4-Methylmethamphetamine

{{Distinguish|Mephedrone|Meperidine|Methedrine|text=}}

{{Short description|Stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine class}}

{{Drugbox

| Watchedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 477222824

| IUPAC_name = N-methyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-2-amine

| image = 4-Methylmethamphetamine.svg

| image_class = skin-invert-image

| tradename =

| pregnancy_category =

| legal_CA = Schedule I

| legal_UK = Class A

| legal_US = Schedule I (isomer of Etilamfetamime)

| legal_status =

| routes_of_administration =

| class = Stimulant; Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent

| bioavailability =

| protein_bound =

| metabolism =

| elimination_half-life =

| excretion =

| index2_label = hydrochloride

| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| CAS_number = 714965-56-7

| CAS_number2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| CAS_number2 = 161697-16-1

| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| UNII = 3R4PNL8UA7

| UNII2_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| UNII2 = RN237JWQ2X

| ATC_prefix = None

| ATC_suffix =

| PubChem = 13803306

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| ChemSpiderID = 23900071

| synonyms = 4-MMA; Mephedrine

| C = 11

| H = 17

| N = 1

| smiles = c1cc(C)ccc1CC(C)NC

| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChI = 1S/C11H17N/c1-9-4-6-11(7-5-9)8-10(2)12-3/h4-7,10,12H,8H2,1-3H3

| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChIKey = GAIWFPOJOHUEBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N

}}

4-Methylmethamphetamine (4-MMA), also known as mephedrine, is a putative stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine family. It acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). The drug is the β-deketo analogue of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; 4-MMC) and the N-methyl analogue of 4-methylamphetamine (4-MA).{{cite journal | vauthors = Meyer MR, Wilhelm J, Peters FT, Maurer HH | title = Beta-keto amphetamines: studies on the metabolism of the designer drug mephedrone and toxicological detection of mephedrone, butylone, and methylone in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry | journal = Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | volume = 397| issue = 3| pages = 1225–33|date=March 2010 | pmid = 20333362 | doi = 10.1007/s00216-010-3636-5| s2cid = 21471611 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Coppola M, Mondola R | title = 4-methylamphetamine (4-MA): chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new potential recreational drug | journal = Mini Rev Med Chem | volume = 13 | issue = 14 | pages = 2097–2101 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24195663 | doi = 10.2174/13895575113136660106 | url = }}

Pharmacology

=Pharmacodynamics=

4-MMA acts as a potent and well-balanced serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). It induces hyperlocomotion and stereotypy (psychostimulant-like effects) as well as hyperthermia in mice, similarly to methcathinone.{{cite journal | vauthors = Anneken JH, Angoa-Pérez M, Sati GC, Crich D, Kuhn DM | title = Dissecting the Influence of Two Structural Substituents on the Differential Neurotoxic Effects of Acute Methamphetamine and Mephedrone Treatment on Dopamine Nerve Endings with the Use of 4-Methylmethamphetamine and Methcathinone | journal = J Pharmacol Exp Ther | volume = 360 | issue = 3 | pages = 417–423 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28039330 | pmc = 5325074 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.116.237768 | url = }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Anneken JH, Angoa-Perez M, Sati GC, Crich D, Kuhn DM | title = Assessing the role of dopamine in the differential neurotoxicity patterns of methamphetamine, mephedrone, methcathinone and 4-methylmethamphetamine | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 134 | issue = Pt A | pages = 46–56 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 28851615 | pmc = 6083857 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.033 | url = }}

class="wikitable" style="font-size:small;"

|+ {{Nowrap|Monoamine release of 4-methylmethamphetamine and related agents ({{Abbrlink|EC50|Half maximal effective concentration}}, nM)}}

Compounddata-sort-type="number" | {{abbrlink|NE|Norepinephrine}}data-sort-type="number" | {{abbrlink|DA|Dopamine}}data-sort-type="number" | {{abbrlink|5-HT|Serotonin}}Ref
Dextroamphetamine6.6–10.25.8–24.8698–1,765{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, Romero DV, Rice KC, Carroll FI, Partilla JS | title = Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin | journal = Synapse | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 32–41 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11071707 | doi = 10.1002/1098-2396(20010101)39:1<32::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-3 | s2cid = 15573624 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Lehner KR, Thorndike EB, Hoffman AF, Holy M, Rothman RB, Goldberg SR, Lupica CR, Sitte HH, Brandt SD, Tella SR, Cozzi NV, Schindler CW | title = Powerful cocaine-like actions of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a principal constituent of psychoactive 'bath salts' products | journal = Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 552–562 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23072836 | pmc = 3572453 | doi = 10.1038/npp.2012.204 }}{{cite book | vauthors = Blough B | chapter = Dopamine-releasing agents | veditors = Trudell ML, Izenwasser S | title = Dopamine Transporters: Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology | pages = 305–320 | date = July 2008 | isbn = 978-0-470-11790-3 | oclc = 181862653 | ol = OL18589888W | publisher = Wiley | location = Hoboken [NJ] | doi = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QCagLAAACAAJ | chapter-url = https://bitnest.netfirms.com/external/Books/Dopamine-releasing-agents_c11.pdf }}{{cite book | vauthors = Partilla JS, Dersch CM, Baumann MH, Carroll FI, Rothman RB | chapter = Profiling CNS Stimulants with a High-Throughput Assay for Biogenic Amine Transporter Substractes | title = Problems of Drug Dependence 1999: Proceedings of the 61st Annual Scientific Meeting, The College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc | series = NIDA Res Monogr | volume = 180 | pages = 1–476 (252) | date = 1999 | pmid = 11680410 | doi = | url = https://archives.nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/180.pdf#page=261 | quote = RESULTS. Methamphetamine and amphetamine potently released NE (IC50s = 14.3 and 7.0 nM) and DA (IC50s = 40.4 nM and 24.8 nM), and were much less potent releasers of 5-HT (IC50s = 740 nM and 1765 nM). Phentermine released all three biogenic amines with an order of potency NE (IC50 = 28.8 nM)> DA (IC50 = 262 nM)> 5-HT (IC50 = 2575 nM). Aminorex released NE (IC50 = 26.4 nM), DA (IC50 = 44.8 nM) and 5-HT (IC50 = 193 nM). Chlorphentermine was a very potent 5-HT releaser (IC50 = 18.2 nM), a weaker DA releaser (IC50 = 935 nM) and inactive in the NE release assay. Chlorphentermine was a moderate potency inhibitor of [3H]NE uptake (Ki = 451 nM). Diethylpropion, which is self-administered, was a weak DA uptake inhibitor (Ki = 15 µM) and NE uptake inhibitor (Ki = 18.1 µM) and essentially inactive in the other assays. Phendimetrazine, which is self-administered, was a weak DA uptake inhibitor (IC50 = 19 µM), a weak NE uptake inhibitor (8.3 µM) and essentially inactive in the other assays.}}
Dextromethamphetamine12.3–14.38.5–40.4736–1,292{{cite journal | vauthors = Baumann MH, Ayestas MA, Partilla JS, Sink JR, Shulgin AT, Daley PF, Brandt SD, Rothman RB, Ruoho AE, Cozzi NV | title = The designer methcathinone analogs, mephedrone and methylone, are substrates for monoamine transporters in brain tissue | journal = Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 37 | issue = 5 | pages = 1192–1203 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22169943 | pmc = 3306880 | doi = 10.1038/npp.2011.304 }}
4-Methylamphetamine22.244.153.4{{cite journal | vauthors = Wee S, Anderson KG, Baumann MH, Rothman RB, Blough BE, Woolverton WL | title = Relationship between the serotonergic activity and reinforcing effects of a series of amphetamine analogs | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 313 | issue = 2 | pages = 848–854 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15677348 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.104.080101 | s2cid = 12135483 }}{{cite journal | last=Forsyth | first=Andrea N | title=Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Rigid Analogues of Methamphetamines | website=ScholarWorks@UNO | date=22 May 2012 | url=https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1436/ | access-date=4 November 2024}}
4-Methylmethamphetamine (mephedrine)66.941.367.4{{cite journal | vauthors = Solis E, Partilla JS, Sakloth F, Ruchala I, Schwienteck KL, De Felice LJ, Eltit JM, Glennon RA, Negus SS, Baumann MH | title = N-Alkylated Analogs of 4-Methylamphetamine (4-MA) Differentially Affect Monoamine Transporters and Abuse Liability | journal = Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 42 | issue = 10 | pages = 1950–1961 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28530234 | pmc = 5561352 | doi = 10.1038/npp.2017.98 | url = }}{{cite thesis | last=Sakloth | first=Farhana | title=Psychoactive synthetic cathinones (or 'bath salts'): Investigation of mechanisms of action | website=VCU Scholars Compass | date=11 December 2015 | doi=10.25772/AY8R-PW77 | url=https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4041/ | access-date=24 November 2024}}
4-Methylethylamphetamine182550102
4-Methylpropylamphetamine752{{Abbr|IA|Inactive}}650
4-Methylbutylamphetamine{{Abbr|IA|Inactive}}{{Abbr|IA|Inactive}}{{Abbr|IA|Inactive}}
4-Methylmethcathinone (mephedrone)58–62.749.1–51118.3–122{{cite journal | vauthors = Blough BE, Decker AM, Landavazo A, Namjoshi OA, Partilla JS, Baumann MH, Rothman RB | title = The dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine releasing activities of a series of methcathinone analogs in male rat brain synaptosomes | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 236 | issue = 3 | pages = 915–924 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30341459 | pmc = 6475490 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-018-5063-9 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Walther D, Shalabi AR, Baumann MH, Glennon RA | title = Systematic Structure-Activity Studies on Selected 2-, 3-, and 4-Monosubstituted Synthetic Methcathinone Analogs as Monoamine Transporter Releasing Agents | journal = ACS Chem Neurosci | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 740–745 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30354055 | pmc = 8269283 | doi = 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00524 | url = }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonano JS, Banks ML, Kolanos R, Sakloth F, Barnier ML, Glennon RA, Cozzi NV, Partilla JS, Baumann MH, Negus SS | title = Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of the pharmacology of para-substituted methcathinone analogues | journal = Br J Pharmacol | volume = 172 | issue = 10 | pages = 2433–2444 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25438806 | pmc = 4409897 | doi = 10.1111/bph.13030 | url = }}
colspan="5" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;" | Notes: The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug releases the neurotransmitter. The assays were done in rat brain synaptosomes and human potencies may be different. See also Monoamine releasing agent § Activity profiles for a larger table with more compounds. Refs: {{cite journal | vauthors = Rothman RB, Baumann MH | title = Monoamine transporters and psychostimulant drugs | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 479 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 23–40 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14612135 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.054 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothman RB, Baumann MH | title = Therapeutic potential of monoamine transporter substrates | journal = Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 6 | issue = 17 | pages = 1845–1859 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17017961 | doi = 10.2174/156802606778249766 }}

==Dopaminergic neurotoxicity==

In contrast to methamphetamine and methcathinone, 4-MMA appears to produce minimal dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice. Conversely, mephedrone shows no dopaminergic neurotoxicity at all in mice. It was theorized that 4-methyl and β-keto substitutions on amphetamines may result in loss of activity at the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), loss of elevations of cytosolic dopamine concentrations, and consequent loss of dopaminergic neurotoxic potential. Accordingly, the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 4-MMA was greatly enhanced by the dopamine precursor levodopa (L-DOPA), the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) pargyline, and methamphetamine (a VMAT2 inhibitor/reverser), all of which are known to increase the cytosolic pool of dopamine. However, in contrast to 4-MMA, the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of methcathinone was enhanced only by levodopa and of mephedrone was enhanced only by methamphetamine.

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

{{Entactogens}}

{{Stimulants}}

{{Monoamine releasing agents}}

{{Monoaminergic neurotoxins}}

{{Phenethylamines}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Methylmethamphetamine, 4-}}

Category:Entactogens and empathogens

Category:Methamphetamines

Category:Monoaminergic neurotoxins

Category:Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents