67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Churyumov–Gerasimenko was discovered in 1969 by Klim Ivanovich Churyumov of Kyiv University's Astronomical Observatory, who examined a photograph that had been exposed for comet Comas Solà by Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko on 11 September 1969 at the Alma-Ata Astrophysical Institute, near Alma-Ata, the then-capital city of Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union. Churyumov found a cometary object near the edge of the plate, but assumed that this was comet Comas Solà.

After returning to his home institute in Kyiv, Churyumov examined all the photographic plates more closely. On 22 October, about a month after the photograph was taken, he discovered that the object could not be Comas Solà, because it was about 1.8 degrees off the expected position. Further scrutiny produced a faint image of Comas Solà at its expected position on the plate, thus proving the other object to be a different body.

File:Comet 67P-Churyumov-Gerasimenko.stl of 67P by ESA (click to rotate)]]

The comet consists of two lobes connected by a narrower neck, with the larger lobe measuring about {{convert|4.1|x|3.3|x|1.8|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} and the smaller one about {{convert|2.6|x|2.3|x|1.8|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}. With each orbit the comet loses matter, as gas and dust are evaporated away by the Sun. It is estimated that a layer with an average thickness of about {{convert|1|±|0.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} is lost per orbit as of 2015. The comet has a mass of approximately 10 billion tonnes.

The two-lobe shape of the comet is the result of a gentle, low-velocity collision of two objects, and is called a contact binary. The "terraces", layers of the interior of the comet that have been exposed by partial stripping of outer layers during its existence, are oriented in different directions in the two lobes, indicating that two objects fused to form Churyumov–Gerasimenko.

File:67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko surface.gifs on the surface of the comet in 2016, with stars moving in the background. Filmed by Rosetta's OSIRIS instrument.]]

File:Pristine view of 67P-C–G after removal of outliers..gif

There are 26 distinct regions on Churyumov–Gerasimenko, with each named after an Egyptian deity; regions on the large lobe are named after gods, whereas those on the small lobe are named after goddesses. 19 regions were defined in the northern hemisphere prior to equinox. Later, when the southern hemisphere became illuminated, seven more regions were identified using the same naming convention.

{{clear|left}}

Features described as gates, twin prominences on the surface so named for their appearance,{{Clarify|date=October 2015|reason=could use an image, anything actually looking like a gate would be exceedingly weird}} were named after deceased members of the Rosetta team.

During Rosetta{{'s}} lifetime, many changes were observed on the comet's surface, particularly when the comet was close to perihelion. These changes included evolving patterns of circular shapes in smooth terrains that at some point grew in size by a few metres per day. A fracture in the neck region was also observed to grow in size; boulders tens of metres wide were displaced, sometimes travelling more than 100 metres; and patches of the ground were removed to expose new features. A number of collapsing cliffs have also been observed. One notable example in December 2015 was captured by Rosetta{{'s}} NAVCAM as a bright patch of light shining from the comet. Rosetta scientists determined that a large cliff had collapsed, making it the first landslide on a comet known to be associated with an outburst of activity. An apparent outburst of the comet was observed on 14 November 2021.{{cite news |author=Kelley, Michael S. P. |title=ATel #15053 – Apparent Outburst of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko |url=https://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=15053 |date=19 November 2021 |work=The Astronomer's Telegram |accessdate=20 November 2021 }} According to the researchers, "At the time of the outburst discovery with ZTF, the comet was 1.23 au from the Sun and 0.42 au from the Earth. The comet's last perihelion passage was on 2021 Nov 2.".

Cheops is the largest boulder on the surface of the comet, measuring up to 45 meters. It is located in the comet's larger lobe. It was named for the pyramid in Giza because its shape is similar to that of a pyramid.{{cite news |title=Boulder Cheops |author=ESA|url=https://sci.esa.int/web/rosetta/-/54756-boulder-cheops |date=1 September 2019}}{{cite web |last1=ANI |title=Largest boulders on Rosetta's comet named after Egyptian pyramid 'Cheops' |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/largest-boulders-rosettas-comet-named-egyptian-pyramid-cheops-085102345.html |website=Yahoo News |accessdate=19 October 2020}}{{cite web |last1=Howell |first1=Elizabeth |title=Rosetta Spacecraft Spots 'Pyramid' Boulder on Comet (Photos) |url=https://www.space.com/27420-rosetta-spacecraft-comet-boulder-photos.html |website=Space.com |date=13 October 2014 |accessdate=19 October 2020}}

File:Comet 67P orbit perihelion 2015.png

File:NavCam Comet 67P animation 20140806 (cropped).gif

Like the other comets of the Jupiter family, Churyumov–Gerasimenko probably originated in the Kuiper belt and was ejected towards the interior of the Solar System, where later encounters with Jupiter successively changed its orbit. These interactions will continue until the comet is eventually thrown out of the Solar System or collides with the Sun or a planet.

On 4 February 1959, a close encounter with Jupiter of {{Convert|0.0515|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}} moved Churyumov–Gerasimenko's perihelion inward from {{convert|2.7|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}} to {{convert|1.28|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}, where it basically remains today. In November 2220 the comet will pass about {{convert|0.14|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}} from Jupiter which will move perihelion inwards to about {{convert|0.8|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}} from the Sun.

Before Churyumov–Gerasimenko's perihelion passage in 2009, its rotational period was 12.76 hours. During this perihelion passage, it decreased to 12.4 hours, which likely happened because of sublimation-induced torque.

{{As of|2014|9}}, Churyumov–Gerasimenko's nucleus had an apparent magnitude of roughly 20. It came to perihelion on 13 August 2015. From December 2014 until September 2015, it had an elongation less than 45 degrees from the Sun. On 10 February 2015, it went through solar conjunction when it was 5 degrees from the Sun and was {{convert|3.3|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}} from Earth. It crossed the celestial equator on 5 May 2015 and became easiest to see from the Northern Hemisphere. Even right after perihelion when it was in the constellation of Gemini, it only brightened to about apparent magnitude 12, and required a telescope to be seen. {{As of|2016|07}}, the comet had a total magnitude of about 20.

{{clear|left}}

File:67P 2021-11-11 image ZTF-sso-616-zr-fov-13arcmin.png.]]

The 2021 apparition marked the closest approach to Earth since 1982. The comet reached perihelion on 2 November 2021 and the closest approach to Earth was on November 12, 2021, at 00:50 UTC, at a distance of 38 million miles (61 million km). The comet brightened to an apparent magnitude of 9, meaning it was visible with amateur telescopes.{{cite web |last1=Irizarry |first1=Eddie |title=Heads up! Famous comet 67P/C-G nearly closest |url=https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/famous-comet-67p-c-g-closest-nov-2021-until-2214/ |website=earthsky.org |access-date=17 July 2023 |date=26 October 2021}}{{cite web |last1=Olason |first1=Mike |title=COMET 67P/CHURYUMOV-GERASIMENKO ON 2021 NOVEMBER 15 |url=https://skyandtelescope.org/online-gallery/comet-67p-churyumov-gerasimenko-on-2021-november-15/ |website=skyandtelescope.org |access-date=17 July 2023 |date=2021-11-24}} Two outbursts were observed during the apparition, on 2021 October 29.940 and November 17.864 UTC, −3.12 days and +15.81 days respectively from the perihelion date. During the first outburst the comet brightened by 0.26 ± 0.03 mag in the outburst, with a 27% increase in the effective geometric cross-section and total outburst dust mass of {{val|5.3|e=5|u=kg}}. The second outburst caused a brightening of 0.49 ± 0.08 mag with effective geometric cross-section and total outburst dust mass 2.5 times larger than the first event.{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Kritti |last2=Kelley |first2=Michael S. P. |last3=Joharle |first3=Simran |last4=Kumar |first4=Harsh |last5=Swain |first5=Vishwajeet |last6=Bhalerao |first6=Varun |last7=Anupama |first7=G. C. |last8=Barway |first8=Sudhanshu |title=Outbursts of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko |journal=Research Notes of the AAS |date=3 December 2021 |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=277 |doi=10.3847/2515-5172/ac3ee4|bibcode=2021RNAAS...5..277S |doi-access=free }} Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence.

{{Main|Rosetta (spacecraft)|Philae (spacecraft)}}

{{See also|Timeline of Rosetta spacecraft}}

The Rosetta mission was the first mission to include an orbiter that accompanied a comet for several years, as well as a lander that collected close-up data from the comet's surface. The mission launched in 2004, arrived at comet 67P in 2014, and concluded with a touchdown on the comet's surface in 2016.

{{multiple image |align=right |direction=horizontal |total_width=440

|image1=Rosetta's first sighting of its target in 2014 – narrow angle view (14813677376).jpg |caption1=First image of comet taken by Rosetta on 21 March 2014, with Messier 107 in view

|image2=Comet 67P on 14 July 2014 OSIRIS, processed.png |caption2=Processed view of comet from 14 July 2014, showing the first indication of its bilobate nature

}}

As preparation for the Rosetta mission, Hubble Space Telescope pictures taken on 12 March 2003 were closely analysed. An overall 3D model was constructed and computer-generated images were created.

On 25 April 2012, the most detailed observations until that time were taken with the 2-metre Faulkes Telescope by N. Howes, G. Sostero and E. Guido while it was at its aphelion.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

On 6 June 2014, water vapor was detected being released at a rate of roughly {{convert|1|L/s|USgal/s|abbr=off}} when Rosetta was {{convert|360000|km|abbr=on}} from Churyumov–Gerasimenko and {{convert|3.9|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}} from the Sun. On 14 July 2014, images taken by Rosetta showed that its nucleus is irregular in shape with two distinct lobes. The size of the nucleus was estimated to be {{convert|3.5|*|4|km|abbr=on}}. Two explanations for its shape were proposed at the time: that it was a contact binary, or that its shape may have resulted from asymmetric erosion due to ice sublimating from its surface to leave behind its lobed shape. By September 2015, mission scientists had determined that the contact binary hypothesis was unambiguously correct.

{{multiple image |align=right |direction=horizontal |total_width=440

|image1=Animation of Rosetta trajectory.gif |caption1=Animation of Rosetta{{'s}} trajectory from {{nowrap|2 March}} 2004 to {{nowrap|9 September}} 2016
{{legend2|magenta|Rosetta}}{{·}}{{legend2|lime|67P}}{{·}}{{legend2|blue|Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|maroon|Mars}}{{·}}{{legend2|Cyan|21 Lutetia}}{{·}}{{legend2|Gold|2867 Šteins}}

|image2=Animation of Rosetta trajectory around 67P.gif |caption2=Animation of Rosetta{{'s}} orbit around 67P from {{nowrap|1 August}} 2014 to {{nowrap|31 March}} 2015
{{legend2|magenta|Rosetta}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime|67P}}

}}

Beginning in May 2014, Rosetta{{'s}} velocity was reduced by {{convert|780|m/s|km/h mph|abbr=on}} with a series of thruster firings. Ground controllers rendezvoused Rosetta with Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 6 August 2014. This was done by reducing Rosetta{{'s}} relative velocity to {{convert|1|m/s|km/h mph|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}. Rosetta entered orbit on 10 September, at about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the nucleus.

{{Further|topic=the comet landing|Philae (spacecraft)#Mission}}

Descent of a small lander occurred on 12 November 2014. Philae is a {{convert|220|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}} robotic probe that set down on the surface with landing gear. The landing site has been christened Agilkia in honor of Agilkia Island, where the temples of Philae Island were relocated after the construction of the Aswan Dam flooded the island. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Churyumov–Gerasimenko has been estimated for simulation purposes at 10⁻³ m/s{{sup|2}}, or about 1/10000 of that on Earth.

Because of its low relative mass, landing on the comet relied on tools to anchor Philae to the surface. The probe had an array of mechanisms designed to manage Churyumov–Gerasimenko's low gravity, including a cold gas thruster, harpoons, landing-leg-mounted ice screws, and a flywheel to keep it oriented during its descent. During the event, the thruster and the harpoons failed to operate, and the ice screws did not gain a grip. The lander bounced twice and only came to rest when it made contact with the surface for the third time, two hours after first contact.

Contact with Philae was lost on 15 November 2014 because of dropping battery power. The European Space Operations Centre briefly reestablished communications on 14 June 2015 and reported a healthy spacecraft but communications were lost again soon after. On 2 September 2016, Philae was located in photographs taken by the Rosetta orbiter. It had come to rest in a crack with only its body and two legs visible. While the discovery solves the question of the lander's disposition, it also allows project scientists to properly contextualise the data it returned from the comet's surface.

File:Crescent Comet 67P.jpg

The composition of water vapor from Churyumov–Gerasimenko, as determined by the Rosetta spacecraft, is substantially different from that found on Earth. The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water from the comet was determined to be three times that found for terrestrial water. This makes it unlikely that water found on Earth came from comets like Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The water vapor is also mixed with significant amount of formaldehyde (0.5 wt%) and methanol (0.4 wt%), these concentrations falling within common range for Solar system comets.{{cite journal|arxiv=2003.03967|last1=Schuhmann|first1=Markus|last2=Altwegg|first2=Kathrin|author2-link=Kathrin Altwegg|last3=Balsiger|first3=Hans|last4=Berthelier|first4=Jean-Jacques|author5=Johan De Keyser|last6=Fuselier|first6=Stephen A.|last7=Gasc|first7=Sébastien|last8=Gombosi|first8=Tamas I.|last9=Hänni|first9=Nora|last10=Rubin|first10=Martin|last11=Sémon|first11=Thierry|last12=Tzou|first12=Chia-Yu|last13=Wampfler|first13=Susanne F.|title=CHO-bearing molecules in Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko|journal=ACS Earth and Space Chemistry |year=2020|volume=3 |issue=9 |page=1854 |doi=10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00094 |bibcode=2019ESC.....3.1854S |s2cid=201228823 }} On 22 January 2015, NASA reported that, between June and August 2014, the comet released increasing amounts of water vapor, up to tenfold as much. On 23 January 2015, the journal Science published a special issue of scientific studies related to the comet.

Measurements carried out before Philae{{'s}} batteries failed indicate that the dust layer could be as much as {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} thick. Beneath that is hard ice, or a mixture of ice and dust. Porosity appears to increase toward the center of the comet.

The nucleus of Churyumov–Gerasimenko was found to have no magnetic field of its own after measurements were taken during Philae{{'s}} descent and landing by its ROMAP instrument and Rosetta{{'s}} RPC-MAG instrument. This suggests that magnetism may not have played a role in the early formation of the Solar System, as had previously been hypothesized.

The ALICE spectrograph on Rosetta determined that electrons (within {{convert|1|km|mi|1|disp=or|abbr=on}} above the comet nucleus) produced from photoionization of water molecules by solar radiation, and not photons from the Sun as thought earlier, are responsible for the degradation of water and carbon dioxide molecules released from the comet nucleus into its coma. Also, active pits, related to sinkhole collapses and possibly associated with outbursts are present on the comet.

Measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments on the Philae{{'s}} lander revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde. Astrobiologists Chandra Wickramasinghe and Max Wallis stated that some of the physical features detected on the comet's surface by Rosetta and Philae, such as its organic-rich crust, could be explained by the presence of extraterrestrial microorganisms. Rosetta program scientists dismissed the claim as "pure speculation". Carbon-rich compounds are common in the Solar System. Neither Rosetta nor Philae is equipped to search for direct evidence of organisms. The only amino acid detected thus far on the comet is glycine, along with precursor molecules methylamine and ethylamine.

Solid organic compounds were also found in the dust particles emitted by the comet; the carbon in this organic material is bound in "very large macromolecular compounds", analogous to the insoluble organic matter in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Scientists think that the observed cometary carbonaceous solid matter could have the same origin as the meteoritic insoluble organic matter, but suffered less modification before or after being incorporated into the comet.

One of the most outstanding discoveries of the mission was the detection of large amounts of free molecular oxygen ({{chem2|O2}}) gas surrounding the comet. Solar system models suggest the molecular oxygen should have disappeared by the time 67P was created, about 4.6 billion years ago in a violent and hot process that would have caused the oxygen to react with hydrogen and form water. Molecular oxygen has never before been detected in cometary comas. In situ measurements indicate that the {{chem2|O2}}/{{chem2|H2O}} ratio is isotropic in the coma and does not change systematically with heliocentric distance, suggesting that primordial {{chem2|O2}} was incorporated into the nucleus during the comet's formation. This interpretation was challenged by the discovery that {{chem2|O2}} may be produced on the surface of the comet in water molecule collisions with silicates and other oxygen-containing materials. Detection of molecular nitrogen ({{chem2|N2}}) in the comet suggests that its cometary grains formed in low-temperature conditions below {{convert|30|K|C F|0}}.

On 3 July 2018, researchers hypothesized that molecular oxygen might not be made on the surface of comet 67P in sufficient quantity, thus deepening the mystery of its origin.

CAESAR was a proposed sample-return mission aimed at returning to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, capturing regolith from the surface, and returning it to Earth. This mission was competing in NASA's New Frontiers mission 4 selection process, and was one of two finalists in the program. In June 2019, it was passed over in favor of Dragonfly.

File:67PNucleus.jpg|A reconstruction of the nucleus's shape based on Hubble observations in 2003

File:VLT Tracks Rosetta's Comet.jpg|As seen by the Very Large Telescope on 11 August 2014

File:Comet_67P on 22 August 2014 NavCam.jpg|As seen by Rosetta on 22 August 2014

File:Comet 67P on 14 September 2014 NavCam mosaic.jpg|As seen by Rosetta on 14 September 2014

File:67P-C-G - March 28 2015 (32370930490).jpg|As seen by Rosetta on 28 March 2015

File:67P-C-G - May 2 2015 (32730086746).jpg|As seen by Rosetta on 2 May 2015

File:Comet on 7 July 2015 NavCam.jpg|As seen by Rosetta on 7 July 2015

File:Cliffs of Comet 67P.jpg|Image showing ragged cliffs, 10 December 2014

File:Phosphorus-bearing molecules found in a star-forming region and comet 67P.tif| Phosphorus-bearing molecules found in a star-forming region and comet 67P.{{cite web |title=Astronomers Reveal Interstellar Thread of One of Life's Building Blocks - ALMA and Rosetta map the journey of phosphorus |url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2001/ |website=www.eso.org |access-date=16 January 2020 |language=en}}

File:67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko - Rosetta (32755885495).png|Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in enhanced colour, as imaged by ESA's Rosetta spacecraft in 2015.

• List of comets visited by spacecraft
• {{Section link|List of numbered comets|67P}}

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|refs=

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{{cite web |url=http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2014/09/10/down-down-we-go-to-29-km-or-lower/ |title=Down, down we go to 29 km – or lower? |publisher=European Space Agency |first=Daniel |last=Scuka |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=20 September 2014}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-394 |title=Rosetta's 'Philae' Makes Historic First Landing on a Comet |publisher=NASA |first1=D. C. |last1=Agle |first2=Guy |last2=Webster |first3=Dwayne |last3=Brown |first4=Markus |last4=Bauer |display-authors=1 |date=12 November 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/13/science/space/european-space-agencys-spacecraft-lands-on-comets-surface.html |title=European Space Agency's Spacecraft Lands on Comet's Surface |work=The New York Times |first=Kenneth |last=Chang |date=12 November 2014 |access-date=12 November 2014}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30026398 |title=Probe makes historic comet landing |work=BBC News |date=12 November 2014 |access-date=12 November 2014}}

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{{cite journal |url=https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01175722/document |title=Estimate of the erosion rate from H2O mass-loss measurements from SWAN/SOHO in previous perihelions of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and connection with observed rotation rate variations |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |first=Jean-Loup |last=Bertaux |volume=583 |at=A38 |date=November 2015 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201525992 |bibcode=2015A&A...583A..38B|doi-access=free }}

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{{cite journal |title=Two independent and primitive envelopes of the bilobate nucleus of comet 67P |journal=Nature |first1=Matteo |last1=Massironi |first2=Emanuele |last2=Simioni |first3=Francesco |last3=Marzari |first4=Gabriele |last4=Cremonese |first5=Lorenza |last5=Giacomini |display-authors=1 |volume=526 |issue=7573 |pages=402–405 |date=28 September 2015 |doi=10.1038/nature15511 |bibcode=2015Natur.526..402M |pmid=26416730|s2cid=4463714 }}

{{cite journal |title=Regional surface morphology of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from Rosetta/OSIRIS images |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |first1=M. R. |last1=El-Maarry |first2=N. |last2=Thomas |first3=L. |last3=Giacomini |display-authors=1 |volume=583 |at=A26 |date=November 2015 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201525723 |bibcode=2015A&A...583A..26E |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/81654/8/RegionalMorpholy67P_ElMaarry_RefereeFormat.pdf|doi-access=free }}

{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/29980-rosetta-comet-67p-egyptian-gods-names.html |title=Gods Among the Stars: Why Egyptian Names Grace Comet 67P |work=Space.com |first=Calla |last=Cofield |date=19 July 2015 |access-date=12 April 2016}}

{{cite journal |title=Regional surface morphology of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from Rosetta/OSIRIS images: The southern hemisphere |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |first1=M. R. |last1=El-Maarry |first2=N. |last2=Thomas |first3=A. |last3=Gracia-Berná |display-authors=1 |volume=593 |at=A110 |date=September 2016 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201628634 |bibcode=2016A&A...593A.110E|doi-access=free |hdl=10261/146576 |hdl-access=free }}

{{cite web |url=http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2016/02/24/getting-to-know-the-comets-southern-hemisphere/ |title=Getting to know the comet's southern hemisphere |publisher=European Space Agency |first=Emily |last=Baldwin |date=24 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}

{{cite web |url=http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2015/09/28/rosetta-science-working-team-dedication-to-deceased-colleagues/ |title=Rosetta Science Working Team dedication to deceased colleagues |publisher=European Space Agency |first=Matt |last=Taylor |date=28 September 2015 |access-date=2 October 2015}}

{{cite journal |title=Surface changes on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko suggest a more active past |journal=Science |first1=M. Ramy |last1=El-Maarry |first2=O. |last2=Groussin |first3=N. |last3=Thomas |display-authors=1 |volume=355 |issue=6332 |pages=1392–1395 |date=March 2017 |doi=10.1126/science.aak9384 |pmid=28325842 |bibcode=2017Sci...355.1392E |s2cid=9579837 |url=http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/24696/1/24696.pdf}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Before_and_after_unique_changes_spotted_on_Rosetta_s_comet |title=Before and after: Unique changes spotted on Rosetta's comet |publisher=European Space Agency |first1=Markus |last1=Bauer |first2=M. Ramy |last2=El-Maarry |first3=Matt |last3=Taylor |display-authors=1 |date=21 March 2017 |access-date=2 May 2017}}

{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/the-many-faces-of-rosetta-s-comet-67p |title=The Many Faces of Rosetta's Comet 67P |publisher=NASA |first1=D. C. |last1=Agle |first2=Dwayne |last2=Brown |first3=Laurie |last3=Cantillo |first4=Markus |last4=Bauer |display-authors=1 |date=21 March 2017 |access-date=2 May 2017}}

{{cite journal |title=Temporal morphological changes in the Imhotep region of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |first1=O. |last1=Groussin |first2=H. |last2=Sierks |first3=C. |last3=Barbieri |display-authors=1 |volume=583 |at=A36 |date=November 2015 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201527020 |bibcode=2015A&A...583A..36G |arxiv=1509.02794|s2cid=54177318 }}

{{cite web |url=http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2015/09/18/comet-surface-changes-before-rosettas-eyes/ |title=Comet surface changes before Rosetta's eyes |publisher=European Space Agency |first=Claudia |last=Mignone |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=3 May 2017}}

{{cite journal |title=The pristine interior of comet 67P revealed by the combined Aswan outburst and cliff collapse |journal=Nature Astronomy |first1=Maurizio |last1=Pajola |first2=S. |last2=Höfner |first3=J. B. |last3=Vincent |first4=N. |last4=Oklay |first5=F. |last5=Scholten |display-authors=1 |volume=1 |issue=5 |at=0092 |date=21 March 2017 |doi=10.1038/s41550-017-0092 |bibcode=2017NatAs...1E..92P |s2cid=46870552 |url=http://kar.kent.ac.uk/61744/1/Pajola_manuscript_SCL-merged.pdf}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/03/21/scientists-captured-incredible-photographic-proof-of-a-landslide-on-a-comet/ |title=Scientists captured incredible photographic proof of a landslide on a comet |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Sarah |last=Kaplan |date=21 March 2017 |access-date=21 March 2017}}

{{cite web |url=http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/returnprepeph.cgi?d=c&o=0067P |title=Elements and Ephemeris for 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko |publisher=Minor Planet Center |access-date=9 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104155055/http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/returnprepeph.cgi?d=c&o=0067P |archive-date=4 November 2014}}

{{cite news |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2003/26/text/ |title=Hubble Assists Rosetta Comet Mission |publisher=HubbleSite.org |first1=Michael |last1=Buckley |first2=Ray |last2=Villard |first3=Lars |last3=Christensen |display-authors=1 |date=5 September 2003}}

{{cite web |url=http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2014/06/23/first-detection-of-water-from-67pc-g/ |title=First Detection of Water from 67P/C-G |publisher=European Space Agency |first=Emily |last=Baldwin |date=23 June 2014 |access-date=23 June 2014}} [https://twitter.com/SungrazerComets/status/481070906153123841 Sungrazer Comets] at Twitter.com.

{{cite web |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-212 |title=Rosetta's Comet Target 'Releases' Plentiful Water |publisher=NASA |first1=D. C. |last1=Agle |first2=Dwayne |last2=Brown |first3=Markus |last3=Bauer |display-authors=1 |date=30 June 2014 |access-date=30 June 2014}}

{{cite news |url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2014/07/the-twofold-comet-comet-67pchuryumov-gerasimenko |title=The twofold comet: Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko |work=Astronomy.com |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014}}

{{cite news |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/rubber-ducky-space-07172014/ |title=Rosetta's Comet has a Split Personality |work=Sky & Telescope |first=Maria |last=Temming |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014}}

{{cite web |url=http://sci.esa.int/rosetta/56543-how-rosetta-s-comet-got-its-shape/ |title=How Rosetta's comet got its shape |publisher=European Space Agency |first1=Markus |last1=Bauer |first2=Matteo |last2=Massironi |first3=Holger |last3=Sierks |first4=Matt |last4=Taylor |display-authors=1 |date=28 September 2015 |access-date=29 June 2019}}

{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2014/0804/Comet-chasing-Euro-probe-could-make-history-Wednesday |title=Comet-chasing Euro-probe could make history Wednesday |work=The Christian Science Monitor |first=Megan |last=Gannon |date=4 August 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/08150814-finding-my-way-around-cg.html |title=Finding my way around comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko |publisher=The Planetary Society |first=Emily |last=Lakdawalla |author-link=Emily Lakdawalla |date=15 August 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815234826/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/08150814-finding-my-way-around-cg.html |archive-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/science/space/philae-lander-nears-a-cosmic-touchdown.html |title=Philae Lander Nears a Cosmic Touchdown |work=The New York Times |first=Kenneth |last=Chang |date=10 November 2014 |access-date=11 November 2014}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29902456 |title=Rosetta comet mission: Landing site named 'Agilkia' |work=BBC News |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |date=4 November 2014 |access-date=9 November 2014}}

{{cite conference |url=http://www.simpack.com/fileadmin/simpack/doc/usermeeting04/um04_maxplanck_hilch.pdf |title=Simulation of the Landing of Rosetta Philae on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko |conference=SIMPACK User Meeting. 9–10 November 2004. Wartburg/Eisenach, Germany. |first=M. |last=Hilchenbach |page=25 |year=2004 |access-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126221921/http://www.simpack.com/fileadmin/simpack/doc/usermeeting04/um04_maxplanck_hilch.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}

{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/12/world/comet-landing-countdown/index.html |title=Space probe scores a 310-million-mile bull's-eye with comet landing |publisher=CNN |first=Ralph |last=Ellis |date=13 November 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |quote=Comet 67P has a very weak gravity, so anchoring harpoons were designed to shoot into the comet to fix the spacecraft to the surface.}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/11/12/philae_comet_landing_bounce_speculation/ |title=Bouncy bouncy: Comet probot Philae may have landed twice |work=The Register |first=Brid-Aine |last=Parnell |date=12 November 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |quote=Philae's flywheel was part of its landing gear and stopped the craft from rotating while it was operational, but it was switched off once the probot indicated it had touched down.}}

{{cite news |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/rosettas-philae-lander-grabs-onto-comet-and-lands-141112.htm |title=Rosetta's Lander Grabs Onto Comet and Lands |work=Discovery News |first=Ian |last=O'Neill |date=12 November 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |quote=As there was a real risk of the lander bouncing off the comet, harpoons, landing leg ice screws and thrusters needed to work in concert to ensure Philae stayed in place. |archive-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115010539/http://news.discovery.com/space/rosettas-philae-lander-grabs-onto-comet-and-lands-141112.htm |url-status=dead }}

{{cite web |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-396 |title=Rosetta's Comet Lander Landed Three Times |publisher=NASA |first1=D. C. |last1=Agle |first2=Dwayne |last2=Brown |first3=Markus |last3=Bauer |display-authors=1 |date=13 November 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014}}

{{cite news |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/philae-lands-three-times-111220143/ |title=Philae Lands on Its Comet – Three Times! |work=Sky & Telescope |first=Kelly |last=Beatty |date=12 November 2014 |access-date=26 November 2014}}

{{cite news |url=http://www.nature.com/news/philae-comet-lander-wakes-up-and-phones-home-1.17756 |title=Philae comet lander wakes up and phones home |journal=Nature |first1=Celeste |last1=Biever |first2=Elizabeth |last2=Gibney |name-list-style=amp |date=14 June 2015 |access-date=14 June 2015 |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.17756}}

{{cite news |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/esa-locates-philae-lander/ |title=Finally, ESA Locates Comet Lander Philae |work=Sky & Telescope |first=Kelly |last=Beatty |date=5 September 2016 |access-date=10 September 2016}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-423 |title=Rosetta Instrument Reignites Debate on Earth's Oceans |publisher=NASA |first1=D. C. |last1=Agle |first2=Markus |last2=Bauer |name-list-style=amp |date=10 December 2014 |access-date=10 December 2014}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/11/science/rosetta-mission-data-rules-out-comets-as-a-source-for-earths-water.html |title=Comet Data Clears Up Debate on Earth's Water |work=The New York Times |first=Kenneth |last=Chang |date=10 December 2014 |access-date=10 December 2014}}

{{cite web |last1=Agle |first1=D. C. |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |last3=Bauer |first3=Markus |display-authors=1 |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2015-029 |title=Rosetta Comet 'Pouring' More Water Into Space |publisher=NASA |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=22 January 2015}}

{{cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/toc/science/347/6220 |title=Catching a Comet |series=Special Issue. |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6220 |date=23 January 2015 |access-date=23 January 2015}}

{{cite web |url=http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2014/11/18/philae-settles-in-dust-covered-ice/ |title=Philae settles in dust-covered ice |publisher=European Space Agency |first=Emily |last=Baldwin |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=18 December 2014}}

{{cite news |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_and_Philae_find_comet_not_magnetised |title=Rosetta and Philae Find Comet Not Magnetised |publisher=European Space Agency |first=Markus |last=Bauer |date=14 April 2015 |access-date=14 April 2015}}

{{cite journal |title=Rosetta's comet has no magnetic field |journal=Nature |first=Quirin |last=Schiermeier |date=14 April 2015 |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.17327|s2cid=123964604 }}

{{cite news |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4609 |title=NASA Instrument on Rosetta Makes Comet Atmosphere Discovery |publisher=NASA |last1=Agle |first1=D. C. |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |last3=Fohn |first3=Joe |last4=Bauer |first4=Markus |display-authors=1 |date=2 June 2015 |access-date=2 June 2015}}

{{cite journal |url=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/forth/aa25925-15.pdf |title=Measurements of the near-nucleus coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with the Alice far-ultraviolet spectrograph on Rosetta |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |last1=Feldman |first1=Paul D. |last2=A'Hearn |first2=Michael F. |last3=Bertaux |first3=Jean-Loup |last4=Feaga |first4=Lori M. |last5=Parker |first5=Joel Wm. |last6=Schindhelm |first6=Eric |last7=Steiffl |first7=Andrew J. |last8=Stern |first8=S. Alan |last9=Weaver |first9=Harold A. |last10=Sierks |first10=Holger |last11=Vincent |first11=Jean-Baptiste |display-authors=1 |date=2 June 2015 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201525925 |arxiv=1506.01203 |bibcode=2015A&A...583A...8F |volume=583 |pages=A8|s2cid=119104807 }}

{{cite journal |title=Large heterogeneities in comet 67P as revealed by active pits from sinkhole collapse |journal=Nature |first=Jean-Baptiste |last=Vincent |display-authors=etal |volume=523 |issue=7558 |pages=63–66 |date=2 July 2015 |doi=10.1038/nature14564 |bibcode=2015Natur.523...63V |pmid=26135448|s2cid=2993705 |url=https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01176031/file/JBV2015.pdf }}

{{cite news |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150701/us-sci--comet_sinkholes-11254d29fb.html |title=It's the pits: Comet appears to have sinkholes, study says |agency=Associated Press |last=Ritter |first=Malcolm |date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703035631/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150701/us-sci--comet_sinkholes-11254d29fb.html |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=2 July 2015}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/philae-probe-finds-evidence-that-comets-can-be-cosmic-labs/2015/07/30/63a2fc0e-36e5-11e5-ab7b-6416d97c73c2_story.html |title=Philae probe finds evidence that comets can be cosmic labs |newspaper=The Washington Post |agency=Associated Press |first=Frank |last=Jordans |date=30 July 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Science_on_the_surface_of_a_comet |title=Science on the Surface of a Comet |publisher=European Space Agency |date=30 July 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015}}

{{cite journal |last1=Bibring |first1=J.-P. |last2=Taylor |first2=M. G. G. T. |last3=Alexander |first3=C. |last4=Auster |first4=U. |last5=Biele |first5=J. |last6=Finzi |first6=A. Ercoli |last7=Goesmann |first7=F. |last8=Klingehoefer |first8=G. |last9=Kofman |first9=W. |last10=Mottola |first10=S. |last11=Seidenstiker |first11=K. J. |last12=Spohn |first12=T. |last13=Wright |first13=I. |display-authors=1 |title=Philae's First Days on the Comet – Introduction to Special Issue |date=31 July 2015 |journal=Science |volume=349 |issue=6247 |page=493 |doi=10.1126/science.aac5116 |bibcode=2015Sci...349..493B |pmid=26228139|doi-access=free }}

{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jul/06/philae-comet-could-be-home-to-alien-life-say-top-scientists |title=Philae comet could be home to alien life, say scientists |work=The Guardian |first=Rebecca |last=Ratcliffe |date=5 July 2015 |access-date=6 July 2015}}

{{cite news |title=Alien Life On Philae Comet, Scientists Say |url=http://news.sky.com/story/1514080/alien-life-on-philae-comet-scientists-say |work=Sky News |date=6 July 2015 |access-date=6 July 2015}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/11720871/Alien-life-unlikely-on-Rosetta-comet-say-mission-scientists.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/11720871/Alien-life-unlikely-on-Rosetta-comet-say-mission-scientists.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Alien life 'unlikely' on Rosetta comet, say mission scientists |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Sarah |last=Knapton |date=6 July 2015 |access-date=6 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}

{{cite journal |title=Prebiotic chemicals—amino acid and phosphorus—in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko |journal=Science Advances |last1=Altwegg |first1=Kathrin|author1-link=Kathrin Altwegg |last2=Balsiger |first2=Hans |last3=Bar-Nun |first3=Akiva |last4=Berthelier |first4=Jean-Jacques |last5=Bieler |first5=Andre |display-authors=1 |volume=2 |issue=5 |at=e1600285 |date=27 May 2016 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1600285 |pmid=27386550 |pmc=4928965 |bibcode=2016SciA....2E0285A}}

{{cite journal |title=High-molecular-weight organic matter in the particles of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko |journal=Nature |last1=Fray |first1=Nicolas |last2=Bardyn |first2=Anaïs |last3=Cottin |first3=Hervé |last4=Altwegg |first4=Kathrin|author4-link=Kathrin Altwegg |last5=Baklouti |first5=Donia |display-authors=1 |date=7 September 2016 |doi=10.1038/nature19320 |pmid=27602514 |volume=538 |issue=7623 |pages=72–74 |bibcode=2016Natur.538...72F|s2cid=205250295 }}

{{cite journal |title=Abundant molecular oxygen in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko |journal=Nature |date=29 October 2015 |last=Bieler |first=A. |display-authors=etal |volume=526 |issue=7575 |pages=678–681 |doi=10.1038/nature15707 |pmid=26511578 |bibcode=2015Natur.526..678B |s2cid=205246191 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01346075/file/O2_letter_v4.pdf}}

{{cite news |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |url=http://www.space.com/30961-modern-mystery-ancient-comet-spewing-oxygen.html?adbid=10153138402681466&adbpl=fb&adbpr=17610706465 |title=Modern Mystery: Ancient Comet Is Spewing Oxygen |work=Space.com |date=28 October 2015 |access-date=6 November 2015}}

{{cite journal |title=Dynamic molecular oxygen production in cometary comae |journal=Nature Communications |first1=Y. |last1=Yao |first2=K.P. |last2=Giapis |name-list-style=amp |volume=8 |at=15298 |date=8 May 2017 |doi=10.1038/ncomms15298 |pmid=28480881 |pmc=5424151 |bibcode=2017NatCo...815298Y}}

{{cite journal |title=Molecular nitrogen in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko indicates a low formation temperature |journal=Science |first1=M. |last1=Rubin |first2=K. |last2=Altwegg|author2-link=Kathrin Altwegg |first3=H. |last3=Balsiger |first4=A. |last4=Bar-Nun |first5=J.-J. |last5=Berthelier |display-authors=1 |volume=348 |issue=6231 |pages=232–235 |date=April 2015 |doi=10.1126/science.aaa6100 |bibcode=2015Sci...348..232R |pmid=25791084 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01346031|doi-access=free }}

{{cite journal |title=On the origin of molecular oxygen in cometary comae |journal=Nature Communications |first1=K. L. |last1=Heritier |first2=K. |last2=Altwegg |author2-link=Kathrin Altwegg|first3=J.-J. |last3=Berthelier |first4=A. |last4=Beth |first5=C. M. |last5=Carr |first6=J. |last6=De Keyser |first7=A. I. |last7=Eriksson |first8=S. A. |last8=Fuselier |first9=M. |last9=Galand |first10=T. I. |last10=Gombosi |first11=P. |last11=Henri |first12=F. L. |last12=Johansson |first13=H. |last13=Nilsson |first14=M. |last14=Rubin |first15=C. |last15=Simon Wedlund |first16=M. G. G. T. |last16=Taylor |first17=E. |last17=Vigren |display-authors=1 |volume=9 |issue=1 |at=2580 |date=3 July 2018 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-04972-5 |pmid=29968720 |pmc=6030164 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.2580H}}

{{cite news |url=http://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/187056/molecular-oxygen-comets-atmosphere-created-surface/ |title=Molecular oxygen in comet's atmosphere not created on its surface |publisher=Imperial College London |first=Hayley |last=Dunning |date=3 July 2018 |access-date=4 July 2018}}

{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-invests-in-concept-development-for-missions-to-comet-saturn-moon-titan |title=NASA Invests in Concept Development for Missions to Comet, Saturn Moon Titan |publisher=NASA |first1=Dwayne |last1=Brown |first2=Laurie |last2=Cantillo |first3=Molly |last3=Porter |display-authors=1 |date=20 December 2017 |access-date=25 December 2017}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/19/science/nasa-new-frontiers-finalists.html |title=Finalists in NASA's Spacecraft Sweepstakes: A Drone on Titan, and a Comet-Chaser |first=Kenneth |last=Chang |work=The New York Times |date=19 December 2017 |access-date=25 December 2017}}

{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-new-frontier-mission-will-search-alien-life-or-reveal-solar-systems-history-2631073 |title=NASA's New Frontier Mission Will Search For Alien Life Or Reveal The Solar System's History |work=International Business Times |first=Elana |last=Glowatz |date=20 December 2017 |access-date=25 December 2017}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/science/nasa-titan-dragonfly-caesar.html |title=NASA Announces New Dragonfly Drone Mission to Explore Titan |work=The New York Times |first=David W. |last=Brown |date=27 June 2019 |access-date=29 June 2019}}

{{cite news |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-titan-drone-for-next-new-frontiers-mission/ |title=NASA selects Titan drone for next New Frontiers mission |work=SpaceNews |first=Jeff |last=Foust |date=27 June 2019 |access-date=29 June 2019}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1436a/ |title=VLT Tracks Rosetta's Comet |publisher=European Southern Observatory |date=8 September 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014}}

{{cite web

|title=Horizons Batch for 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (90000696) on 2028-Apr-09

|publisher=JPL Horizons

|type=Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive

|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND=%27DES%3D67P%3BCAP%27&START_TIME=%272028-Apr-07%27&STOP_TIME=%272028-Apr-12%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628005852/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%2790000695%27&START_TIME=%272028-Apr-07%27&STOP_TIME=%272028-Apr-12%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27

|archive-date=2022-06-28

|url-status=live

|accessdate=2023-07-06}} (JPL#K213/5 Soln.date: 2023-May-04) [https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%2767P%27 (Records)]

{{cite web

|title=67P @ Gravity Simulator

|publisher=Gravity Simulator

|author=Tony Dunn

|url=http://orbitsimulator.com/gravitySimulatorCloud/simulations/1689707182555_67P.html

|accessdate=2023-07-21}}

{{cite web

|title=Horizons Batch for 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (90000696) on 2223-Feb-06

|publisher=JPL Horizons

|type=Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive

|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND=%27DES%3D67P%3BCAP%27&START_TIME=%272223-Feb-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272223-Feb-11%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27

|accessdate=2023-07-17}} (JPL#K213/5 Soln.date: 2023-May-04)

}}

• {{cite journal |title=The dust trail of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko between 2004 and 2006 |journal=Icarus |first1=Jessica |last1=Agarwal |first2=Michael |last2=Müller |first3=William T. |last3=Reach |first4=Mark V. |last4=Sykes |first5=Hermann |last5=Boehnhardt |first6=Eberhard |last6=Grün |display-authors=1 |volume=207 |issue=2 |pages=992–1012 |date=June 2010 |bibcode=2010Icar..207..992A |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.003 |arxiv=1001.3775|s2cid=118634953 }}
• {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/20/science/space/rosetta-comet-photos.html |title=Rosetta Is Tailing a Warming Comet |work=The New York Times |first=Jonathan |last=Corum |date=30 April 2015}}

{{sister project links|d=Q844672|c=category:67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|s=no|wikt=no|q=no|species=no}}

• {{JPL Small Body|id=1000012}}
• [http://cometography.com/pcomets/067p.html 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko] at Cometography
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071111050433/http://www.iac.es/galeria/mrk/comets/67p/67p.htm 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko] by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
• [http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2013/10/16/how-the-heck-do-you-pronounce-it-anyway/ 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko pronunciation guide] by ESA
• [https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/02feb_rosetta/ "Mission to Land on a Comet"] by NASA
• {{APOD |date=6 November 2017|title=A Dust Jet from the Surface of the Comet 67P}}
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MH5crMuuf_0 Rosetta{{'s}} final images] on YouTube, by ESA
• [https://imagearchives.esac.esa.int/index.php?/category/1 Rosetta complete image archive] by ESA
• [https://rosetta-3dcomet.cnes.fr/ OSIRIS stereo views of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko] by CNES
• [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/13/science/space/european-space-agencys-spacecraft-lands-on-comets-surface.html#permid=13314862 Landing News and Comments] (The New York Times; 12 November 2014)

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Category:Comets visited by spacecraft

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Category:Discoveries by Klim Churyumov

Category:Discoveries by Svetlana Gerasimenko