The Christian Science Monitor

The Monitor was founded in 1908 in part as a response by Mary Baker Eddy to the journalism of her day, which relentlessly covered the sensations and scandals surrounding her new religion with varying accuracy{{original research inline|date=April 2024}}. In addition, Joseph Pulitzer's New York World was consistently critical of Eddy, and this, along with a derogatory article in McClure's, furthered Eddy's decision to found her own media outlet.{{failed verification|date=April 2024}} Eddy also required the inclusion of "Christian Science" in the paper's name, over initial opposition by some of her advisors who thought the religious reference might repel a secular audience.{{failed verification|date=April 2024}}

Eddy also saw a vital need to counteract the fear often spread by media reporting:

Looking over the newspapers of the day, one naturally reflects that it is dangerous to live, so loaded with disease seems the very air. These descriptions carry fears to many minds, to be depicted in some future time upon the body. A periodical of our own will counteract to some extent this public nuisance; for through our paper, at the price at which we shall issue it, we shall be able to reach many homes with healing, purifying thought.Mary Baker Eddy, Miscellaneous Writings 7:17–24.

Eddy declared that The Monitor{{'}}s mission should be "to spread undivided the Science that operates unspent" (The First Church of Christ, Scientist, and Miscellany, Mary Baker Eddy, p. 353:16).{{failed verification|date=April 2024}}

MonitoRadio was a radio service produced by the Church of Christ Scientist between 1984 and 1997. It featured several one-hour news broadcasts a day, as well as top of the hour news bulletins. The service was widely heard on public radio stations throughout the United States. The Monitor later launched an international broadcast over shortwave radio, called the World Service of the Christian Science Monitor. Weekdays were news-led, but weekend schedules were exclusively dedicated to religious programming. That service ceased operations on June 28, 1997.{{cite book |last=Bridge |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__h9qS3s8nIC&q=monitoring+the+news |title=Monitoring the News |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1998 |isbn=0-7656-0315-2 |access-date=November 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115223/https://books.google.com/books?id=__h9qS3s8nIC&q=monitoring+the+news |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |url-status=live}}

In 1986, The Monitor started producing a current affairs television series The Christian Science Monitor Reports, which was distributed via syndication to television stations across the United States. In 1988, The Christian Science Monitor Reports won a Peabody Award{{cite web |title=Peabody Awards "Islam in Turmoil" |url=http://www.peabody.uga.edu/winners/details.php?id=515 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611122935/http://www.peabody.uga.edu/winners/details.php?id=515 |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=April 10, 2009 |df=mdy-all}} for a series of reports on Islamic fundamentalism. That same year, the program was cancelled, and The Monitor created a daily television program World Monitor, anchored by former NBC correspondent John Hart, which was initially shown on the Discovery Channel. In 1991, World Monitor moved to the Monitor Channel, a 24-hour news and information channel. The channel launched on May 1, 1991, with programming from its Boston TV station WQTV.{{cite journal |date=December 31, 1990 |title=Monitoring the 'Monitor' |url=http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1990/BC-1990-12-30.pdf |journal=Broadcasting |volume=119 |issue=27 |page=64 |access-date=April 6, 2017}} The only religious programming on the channel was a five-minute Christian Science program early each morning.{{cite news |last=Faison |first=Seth Jr. |date=April 6, 1992 |title=New Deadline for Monitor Channel |page=D7 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/06/business/the-media-business-new-deadline-for-monitor-channel.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402222416/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/06/business/the-media-business-new-deadline-for-monitor-channel.html |archive-date=April 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all}} In 1992, after eleven months on the air, the service was shut down amid huge financial losses.{{cite news |last=Franklin |first=James L. |date=April 24, 1994 |title=Monitor Channel is missed |page=28 |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8276321.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025081210/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8276321.html |archive-date=October 25, 2012}} Programming from the Monitor Channel was also carried nationally via the WWOR EMI Service, a nationally oriented feed of WWOR-TV, a New Jersey–based television station launched in 1990 due to the SyndEx laws put into place the year prior.

The print edition continued to struggle for readership, and, in 2004, faced a renewed mandate from the church to earn a profit. Subsequently, The Monitor began relying more on the Internet as an integral part of its business model. The Monitor was one of the first newspapers to put its text online in 1996 and also one of the first to launch a PDF edition in 2001. It was also an early pioneer of RSS feeds.{{Cite conference |last=Gill |first=K. E |year=2005 |title=Blogging, RSS and the information landscape: A look at online news |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/kegill/pub/gill_www2005_rss.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020041234/http://faculty.washington.edu/kegill/pub/gill_www2005_rss.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2012 |access-date=January 30, 2013 |book-title=WWW 2005 Workshop on the Weblogging Ecosystem |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}

In 2005, Richard Bergenheim, a Christian Science practitioner, was named the new editor. Shortly before his death in 2008, Bergenheim was replaced by a veteran Boston Globe editor and former Monitor reporter John Yemma.{{cite web |last=Cook |first=David |date=June 9, 2008 |title=John Yemma named Monitor editor |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0609/p25s08-usgn.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503181725/http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0609/p25s08-usgn.html |archive-date=May 3, 2009 |access-date=January 30, 2013 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |df=mdy-all}}

In 2006, Jill Carroll, a freelance reporter for The Monitor, was kidnapped in Baghdad. Although Carroll was initially a freelancer, the paper worked tirelessly for her release, even hiring her as a staff writer shortly after her abduction to ensure that she had financial benefits.{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/04/02/carroll.hostage/|title=Carroll Reunites with family|work=CNN World|date=April 2, 2006|access-date=January 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912215403/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/04/02/carroll.hostage/|archive-date=September 12, 2013|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} She was released safely after 82 days. Beginning in August 2006, the Monitor published an account{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/specials/carroll/index.html |title=Hostage: The Jill Carroll Story |author=Jill Carroll |work=The Christian Science Monitor |date=August 14, 2006 |access-date=January 30, 2013 |archive-date=March 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314055805/http://www.csmonitor.com/specials/carroll/index.html |url-status=live}} of Carroll's kidnapping and subsequent release, with first-person reporting from Carroll and others involved.

In October 2008, citing net losses of US$18.9 million per year versus US$12.5 million in annual revenue, The Monitor announced that it would cease printing daily and instead print weekly editions.{{cite web |last=Fine |first=Jon |date=October 28, 2008 |title=The Christian Science Monitor to Become a Weekly |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2008-10-28/the-christian-science-monitor-to-become-a-weeklybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310234601/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2008-10-28/the-christian-science-monitor-to-become-a-weeklybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |access-date=January 31, 2013 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |df=mdy-all}}{{cite news |last=Clifford |first=Stephanie |date=October 28, 2008 |title=Christian Science Paper to End Daily Print Edition |page=B8 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/29/business/media/29paper.html?bl&ex=1225425600&en=63df0ce22e52f090&ei=5087%0A |url-status=live |access-date=October 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417082329/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/29/business/media/29paper.html?bl&ex=1225425600&en=63df0ce22e52f090&ei=5087%0A |archive-date=April 17, 2009 |df=mdy-all}} The last daily print edition was published on March 27, 2009.{{Sfn|Fuller|2011|pp=60–61}}

The weekly magazine follows on from The Monitor{{'s}} London edition, also a weekly, which launched in 1960, and the weekly World Edition, which replaced the London edition in 1974.{{cite journal |date=November 25, 2008 |title=Monitor Timeline |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1125/p99s01-usgn.html |url-status=live |journal=The Christian Science Monitor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831153439/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2008/1125/p99s01-usgn.html |archive-date=August 31, 2022 |access-date=April 10, 2009}} Mark Sappenfield became the editor in March 2017.{{cite news |last=Cook |first=David T. |date=December 16, 2013 |title=New editor named to lead The Christian Science Monitor |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/2017/0306/New-editor-at-The-Christian-Science-Monitor |url-status=live |access-date=August 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803005017/https://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/2017/0306/New-editor-at-The-Christian-Science-Monitor |archive-date=August 3, 2017 |df=mdy-all}}

File:2006 ChristianScienceMonitor building Boston 2594437787.jpg in Boston]]

The Christian Science Monitor is not primarily a religious-themed paper and does not evangelize,{{Sfn|Fuller|2011|p=2, 101}}{{Verify source|date=April 2024}}{{additional citation needed|date=April 2024}} though each issue of the paper does usually contain a single religious themed article in the Home Forum section, generally related to a topic from the day's news.{{Sfn|Fuller|2011|p=2, 83–85}} The paper reports on issues including natural disasters,{{Sfn|Fuller|2011|p=101–107}} disease and mental health issues,{{Sfn|Fuller|2011|p=113–116}} homelessness,{{Sfn|Fuller|2011|p=116–117}} terrorism,{{Sfn|Fuller|2011|p=121–122}} and death.{{Sfn|Fuller|2011|p=97}} The paper's editorials have advocated against government interference in an individual's right to choose their own form of healthcare.{{Sfn|Fuller|2011|p=113}} They also support the separation of church and state, and the paper has opposed efforts to teach fundamentalist interpretations of the Bible in science classrooms.{{Sfn|Fuller|2011|p=80, 122–123}}{{excessive citations inline|date=April 2024}}

In 1997, the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, a publication critical of United States policy in the Middle East, praised The Monitor for its objective and informative coverage of Islam and the Middle East.{{cite news |title=As U.S. Media Ownership Shrinks, Who Covers Islam? |url=http://www.wrmea.org/wrmea-archives/190-washington-report-archives-1994-1999/december-1997/2775-media-watch-as-us-media-ownership-shrinks-who-covers-islam-.html |author=Richard Curtiss |work=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs |date=December 1997 |access-date=January 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427111113/http://www.wrmea.org/wrmea-archives/190-washington-report-archives-1994-1999/december-1997/2775-media-watch-as-us-media-ownership-shrinks-who-covers-islam-.html |archive-date=April 27, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}

During the 27 years while Nelson Mandela was in prison in South Africa after having been convicted of sabotage, among other charges, The Christian Science Monitor was one of the newspapers he was allowed to read.{{cite web |last1=Malek |first1=Alia |title=If you were there, you remember Mandela's 1990 tour of the US |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/12/12/if-you-were-thereyouremembermandelas1990touroftheus.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=April 13, 2020 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809034833/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/12/12/if-you-were-thereyouremembermandelas1990touroftheus.html |url-status=live}} Five months after his release, Mandela visited Boston and stopped by The Monitor offices, telling the staff "The Monitor continues to give me hope and confidence for the world's future"{{cite journal |last1=Yemma |first1=John |title=Nelson Mandela at the Monitor: A memorable visitor on a quiet Sunday |journal=Christian Science Monitor |date=December 6, 2013 |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/From-the-Editor/2013/1206/Nelson-Mandela-at-the-Monitor-A-memorable-visitor-on-a-quiet-Sunday |access-date=April 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212131044/https://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/From-the-Editor/2013/1206/Nelson-Mandela-at-the-Monitor-A-memorable-visitor-on-a-quiet-Sunday |url-status=live}} and thanking them for their "unwavering coverage of apartheid". Mandela called The Monitor "one of the more important voices covering events in South Africa".{{cite web |title=From the Collections: Mandela visits the Monitor |date=March 2, 2020 |url=https://www.marybakereddylibrary.org/research/from-the-collections-mandela-visits-the-monitor/ |publisher=Mary Baker Eddy Library |access-date=April 13, 2020 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809054217/https://www.marybakereddylibrary.org/research/from-the-collections-mandela-visits-the-monitor/ |url-status=live}}

During the era of McCarthyism, a term first coined by The Monitor,{{OED|McCarthyism, n.}}; citing Christian Science Monitor, March 28, 1950, p. 20. the paper was one of the earliest critics of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy.Strout, Lawrence N. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jelmqLDGbFUC Covering McCarthyism: how the 'Christian Science Monitor' handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950-1954]. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. "Introduction".

The paper's circulation has ranged widely, from a peak of over 223,000 in 1970 to just under 56,000 shortly before the suspension of the daily print edition in 2009.{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-10-28/the-christian-science-monitor-to-become-a-weeklybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910234126/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-10-28/the-christian-science-monitor-to-become-a-weeklybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |archive-date=September 10, 2013 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |title=The Christian Science Monitor to Become a Weekly |first=Jon |last=Fine |date=October 28, 2008}} Partially in response to declining circulation and the struggle to earn a profit, the church's directors and the manager of the Christian Science Publishing Society were purportedly forced to plan cutbacks and closures (later denied), which led in 1989 to the mass protest resignations by its chief editor Kay Fanning (an ASNE president and former editor of the Anchorage Daily News), managing editor David Anable, associate editor David Winder, and several other newsroom staff. Those developments also presaged administrative moves to scale back the print newspaper in favor of expansions into radio, a magazine, shortwave broadcasting, and television. Expenses, however, rapidly outpaced revenues, contradicting predictions by church directors.{{Rp|page=150}} On the brink of bankruptcy, the board was forced to close the broadcast programs in 1992.{{Rp|pages=163–166}}

By late 2011, The Monitor was receiving an average of about 22 million hits per month on its website, slightly below the Los Angeles Times.{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Keith S. |title=The Christian Science Monitor: Its History, Mission, and People |date=2012 |publisher=Nebbadoon Press |isbn=978-1-891331-27-5}} In 2017, the Monitor put up a paywall on its content, and in 2018, there were approximately 10,000 subscriptions to the Monitor Daily email service.{{Cite web |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2017/05/the-christian-science-monitors-new-paid-daily-product-is-aiming-for-10000-subscribers-in-a-year/ |title=The Christian Science Monitor's new paid, daily product is aiming for 10,000 subscribers in a year |website=Nieman Lab |access-date=2019-08-23 |archive-date=August 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822074301/https://www.niemanlab.org/2017/05/the-christian-science-monitors-new-paid-daily-product-is-aiming-for-10000-subscribers-in-a-year/ |url-status=live}} {{As of|September 2023}}, the number of hits had fallen to 1 million per month.{{cite web |url=https://www.similarweb.com/website/csmonitor.com/#overview |website=similarweb |title=csmonitor.com |access-date=September 12, 2023}}

{{main category|The Christian Science Monitor people}}

{{div col}}

• Willis J. Abbot, editor and author
• Clay Bennett, Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist
• Richard Bergenheim, editor
• Erwin Canham, editor and author
• Jill Carroll, reporter, kidnapped for 82 days in 2006
• William Henry Chamberlin, reporter, author
• Grover Clark, China correspondent
• John K. Cooley, longtime contributing editor
• Roscoe Drummond, longtime reporter and editor
• Kay Fanning, editor, first woman to edit an American national newspaper
• John Gould, longtime columnist and author
• Roland R. Harrison, editor
• Joseph C. Harsch, CBE, longtime reporter
• Sir Harold Hobson, longtime drama critic
• Mary J. Hornaday, vice president of the Overseas Press Club
• John Hughes, Pulitzer Prize winner, editor, author
• Reuben H. Markham, longtime reporter, author
• Luix Overbea, journalist, founding member of National Association of Black Journalists
• Scott Peterson, longtime reporter and author
• Cora Rigby, first woman at a major paper to head a Washington, D.C. news bureau and Women's National Press Club co-founder
• David S. Rohde, Pulitzer Prize winner
• Mark Sappenfield, editor
• Richard Strout, Pulitzer Prize winner
• Godfrey Sperling, columnist
• Nate White, Gerald Loeb Newspaper Award winner
• Colin Woodard, correspondent
• Paul Wohl, political commentator

{{end div col}}

Staff of The Monitor have been recipients of seven Pulitzer Prizes for their work on The Monitor:

• 1950, Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting: Edmund Stevens, for his series of 43 articles written over a three-year residence in Moscow entitled, "This Is Russia Uncensored".{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1950|title=The Pulitzer Prizes; 1950 winners|work=Pulitzer|access-date=April 19, 2010|archive-date=August 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829031209/http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1950|url-status=live}}
• 1967, Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting: R. John Hughes, For his thorough reporting of Indonesia's attempted Transition to the New Order in 1965 and the purge that followed in 1965–66.{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1967|title=The Pulitzer Prizes; 1967 winners|work=Pulitzer|access-date=April 19, 2010|archive-date=September 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901192723/http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1967|url-status=live}}
• 1968, Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting: Howard James, for his series of articles, Crisis in the Courts.{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1968|title=The Pulitzer Prizes; 1968 winners|work=Pulitzer|date=May 26, 1967|access-date=April 19, 2010|archive-date=September 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901192801/http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1968|url-status=live}}
• 1969, Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting: Robert Cahn, for his inquiry into the future of the United States' national parks and the methods that may help to preserve them.{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1969|title=The Pulitzer Prizes; 1969 winners|work=Pulitzer|date=October 14, 1968|access-date=April 19, 2010|archive-date=September 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901192828/http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1969|url-status=live}}
• 1978, Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards, Journalism: Richard Strout, for distinguished commentary from Washington, D.C. over many years as staff correspondent for The Christian Science Monitor and as a contributor to The New Republic.{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1978|title=The Pulitzer Prizes; 1978 winners|work=Pulitzer|date=October 20, 1977|access-date=April 19, 2010|archive-date=September 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901193427/http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1978|url-status=live}}
• 1996, Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting: David Rohde, for his persistent on-site reporting of the slaughter of thousands of Bosnian Muslims in the Srebrenica genocide.{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1996|title=The Pulitzer Prizes; 1996 winners|work=Pulitzer|access-date=April 19, 2010|archive-date=September 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905015826/http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1996|url-status=live}}
• 2002, Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning: Clay Bennett{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/citation/2002-Editorial-Cartooning|title=The Pulitzer Prizes; Editorial cartooning – Citation|work=Pulitzer.org|access-date=April 19, 2010|archive-date=July 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728074637/http://www.pulitzer.org/citation/2002-Editorial-Cartooning|url-status=live}}

{{Reflist}}

• Canham, Erwin D. (1958). [https://archive.org/details/commitmenttofree007640mbp Commitment to Freedom: The Story of the Christian Science Monitor]. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Merrill, John C. and Fisher, Harold A. (1980). [https://archive.org/details/worldsgreatdaili0000merr/page/96/mode/2up The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers]. Hastings House. pp. 96–103.
• Christian Science Publishing Society (1988). The First 80 Years: The Christian Science Monitor. Boston, MA: CSPS.
• {{wikicite|ref={{SfnRef|Bridge|1998}}|reference=Bridge, Susan (1998). [https://archive.org/details/monitoringnewsbr0000brid Monitoring the News: The Brilliant Launch and Sudden Collapse of the Monitor Channel]. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe.}}
• Strout, Lawrence N. (1999). Covering McCarthyism: how the 'Christian Science Monitor' handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950-1954. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
• {{wikicite|ref={{SfnRef|Fuller|2011}}|reference=Fuller, Linda K. (2011). [https://archive.org/details/christianscience0000full The Christian Science Monitor: An Evolving Experiment in Journalism]. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.}}
• Collins, Keith S. (2012). The Christian Science Monitor: Its History, Mission, and People. Nebbadoon Press.
• {{cite journal |last1=Squires |first1=L. Ashley |title=All the News Worth Reading: The "Christian Science Monitor" and the Professionalization of Journalism |journal=Book History |date=2015 |volume=18 |pages=235–272 |jstor=43956374 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43956374 |issn=1098-7371}}

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• [https://www.csmonitor.com Official website]

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