pay for climate damages |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/may/31/vermont-oil-companies-climate-superfund-act |newspaper=The Guardian |date=31 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531175635/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/may/31/vermont-oil-companies-climate-superfund-act |archive-date=31 May 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 2 June: Mexico elected as president, a climate scientist with a doctorate in energy engineering who had helped to write Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports.{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somini |title=A Climate Scientist Is Voted President of an Oil Country. Now What? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/03/climate/claudia-sheinbaum-climate-scientist-mexico.html |work=The New York Times |date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603183101/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/03/climate/claudia-sheinbaum-climate-scientist-mexico.html |archive-date=3 June 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 5 June: UN Secretary-General António Guterres called on all countries to ban advertising from fossil fuel companies, calling them "the Godfathers of climate chaos".
• 20 June: the governor of the U.S. state of Hawaii announced a court-approved settlement in the constitutional climate case, Navahine v. Hawaiʻi Department of Transportation. In the settlement, the state acknowledges the constitutional right of Hawaii's youth to a "life-sustaining climate", and commits the state to implement "transformative changes of Hawaii's transportation system to achieve the state's goal of net-negative emissions by 2045".{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=Josh |title=Historic Agreement Settles Navahine Climate Litigation |url=https://governor.hawaii.gov/newsroom/office-of-the-governor-news-release-historic-agreement-settles-navahine-climate-litigation/ |publisher=Office of the Governor of the State of Hawaii |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621105450/https://governor.hawaii.gov/web/20240621105450/https://governor.hawaii.gov/newsroom/office-of-the-governor-news-release-historic-agreement-settles-navahine-climate-litigation/ |archive-date=21 June 2024 |date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 29 August: the Constitutional Court of Korea ruled that the absence of legally binding targets for greenhouse gas reductions for 2031-2049 violated the constitutional rights of future generations, saying that this lack of long-term targets shifted an excessive burden to the future.{{cite news |last1=Rashid |first1=Raphael |title=South Korea's climate law violates rights of future generations, court rules |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/29/south-korea-court-climate-law-violates-rights-future-generations |newspaper=The Guardian |date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907103919/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/29/south-korea-court-climate-law-violates-rights-future-generations |archive-date=7 September 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 30 September: Britain's coal-powered Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station closed, ending the U.K.'s 142-year use of coal to generate electricity.{{cite news |last1=Lawless |first1=Jill |title=Britain's last coal-fired electricity plant is closing. It ends 142 years of coal power in the UK |url=https://apnews.com/article/uk-last-coal-power-station-closing-9e6b792f27513e3b02904da1eaedfbf3 |work=AP News |date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005172452/https://apnews.com/article/uk-last-coal-power-station-closing-9e6b792f27513e3b02904da1eaedfbf3 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 15 October (reported): the University of California, San Diego implemented a graduation requirement to take courses that cover at least 30% climate-related content and address two of four areas: scientific foundations, human impacts, mitigation strategies and project-based learning.{{cite news |last1=Gammon |first1=Katharine |title=A US university has a new requirement to graduate: take a climate change course |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/oct/15/california-university-ucsd-climate-change-course-requirement |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241015221115/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/oct/15/california-university-ucsd-climate-change-course-requirement |archive-date=15 October 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 11–22 November: negotiators at the COP29 conference in Baku, Azerbaijan eventually came to an agreement in which wealthy nations pledged to provide $300 billion per year in support by 2035, up from a previous target of $100 billion but less than the $1.3 trillion per year that independent experts said is needed to keep global warming under 1.5{{nbsp}}°C.{{cite news |last1=Bearak |first1=Max |title=Climate Talks End With a Bitter Fight and a Deal on Money |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/23/climate/cop29-climate-talks-conclusion.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124135525/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/23/climate/cop29-climate-talks-conclusion.html |archive-date=24 November 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 11–22 November: after years of deadlock, governments attending the COP29 conference agreed to rules on creating, trading and registering emission reductions and removals as carbon credits that higher-emission countries can buy, thus providing funding for low-emission technologies.{{cite news |last1=Greenfield |first1=Patrick |title=Cop29's new carbon market rules offer hope after scandal and deadlock |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/nov/24/cop29s-new-carbon-market-rules-offer-hope-after-scandal-and-deadlock |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124211455/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/nov/24/cop29s-new-carbon-market-rules-offer-hope-after-scandal-and-deadlock |archive-date=24 November 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 2 December: The International Court of Justice in The Hague, Netherlands began hearings to form advisory opinions on how countries should control greenhouse gas emissions, and the consequences if they do not. The ICJ's advisory opinions are non-binding but are considered legally and politically significant.{{cite news |last1=Bush |first1=Rebecca |title=Top UN court to begin hearings on landmark climate change case |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/02/icj-un-climate-change-case-pacific-nations |newspaper=The Guardian |date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202135445/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/02/icj-un-climate-change-case-pacific-nations |archive-date=2 December 2024 |url-status=live }}
• 18 December: the Montana Supreme Court affirmed the August 14, 2023 trial court decision{{cite web |last1=Seeley |first1=Kathy |title=Findings of fact, conclusions of law, and order |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/held-v-montana-order.pdf |publisher=Montana First Judicial District Court, Lewis and Clark County |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815005109/https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/held-v-montana-order.pdf |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |date=August 14, 2023 |url-status=live}} Order, §§{{nbsp}}6, 8, and 9 at p.{{nbsp}}102 in Held v. Montana, which held that the state's limiting consideration of environmental factors when deciding oil and gas permits, violated the youth plaintiffs' right to a safe environment recited in Montana’s constitution.{{cite news |last1=Zraic |first1=Karen |title=Youth Climate Activists Get Major Win in Montana Supreme Court |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/18/climate/held-montana-youth-climate-lawsuit.html |work=The New York Times |date=18 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219000610/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/18/climate/held-montana-youth-climate-lawsuit.html |archive-date=19 December 2024 |url-status=live }}

• January (reported in TIME): The IEA has outlined that by 2030, we must triple our reliance on renewable sources of energy, double energy efficiency, significantly cut methane emissions, and increase electrification with existing technologies.{{Cite magazine |last1=Tubiana |first1=Laurence |last2=McKenna |first2=Catherine |date=2024-01-16 |title=2024 Must Be the Year for Exponential Climate Action |url=https://time.com/6556171/2024-climate-action/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126205435/https://time.com/6556171/2024-climate-action/ |archive-date=26 January 2024 |magazine=TIME |url-status=live }}

• 4 February (reported): to reduce sea level rise caused by melting of Antarctica's Thwaites and Pine Island glaciers, scientists proposed a "Seabed Curtain" {{convert|100|km|mi}} long, moored to and rising from the bed of the Amundsen Sea, designed to reduce the amount of warm ocean water that would melt the base of those glaciers.{{cite news |last1=McKie |first1=Robin |title=How do you stop a glacier from melting? Simple – put up an underwater curtain |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/04/how-do-you-stop-a-glacier-from-melting-simple-put-up-an-underwater-curtain |newspaper=The Guardian |date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212172914/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/04/how-do-you-stop-a-glacier-from-melting-simple-put-up-an-underwater-curtain |archive-date=12 February 2024 |url-status=live }}

File:202406 Peoples' Climate Vote 2024 - UNDP.svg survey covering 77 countries, most respondents from top fossil fuel-producing countries favored a quick transition away from fossil fuels.{{cite web |title=Peoples' Climate Vote 2024 / Results |url=https://peoplesclimate.vote/document/Peoples_Climate_Vote_Report_2024.pdf |publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |page=68 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620101100/https://peoplesclimate.vote/document/Peoples_Climate_Vote_Report_2024.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2024 |date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live }} (from p. 16: "Seventy seven countries were chosen to provide results for the different regions of the world, representative of a huge majority (87 percent) of the world's population.")]]

• 9 February: a global survey of almost 130,000 individuals whose results were published in Nature Climate Change found that 69% of respondents were willing to contribute 1% of their income to support action against climate change, 86% endorsed pro-climate social norms, and 89% demanded greater political action. However, the world was said to be in a state of pluralistic ignorance, in which people underestimate the willingness of others to act.{{cite journal |last1=Andre |first1=Peter |last2=Boneva |first2=Teodora |last3=Chopra |first3=Felix |last4=Falk |first4=Armin |title=Globally representative evidence on the actual and perceived support for climate action |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=9 February 2024 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=253–259 |doi=10.1038/s41558-024-01925-3 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024NatCC..14..253A }}
• 18 July: an analysis found that 100 U.S. Representatives and 23 U.S. Senators—23% of the 535 members of the U.S. Congress—were climate change deniers. All were Republicans.{{cite web |last1=So |first1=Kat |title=Climate Deniers of the 118th Congress |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/climate-deniers-of-the-118th-congress/ |publisher=American Progress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805204056/https://www.americanprogress.org/article/climate-deniers-of-the-118th-congress/ |archive-date=5 August 2024 |date=18 July 2024 |url-status=live}}
• 7 August: a study published in PLOS One found that even a single repetition of a claim was sufficient to increase the perceived truth of both climate science-aligned claims and climate change skeptic/denial claims—"highlighting the insidious effect of repetition". This effect was found even among climate science endorsers.{{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Yangxueqing |last2=Schwarz |first2=Norbert |last3=Reynolds |first3=Katherine J. |last4=Newman |first4=Eryn J. |title=Repetition increases belief in climate-skeptical claims, even for climate science endorsers |journal=PLOS ONE |date=7 August 2024 |volume=19 |issue=8 |page=See esp. "Abstract" and "General discussion" |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0307294|doi-access=free |pmid=39110668 |pmc=11305575 |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1907294J }}
• 12 August (published): 2023 U.S. survey found no evidence that climate crisis or climate emergency—terms less familiar to those surveyed—elicit more perceived urgency than climate change or global warming.{{cite journal |last1=de Bruin |first1=Wandi Bruine |last2=Kruke |first2=Laurel |last3=Sinatra |first3=Gale M. |last4=Schwarz |first4=Norbert |title=Should we change the term we use for "climate change"? Evidence from a national U.S. terminology experiment |journal=Climactic Change |date=12 August 2024 |volume=177 |issue=129 |doi=10.1007/s10584-024-03786-3|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024ClCh..177..129B }}
• 15 October (reported): a global survey of 3,000 risk experts and 20,000 members of the public by insurance company Axa found that Europeans ranked climate change as a pressing emerging risk the highest out of any group, with 67% of experts and 49% of the public putting it in their top five risks. The corresponding US numbers were 43% and 38% respectively, although climate was the single most concerning future risk.{{cite news |last1=O'Donoghue |first1=Saskia |title=3,000 risk experts and 20,000 citizens name climate change as number one threat facing the world |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/10/15/3000-risk-experts-and-20000-citizens-name-climate-change-as-number-one-threat-facing-the-w |work=Euronews |date=15 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241017215055/https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/10/15/3000-risk-experts-and-20000-citizens-name-climate-change-as-number-one-threat-facing-the-w |archive-date=17 October 2024 |url-status=live}}

File:20240508 Survey of IPCC lead authors and review editors re expectation of global warming.svg

• January: the World Economic Forum projected that, by 2050, directly and indirectly, climate change will cause 14.5 million deaths and $12.5 trillion in economic losses.{{cite web |title=Quantifying the Impact of Climate Change on Human Health / Insight Report |url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Quantifying_the_Impact_of_Climate_Change_on_Human_Health_2024.pdf |publisher=World Economic Forum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324013441/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Quantifying_the_Impact_of_Climate_Change_on_Human_Health_2024.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2024 |page=4 |date=January 2024 |url-status=live}}
• 13 February: a study published in Current Issues in Tourism projected that for the 2050s, U.S. ski seasons will shorten between 14–33 days (low emissions scenario) and 27 to 62 days (high emissions scenario), with direct economic losses of $657 million to 1.352 billion annually.
• 5 March: a study published in Nature Reviews Earth & Environment projected that the first single occurrence (September; not year-round) of an ice-free Arctic "could occur in 2020–2030s under all emission trajectories and are likely to occur by 2050". Daily ice-free conditions are expected approximately 4 years earlier on average.{{cite journal |last1=Jahn |first1=Alexandra |last2=Holland |first2=Marika M. |last3=Kay |first3=Jennifer E. |title=Projections of an ice-free Arctic Ocean |journal=Nature Reviews Earth & Environment |date=5 March 2024 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=164–176 |doi=10.1038/s43017-023-00515-9 |bibcode=2024NRvEE...5..164J |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-023-00515-9 |url-access=subscription }}
• 6 March: a study in Nature finds U.S. land area of ~{{convert|1200|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} is threatened by coastal subsidence by 2050 due to sea level rise.{{cite magazine |last1=Simon |first1=Matt |title=Cities Aren't Prepared for a Crucial Part of Sea Level Rise: They're Also Sinking |url=https://www.wired.com/story/cities-arent-prepared-for-a-crucial-part-of-sea-level-rise-theyre-also-sinking/ |date=6 March 2024 |access-date=15 May 2024 |magazine=Wired}}{{cite journal |last1=Ohenhen |first1=Leonard O. |last2=Shirzaei |first2=Manoochehr |last3=Ojha |first3=Chandrakanta |last4=Sherpa |first4=Sonam F. |last5=Nicholls |first5=Robert J. |title=Disappearing cities on US coasts |journal=Nature |date=March 2024 |volume=627 |issue=8002 |pages=108–115 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07038-3 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free|pmid=38448695 |pmc=10917664 |bibcode=2024Natur.627..108O }}
• 13 March: a study published in PLOS One projected that 13% of all current ski areas are projected to completely lose natural annual snow cover by 2100.{{cite journal |last1=Mitterwallner |first1=Veronika |last2=Steinbauer |first2=Manuel |last3=Mathes |first3=Gregor |last4=Walentowitz |first4=Anna |title=Global reduction of snow cover in ski areas under climate change |journal=PLOS ONE |date=13 March 2024 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=e0299735 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0299735 |doi-access=free |pmid=38478484 |pmc=10936838 |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1999735M }}
• 17 April: a study published in Nature forecast that by 2050, climate change will cause average incomes to fall by almost 20% and will cause $38 trillion of destruction each year.● {{cite journal |last1=Kotz |first1=Maximilian |last2=Levermann |first2=Anders |last3=Wenz |first3=Leonie |title=The economic commitment of climate change |journal=Nature |date=17 April 2024 |volume=628 |issue=8008 |pages=551–557 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0 |pmid=38632481 |pmc=11023931 |bibcode=2024Natur.628..551K }}

● Explained by {{cite news |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |title=Climate crisis: average world incomes to diminish by nearly a fifth by 2050 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/apr/17/climate-crisis-average-world-incomes-to-drop-by-nearly-a-fifth-by-2050 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417160535/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/apr/17/climate-crisis-average-world-incomes-to-drop-by-nearly-a-fifth-by-2050 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |url-status=live }}

● Explained by {{cite news |last1=Borenstein |first1=Seth |title=New study calculates climate change's economic bite will hit about $38 trillion a year by 2049 |url=https://apnews.com/article/climate-change-damage-economy-income-costly-3e21addee3fe328f38b771645e237ff9 |work=Associated Press News |date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417162038/https://apnews.com/article/climate-change-damage-economy-income-costly-3e21addee3fe328f38b771645e237ff9 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |url-status=live }}

• 8 May (reported): in a poll by The Guardian of contactable lead authors or review editors of IPCC reports since 2018, 76.3% of respondents projected at least 2.5{{nbsp}}°C of global warming; only 5.79% forecast warming of 1.5{{nbsp}}°C or less.{{cite news |last1=Carrington |first1=Damian |title=World's top climate scientists expect global heating to blast past 1.5C target |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/article/2024/may/08/world-scientists-climate-failure-survey-global-temperature |date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509191712/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/article/2024/may/08/world-scientists-climate-failure-survey-global-temperature |archive-date=9 May 2024 |url-status=live }} Replies were received from 380 of 843 scientists believed to have been contacted.
• March: a study published in The Lancet Planetary Health projected both "substantial losses" of habitat for venomous snakes by 2070, and migration of venomous species across international borders presenting new dangers to public health.{{cite journal |last1=Martinez |first1=Pablo Ariel |last2=de Fonseca Teixeira |first2=Irene Barbosa |last3=Siqueira-Silva |first3=Tuany |last4=da Silva |first4=Franciely Fernanda Barbosa |last5=Lima |first5=Luiz Antonio Gonzaga |last6=Silveira |first6=Jonatas chaves-Silveira |title=Climate change-related distributional range shifts of venomous snakes: a predictive modelling study of effects on public health and biodiversity |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=March 2024 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=E163–E171 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00005-6 |doi-access=free |pmid=38453382 }}
• 14 May: a study published in Nature Communications forecast that by 2050, 177–246 million older adults will be exposed to dangerous acute heat, the most severe effects forecast in Asia and Africa which also have the lowest adaptive capacity.{{cite journal |last1=Falchetta |first1=Giacomo |last2=De Cian |first2=Enrica |last3=Wing |first3=Ian Sue |last4=Carr |first4=Deborah |title=Global projections of heat exposure of older adults |journal=Nature Communications |date=14 May 2024 |volume=15 |issue=3678 |page=3678 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47197-5 |pmid=38744815 |pmc=11094092 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.3678F }}
• 24 September: a study published in Nature Communications concluded that rapid permafrost thaw will lead to soil drying, surface warming, and reduction of relative humidity over the Arctic-Subarctic region, which will cause rapid intensification of wildfires in western Siberia and Canada.{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=In-Won |last2=Timmermann |first2=Axel |last3=Kim |first3=Ji-Eun |last4=Rodgers |first4=Keith B. |last5=Lee |first5=Sun-Seon |last6=Lee |first6=Hanna |last7=Wieder |first7=William R. |title=Abrupt increase in Arctic-Subarctic wildfires caused by future permafrost thaw |journal=Nature Communications |date=24 September 2024 |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=7686 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-51471-x|pmid=39317726 |pmc=11422492 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.7868K }}
• 4 October: the World Health Organization (WHO) projected that without "urgent action", climate change will cause 5 million people to die from undernutrition, malaria, diarrhea and heat stress from 2030 to 2050.{{cite web |title=Building climate resilience in health care facilities - Fact sheet: October 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/building-climate-resilience-health-care-facilities-fact-sheet-october-2024 |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007231707/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/building-climate-resilience-health-care-facilities-fact-sheet-october-2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |date=4 October 2024 |url-status=live}}
• 14 October: a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences projected that with continued grid decarbonization, electrification of vehicles in the U.S. would reduce harmful air quality–related health impacts by $84 to $188 billion from 2022 through 2050.{{cite journal |last1=Schmitt |first1=Jean |last2=Hatzopoulou |first2=Marianne |last3=Abdul-Manan |first3=Amir F.N. |last4=Posen |first4=I. Daniel |title=Health benefits of US light-duty vehicle electrification: Roles of fleet dynamics, clean electricity, and policy timing |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=14 October 2024 |volume=121 |issue=43 |page=e2320858121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2320858121 |pmid=39401363 |pmc=11513948 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12120858S }}
• 11 December: applying a fusion of probabilistic projections, a study published in the American Geophysical Union's Earth's Future journal projected "very likely" (5th–95th %ile) sea level rise by the year 2100 to be {{convert|0.3|-|1.0|m|in|abbr=on}} under a low-emissions scenario and {{convert|0.5|-|1.9|m|in|abbr=on}} under a high-emissions scenario.{{cite journal |last1=Grandey |first1=Benjamin S. |last2=Dauwels |first2=Justin |last3=Koh |first3=Zhi Yang |last4=Horton |first4=Benjamin P. |last5=Chew |first5=Lock Yue |title=Fusion of Probabilistic Projections of Sea-Level Rise |journal=Earth's Future |date=11 December 2024 |volume=12 |issue=12 |page=e2024EF005295 |doi=10.1029/2024EF005295|bibcode=2024EaFut..1205295G |hdl=10356/181667 |hdl-access=free }}

• {{cite web |title=State of the World's Migratory Species |date=February 2024 |url=https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/State%20of%20the%20Worlds%20Migratory%20Species%20report_E.pdf |publisher=UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212111016/https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/State%20of%20the%20Worlds%20Migratory%20Species%20report_E.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2024 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite web |title=State of the Global Climate 2023 |url=https://library.wmo.int/viewer/68835/download?file=1347_Statement_2023_en.pdf&type=pdf&navigator=1 |website=WMO.int |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319195010/https://library.wmo.int/viewer/68835/download?file=1347_Statement_2023_en.pdf&type=pdf&navigator=1 |archive-date=19 March 2024 |date=19 March 2024 |url-status=live}} WMO-No. 1347.
• {{cite web |title=Europe is not prepared for rapidly growing climate risks |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/newsroom/news/europe-is-not-prepared-for |work=European Environment Agency |access-date=15 May 2024 |language=en |date=10 March 2024}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Ripple |first1=William J. |last2=Wolf |first2=Christopher |last3=Gregg |first3=Jillian W. |last4=Rockstrom |first4=Johan |last5=Mann |first5=Michael E. |last6=Oreskes |first6=Naomi |last7=Lenton |first7=Timothy M. |last8=Rahmstorf |first8=Stefan |last9=Newsome |first9=Thomas M. |last10=Xu |first10=Chi |last11=Svenning |first11=Jens-Christian |last12=Pereira |first12=Cassio Cardoso |last13=Law |first13=Beverly E. |last14=Crowther |first14=Thomas W. |display-authors=6 |title=The 2024 state of the climate report: Perilous times on planet Earth |journal=BioScience |date=8 October 2024 |volume=biae087 |issue=12 |pages=812–824 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biae087|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite web |title=Surging Seas in a Warming World: The latest science on present-day impacts and future projections of sea-level rise |url=https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/slr_technical_brief_26_aug_2024.pdf |publisher=United Nations |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241020183035/https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/slr_technical_brief_26_aug_2024.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2024 |date=26 August 2024 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |title=Emissions Gap Report 2024 |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/46404/EGR2024.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |doi=10.59117/20.500.11822/46404 |date=24 October 2024 | last1=Olhoff | first1=Anne | last2=Bataille | first2=Chris | last3=Christensen | first3=John | last4=Den Elzen | first4=Michel | last5=Fransen | first5=Taryn | last6=Grant | first6=Neil | last7=Blok | first7=Kornelis | last8=Kejun | first8=Jiang | last9=Soubeyran | first9=Eleonore | last10=Lamb | first10=William | last11=Levin | first11=Kelly | last12=Portugal-Pereira | first12=Joana | last13=Pathak | first13=Minal | last14=Kuramochi | first14=Takeshi | last15=Strinati | first15=Costanza | last16=Roe | first16=Stephanie | last17=Rogelj | first17=Joeri | isbn=978-92-807-4185-8 }}
• {{cite web |title=2024 Living Planet Report - A System in Peril |url=https://files.worldwildlife.org/wwfcmsprod/files/Publication/file/5gc2qerb1v_2024_living_planet_report_a_system_in_peril.pdf |date=27 October 2024 |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241030025612/https://files.worldwildlife.org/wwfcmsprod/files/Publication/file/5gc2qerb1v_2024_living_planet_report_a_system_in_peril.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2024 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |title=Adaptation Gap Report 2024 |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2024 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241110210924/https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2024 |archive-date=10 November 2024 |date=7 November 2024 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite web |title=State of the Cryosphere 2024 / Lost Ice, Global Damage |url=https://articles.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2024/11/State%20of%20the%20Cryosphere%20Report%202024.pdf |publisher=International Cryosphere Climate Initiative |date=14 November 2024 }}
• {{cite web |title=The Future of Geothermal Energy |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b5b73936-ee21-4e38-843b-8ba7430fbe92/TheFutureofGeothermal.pdf |publisher=International Energy Agency (IEA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214043554/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b5b73936-ee21-4e38-843b-8ba7430fbe92/TheFutureofGeothermal.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2024 |date=December 2024 |url-status=live}}
• Van Dijk, A.I.J.M., H.E. Beck, E. Boergens, R.A.M. de Jeu, W.A. Dorigo, C. Edirisinghe, E. Forootan, E. Guo, A. Güntner, J. Hou, N. Mehrnegar, S. Mo, W. Preimesberger, J. Rahman, P. Rozas Larraondo. {{cite web |title=Global Water Monitor 2024, Summary Report |url=https://www.globalwater.online/globalwater/report/index.html#gallery |website=www.globalwater.online |publisher=Global Water Monitor Consortium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106182617/https://www.globalwater.online/globalwater/report/index.html#gallery |archive-date=6 January 2025 |date=2 January 2025 |url-status=live}}

• Meteorology in the 21st century
• Climatology § History
• History of climate change policy and politics
• History of climate change science
• Politics of climate change § History
• Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–present

{{Reflist|2|refs=

}}

• [https://www.ipcc.ch/ The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)]
• [https://public.wmo.int/en World Meteorological Organization (WMO)]
• [https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators Climate indicators] at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

• {{cite news |last1=Horton |first1=Helena |last2=Swan |first2=Lucy |last3=Paz |first3=Ana Lucia Gonzalez |last4=Symons |first4=Harvey |title=The climate crisis in charts: how 2024 has set unwanted new records |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/nov/20/the-climate-crisis-in-charts-how-2024-has-set-unwanted-new-records |newspaper=The Guardian |date=20 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219081318/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/nov/20/the-climate-crisis-in-charts-how-2024-has-set-unwanted-new-records |archive-date=19 December 2024 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite news |last1=Freedman |first1=Andrew |title=2023, 2024 climate change records defy scientific explanation |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/12/16/climate-change-records-surprise-scientists |work=Axios |date=16 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227233925/https://www.axios.com/2024/12/16/climate-change-records-surprise-scientists |archive-date=27 December 2024 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite news |last1=Pare |first1=Sascha |title=The most important and shocking climate stories of 2024 |url=https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/climate-change/the-most-important-and-shocking-climate-stories-of-2024 |work=Live Science |date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229054836/https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/climate-change/the-most-important-and-shocking-climate-stories-of-2024 |archive-date=29 December 2024 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite web |last1=Horn |first1=Paul |title=These Graphics Help Explain What Climate Change Looked Like in 2024 |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29122024/these-graphics-help-explain-what-climate-change-looked-like-in-2024/ |website=Inside Climate News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229193126/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29122024/these-graphics-help-explain-what-climate-change-looked-like-in-2024/ |archive-date=29 December 2024 |date=29 December 2024 |url-status=live}}

{{Subject bar|wikt=climate change|b=Climate Change|q=Climate change|commons=Category:Climate change|n=Category:Climate change|v=Climate change|s=Climate change}}

{{Climate change|state=expanded}}

{{Human impact on the environment}}

Category:2024 in science

Category:Climate change

Category:History of climate variability and change

Category:Global environmental issues