4-Methylmethamphetamine
{{Distinguish|Mephedrone|Meperidine|Methedrine|text=}}
{{Short description|Stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine class}}
{{Drugbox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 477222824
| IUPAC_name = N-methyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-2-amine
| image = 4-Methylmethamphetamine.svg
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| tradename =
| pregnancy_category =
| legal_CA = Schedule I
| legal_UK = Class A
| legal_US = Schedule I (isomer of Etilamfetamime)
| legal_status =
| routes_of_administration =
| class = Stimulant; Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent
| bioavailability =
| protein_bound =
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life =
| excretion =
| index2_label = hydrochloride
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number = 714965-56-7
| CAS_number2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number2 = 161697-16-1
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 3R4PNL8UA7
| UNII2_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII2 = RN237JWQ2X
| ATC_prefix = None
| ATC_suffix =
| PubChem = 13803306
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 23900071
| synonyms = 4-MMA; Mephedrine
| C = 11
| H = 17
| N = 1
| smiles = c1cc(C)ccc1CC(C)NC
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C11H17N/c1-9-4-6-11(7-5-9)8-10(2)12-3/h4-7,10,12H,8H2,1-3H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = GAIWFPOJOHUEBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
}}
4-Methylmethamphetamine (4-MMA), also known as mephedrine, is a putative stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine family. It acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). The drug is the β-deketo analogue of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; 4-MMC) and the N-methyl analogue of 4-methylamphetamine (4-MA).{{cite journal | vauthors = Meyer MR, Wilhelm J, Peters FT, Maurer HH | title = Beta-keto amphetamines: studies on the metabolism of the designer drug mephedrone and toxicological detection of mephedrone, butylone, and methylone in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry | journal = Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | volume = 397| issue = 3| pages = 1225–33|date=March 2010 | pmid = 20333362 | doi = 10.1007/s00216-010-3636-5| s2cid = 21471611 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Coppola M, Mondola R | title = 4-methylamphetamine (4-MA): chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new potential recreational drug | journal = Mini Rev Med Chem | volume = 13 | issue = 14 | pages = 2097–2101 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24195663 | doi = 10.2174/13895575113136660106 | url = }}
Pharmacology
=Pharmacodynamics=
4-MMA acts as a potent and well-balanced serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). It induces hyperlocomotion and stereotypy (psychostimulant-like effects) as well as hyperthermia in mice, similarly to methcathinone.{{cite journal | vauthors = Anneken JH, Angoa-Pérez M, Sati GC, Crich D, Kuhn DM | title = Dissecting the Influence of Two Structural Substituents on the Differential Neurotoxic Effects of Acute Methamphetamine and Mephedrone Treatment on Dopamine Nerve Endings with the Use of 4-Methylmethamphetamine and Methcathinone | journal = J Pharmacol Exp Ther | volume = 360 | issue = 3 | pages = 417–423 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28039330 | pmc = 5325074 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.116.237768 | url = }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Anneken JH, Angoa-Perez M, Sati GC, Crich D, Kuhn DM | title = Assessing the role of dopamine in the differential neurotoxicity patterns of methamphetamine, mephedrone, methcathinone and 4-methylmethamphetamine | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 134 | issue = Pt A | pages = 46–56 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 28851615 | pmc = 6083857 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.033 | url = }}
==Dopaminergic neurotoxicity==
In contrast to methamphetamine and methcathinone, 4-MMA appears to produce minimal dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice. Conversely, mephedrone shows no dopaminergic neurotoxicity at all in mice. It was theorized that 4-methyl and β-keto substitutions on amphetamines may result in loss of activity at the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), loss of elevations of cytosolic dopamine concentrations, and consequent loss of dopaminergic neurotoxic potential. Accordingly, the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 4-MMA was greatly enhanced by the dopamine precursor levodopa (L-DOPA), the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) pargyline, and methamphetamine (a VMAT2 inhibitor/reverser), all of which are known to increase the cytosolic pool of dopamine. However, in contrast to 4-MMA, the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of methcathinone was enhanced only by levodopa and of mephedrone was enhanced only by methamphetamine.
See also
- 3-Methylmethamphetamine (3-MMA)
- 3-Methoxymethamphetamine (MMMA)
- 4-Methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA)
- 4-Fluoromethamphetamine (4-FMA)
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Entactogens}}
{{Stimulants}}
{{Monoamine releasing agents}}
{{Monoaminergic neurotoxins}}
{{Phenethylamines}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Methylmethamphetamine, 4-}}
Category:Entactogens and empathogens