83-42
{{short description|Small island in the Arctic Ocean}}
{{Coord|83|42|05.2|N|30|38|49.4|W|type:isle|display=title}}
{{Location map
|Arctic
|caption = Location of 83-42 Island
|relief = 1
|label = 83-42
|position =
|lat_deg = 83 |lat_min = 42 |lat_dir = N
|lon_deg = 30 |lon_min = 38 |lon_dir = W
}}
83-42 was a rocky ice floe in the Arctic Ocean. It is also sometimes referred to as Eklipse 0,{{cite web |url=http://jeffshea.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/pg01-pearyland_ast_2003137_lrg.jpg|title=relief map|author= |website=jeffshea.org|access-date=February 19, 2018}} or Schmitt’s Island, after its discoverer, Dennis Schmitt.{{cite news |title=Romancing the North |author=Charles Burress |date=June 17, 2004 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/06/17/BAG4J779M31.DTL&type=science |access-date=September 23, 2011}}{{cite news |title=A new Arctic island is born into our warming world |author=Richard Fisher |date=April 25, 2007 |work=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/blog/environment/2007/04/new-arctic-island-is-born-into-our.html |access-date=September 23, 2011}} It measures {{convert|35|by|15|m|ft}} and {{convert|4|m|ft}} in height, and lies {{convert|699.8|km|mi}} from the North Pole.{{cite web|url=http://listverse.com/2009/12/18/10-unique-and-amazing-places-on-earth/|title=10 Unique And Amazing Places on Earth|date=18 December 2009|website=Listverse|access-date=1 June 2017}} When it was discovered in 2003, lichens were found growing on it, suggesting it was not one of the temporary gravel bars commonly found in that region.{{cite web|url=https://www.cntraveler.com/stories/2012-02-16/ultima-thule-83-42-arctic-greenland-ken-jennings|title=The World's Northernmost Point Is Called 83-42. Maybe.|author=
The island was discovered on 6 July 2003 by an American expedition led by Dennis Schmitt and Frank Landsberger. The expedition members gave it the unofficial name 83-42, reflecting its latitude of 83 degrees 42 minutes north.
One definition of a permanent island can be found in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which states that "an island is a naturally formed area of land, surrounded by water, which is above water at high tide."{{Cite web |title=PREAMBLE TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part8.htm |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=www.un.org}} Given its very small size, it is doubtful whether 83-42 has this property. According to its discoverer, 83-42 is composed of rocks and boulders, a relatively resistant material, and is not just a fleeting sand and gravel bank. The height of about {{convert|4|m|ft|spell=in|lk=out|abbr=off}} above the water surface could indicate that 83-42 is a permanent island given the weak tidal effect in the Arctic Ocean.
A bathymetric survey in 2022 determined that all gravel banks north of Kaffeklubben are likely not connected to the seafloor, but rather gravel on top of the sea ice, confirming Kaffeklubben as the northernmost true land in the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.leister-group.com/en/Stories/2022-15-09-LAG-Greenland-Expedition-2022#:~:text=New%20Island%20Discovered&text=During%20work%20on%20the%20fast,completely%20covered%20with%20rock%20material.|title=Leister Report}}
In most geography books, Kaffeklubben Island is still listed as the northernmost point of land. If 83-42 is granted status as land, it will be the northernmost land area on Earth. Since the classification of a land area as an island is not dependent on the size of the land area, 83-42 would also become the most northerly island in the world. Other islands which have been proposed as the northernmost include ATOW1996, RTOW2001, and Oodaaq. However, these are not thought to be permanent islands, but rather semi-permanent gravel banks, moved around by waves and ice floes.