99 Problems

The track was produced by Rick Rubin, his first hip hop production in many years. Rubin provided Jay-Z with a guitar riff and stripped-down beat that were once Rubin's trademarks. In creating the track, Rubin used some classic 1980s sample staples such as "The Big Beat" by Billy Squier, "Long Red" by Mountain, and "Get Me Back On Time" by Wilson Pickett. Featuring the same Billy Squier drum beat sample, Dizzee Rascal released "Fix Up, Look Sharp" in August 2003 prior to The Black Album's release.

The title and hook are derived from Ice-T's song of the same name from his 1993 album Home Invasion, which featured Brother Marquis of the Miami-based 2 Live Crew. The original song was more profane and describes a wide range of sexual conquests. The hook was coined during a conversation between Ice-T and Brother Marquis.{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YJhbJDGb7g|title=Ice-T Talks New Body Count Album, Jay-Z's Remake of "99 Problems" & Much More |publisher=Radio.com, YouTube |date=July 7, 2014|access-date=December 11, 2014}} Marquis also used the phrase in the 1996 2 Live Crew song "Table Dance". Ice-T would re-record his version of the song with the Rubin/Jay-Z guitar riff for Body Count's 2014 album Manslaughter in order to "reclaim" the hook from being mis-attributed to Jay-Z.[http://www.vulture.com/2014/06/ice-t-body-count-manslaughter-chat.html Ice-T on the Return of Body Count, D&D Tongue-Twisters, and Wimpy Tweeters] Vulture.com.ca June 9, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014 Portions of Ice-T's original lyrics were similarly quoted in a song by fellow rapper Trick Daddy on a track also titled "99 Problems" from his 2001 album Thugs Are Us. Jay-Z begins his third verse directly quoting lines from Bun B's opening verse off the track "Touched" from the UGK album Ridin' Dirty.

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The second verse, describing Jay-Z's traffic stop, has received much more attention than the rest of the song.

The second verse was based on an actual experience of Jay-Z in the 1990s in New Jersey. He wrote that in 1994 he was pulled over by police while carrying cocaine in a secret compartment in his sunroof. He refused to let the police search the car and the police called for drug-sniffing dogs. However, the dogs never showed up and the police had to let him go. Moments after he drove away, he saw a police car with the dogs drive by. In a discussion at the Celeste Bartos Forum at the New York Public Library,[https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xgrl58 Jay-Z Unravels 99 Problems] DailyMotion.com, accessed 01 November 201 Jay-Z described the second verse of the song as representing "a contest of wills" between the car's driver who is "all the way in the wrong" for carrying illegal drugs, and a racist police officer who pulls over the driver not for any infraction but for being African American. "Both guys are used to getting their way" and thus reluctant to back down, Jay-Z notes, and the driver "knows a bit about the law because he's used to breaking it" and asserts his legal rights.

In 2011, Southwestern Law School Professor Caleb Mason wrote an article with a line-by-line analysis of the second verse of the song from a legal perspective referencing the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, citing it as a useful tool for teaching law students search and seizure law involving search warrants, Terry stops, racial profiling, the exclusionary rule, and the motor vehicle exception.{{cite journal |last=Mason |first=Caleb |title=Jay-Z's 99 Problems, Verse 2: A Close Reading with Fourth Amendment Guidance for Cops and Perps |journal=Saint Louis University Law Journal |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=567–85 |publisher=Saint Louis University School of Law |year=2012 |url=http://slu.edu/Documents/law/Law%20Journal/Archives/LJ56-2_Mason_Article.pdf |access-date=July 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710180525/http://slu.edu/Documents/law/Law%20Journal/Archives/LJ56-2_Mason_Article.pdf |archive-date=July 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} Mason writes that some of Jay-Z's lyrics are legally accurate and describe prudent behavior (e.g., identifying when police ask for consent to search, specifically asking if one is under arrest, and complying with the police order to stop rather than fleeing which would certainly result in a search of the car and might authorize police to use lethal force to stop a high speed chase). However, Mason also notes the song lyrics are legally incorrect in indicating that a driver can refuse an order to exit the car{{cite court |litigants=Pennsylvania v. Mimms |vol=434 |reporter=U.S. |opinion=106 |pinpoint=111 |year=1977 |url=http://www.accesskansas.org/kbi/PDF/court/RCD19771205.pdf}} and that police would need a warrant to search a locked glove compartment or trunk—in fact, police would only need probable cause to search a car.{{cite court |litigants=California v. Acevedo |vol=500 |reporter=U.S. |opinion=565 |pinpoint=580 |year=1991 |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/500/565/case.html}} In 2012, Professor Emir Crowne of the University of Windsor Faculty of Law wrote an article concluding that Jay-Z's lyrics may be legally correct under Canadian law.{{cite SSRN |last=Crowne |first=Emir |title=Jay-Z's 99 Problems, Verse 2: The Canadian Response to Professor Mason |year=2012 |ssrn=2104970}}

Jay-Z, in his book Decoded, clarified that the "bitch" in the chorus refers to a different subject in each verse; in the second, it refers to a police dog, but in the third, it refers to a cowardly individual.{{cite book |last=Jay-Z |title=Decoded |publisher=Random House |year=2011 |location=New York |pages=56, 61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTu5Q2_y8k4C |isbn=978-0-8129-8115-5}}

The song garnered widespread acclaim. The song came in at No. 2 on Rolling Stone{{'}}s top 100 songs of the '00s. On the updated list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, the song was added and came in at No. 172.Hermes, Will; Hoard, Christian; Rosen, Jody; Sheffield, Rob (December 24, 2009), "100 Best Songs of the Decade". Rolling Stone. (1094/1095):59-62 In 2019, they ranked the song number four on their list of the 50 greatest Jay-Z songs.{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/jay-z-50-greatest-songs-123196/99-problems-2004-124966/|title=Jay-Z: 50 Greatest Songs|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=December 4, 2019|accessdate=February 4, 2022}} The song was listed at No. 14 on Pitchfork Media's top 500 songs of the 2000s (decade) and in October 2011, NME placed it at number 24 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".[http://www.nme.com/list/150-best-tracks-of-the-past-15-years/248648/page/13 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years], NME.com

Jack White has hailed the song, describing it as "the story of America ... in a nutshell, [it's] the story of all the struggles in America, black or white, [and of] class systems".Interview in Zane Lowe: Masterpieces 2010: Jay-Z - The Black Album, broadcast on BBC Radio 1, 7pm November 23, 2010.

The song won Best Rap Solo Performance at the 47th Grammy Awards.

In 2008, the single was covered by Barry Chuckle of British children's comedy duo The Chuckle Brothers as part of BBC Radio 1's Scott Mills show. Mills described the cover as "superior, in essence, to the original".

On January 21, 2009, Jay-Z performed the single as part of his set at the Staff Ball, the last official event of Barack Obama's inauguration. The ball was exclusively for 4,000 staffers who had worked on Obama's campaign. Jay-Z tweaked the lyrics to suit the historic atmosphere, and the crowd sang along: "I got 99 problems but a Bush ain't one", replacing "bitch" with the name of the former President.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flgi4qjK41M |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/flgi4qjK41M |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Jay-Z - 99 Problems But a Bush Ain't One @ Obama Staff Ball |publisher=YouTube |date=January 21, 2009 |access-date=September 21, 2010}}{{cbignore}} At a rally for President Barack Obama in November 2012 Jay-Z changed the lyrics of the song to "If you having world problems I feel bad for you son / I got 99 problems but Mitt ain't one."{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/jay-z-sings-99-problems-but-mitt-aint-one-at-ohio-rally-2012-11|title=Jay-Z Raps '99 Problems (But Mitt Ain't One)' At Ohio Rally|first=Christina|last=Austin|work=Business Insider|publisher=Axel Springer SE|date=November 6, 2012|access-date=October 2, 2016}} President Obama quipped in his monologue at the White House Correspondents' Dinner on April 27, 2013: "Some things are beyond my control. For example, this whole controversy about Jay-Z going to Cuba. It's unbelievable. I've got 99 problems and now Jay-Z is one."{{cite web | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/28/obama-99-problems-joke-whcd-jay-z_n_3174172.html | title = Obama's '99 Problems' Joke At WHCD Jabs Jay-Z | newspaper=The Huffington Post | date = April 28, 2013 | access-date = April 28, 2013 | first = Madeline | last = Boardman}}

Eminem referenced the lyrics in his track "So Much Better" on The Marshall Mathers LP 2 album, with the lines "I got 99 problems and a bitch ain't one/ She's all 99 of 'em; I need a machine gun".{{cite web | url = http://rapgenius.com/Eminem-so-much-better-lyrics|title=Eminem – So Much Better Lyrics

}}

Danger Mouse remixed this track with samples from "Helter Skelter" by The Beatles as part of his oft-bootlegged album The Grey Album. The track was also remixed with Linkin Park for the EP Collision Course, being mixed with the Linkin Park songs "Points of Authority" and "One Step Closer". The thrash metal group Body Count combined the lyrics of Ice-T's "99 Problems" with the guitar riff from Jay-Z's "99 Problems" for the track "99 Problems BC" on the album Manslaughter. Big Sean referenced the lyrics in Drake's "All Me" with the line "I got 99 problems, getting rich ain't one". Iggy Azalea referenced the lyrics in Ariana Grande's "Problem" with the line "I got 99 problems but you won't be one".{{cite web | url = http://pop.genius.com/Ariana-grande-problem-lyrics|title=Ariana Grande - Problem Lyrics

}} In 2009, fellow rapper and collaborator Kid Cudi, referenced the hook in the opening verse of his song "Soundtrack 2 My Life" with the line "I got 99 problems and they all bitches". The singer Hugo recorded a bluegrass cover in 2011 and featured in "Girlfriends", the fourth episode of the TV series Reboot. There have been several remixes of the track including versions by The Prodigy and Linkin Park. In particular, Jay-Z had been quoted as saying that The Prodigy remix is one of his favorites by keeping the main guitar riff but heavier and darker which in turn was the inspiration for The Prodigy track "Spitfire" written by Liam Howlett and released in 2005.

The music video premiered in April 2004 and was directed by Mark Romanek. It received praises from critics such as Armond White,{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qp_Hv1-Nog |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/4qp_Hv1-Nog |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=YouTube - (Part 14) Armond White on Jay-Z "99 Problems" - Mark Romanek |date=November 16, 2007 |publisher=Tw.youtube.com |access-date=September 21, 2010}}{{cbignore}} and was nominated for four MVPA awards in 2005, of which it won three. It also won the MTV Video Music Awards for Best Rap Video, Best Director, Best EditingEditor: Robert Duffy, Spot Welders and Best Cinematography, as well as gaining nominations for Video of the Year and Best Male Video. It was criticized, however, by the Humane Society of the United States for scenes in the video that glorified dog fighting.

The video accompanied The Black Album which, at the time, was to be Jay-Z's final release. Jay-Z has stated that he wanted the video to be as auto-biographical as the rest of the album.{{cite web|title=Jay-Z, Rick Rubin recording "99 Problems"|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqNDYvsOZkc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/FqNDYvsOZkc |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|website=YouTube |date=November 26, 2011 |access-date=April 6, 2015}}{{cbignore}} The goal for the video was to create a portrait of where Jay-Z grew up. In a conversation with the video's director, Jay-Z stated that he wanted the video to "make a pissy wall look like art".{{cite web|title=Director Mark Romanek, Jay-Z's "99 Problems" Music Video|url= http://www.mvwire.com/2004/09/14/director-mark-romanek-jay-z’s-99-problems-music-video/|website=MVWire |date= September 14, 2004 |access-date=April 6, 2015}} The job of directing this video was originally intended for Quentin Tarantino, however Rick Rubin suggested that Jay-Z offer the job to Mark Romanek.{{cite news|title=Music Video; Jay-Z Wants to Kill Himself|first=Jeffrey|last=Rotter|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/09/arts/music-video-jay-z-wants-to-kill-himself.html |work=The New York Times|date= May 9, 2004 |access-date=April 6, 2015}} Due to the research and influence of Romanek and the videos cinematographer, Joaquin Baca Asay, the video borrows visual characteristics from many New York street photographers and black and white photographs (Martin Dixon and Eugene Richards to name a few). The video is shot entirely on black-and-white film. It consists mainly of scenes filmed in close proximity to Jay-Z's childhood home, The Marcy Houses in Bedford Stuyvesant. These include:

• Jay-Z and Rubin in a Lexus GS300 being stopped by the police (lyrical reenactment).
• Jay-Z in the Marcy Houses housing project where he grew up.
• Break dancers and a group doing a rhythm choreography.
• Jay-Z performing in Transit Wheelers Motorcycle/Van Club House.
• Jay-Z on the Brooklyn Bridge.
• A woman putting on makeup.
• Inmates of a prison in the Bronx known as Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center.
• Rick Rubin walking with Vincent Gallo.
• A funeral director making preparations.
• A rabbi praying.
• A dogfight with many spectators, and the owners of the dogs taunting them in preparation for the fight.
• Members of Alpha Phi Alpha performing a complex stepping routine.
• Jay-Z's lawyer, facilitating bail then reacting to news of his death.
• African-American motorcycle clubs in front of Transit Wheelers MC Club House in Brooklyn, New York, performing street stunts.
• Jay-Z being shot with multiple bullets by unseen assailants. This final scene was very controversial as music video networks normally remove any scenes with violent content. On MTV, every airing of the video featured an introduction by John Norris explaining why the network felt it was proper to air the video unedited. The introduction also featured Jay-Z explaining why he felt the scene was important to the video. Jay-Z also made a special introduction for BET. Jay-Z explained that the depiction of a shooting is analogous to the "death" of Jay-Z, and the "rebirth" of Shawn Carter.{{cite web |url=http://www.markromanek.com/press/nytimesd.html |title=Mark Romanek.com on "99 Problems" |publisher=Markromanek.com |access-date=September 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012171630/http://www.markromanek.com/press/nytimesd.html |archive-date=October 12, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}

A-Side

1. 99 Problems (Clean)
2. 99 Problems (Main)
3. 99 Problems (Instrumental)

B-Side

1. My 1st Song (Clean)
2. My 1st Song (Main)
3. My 1st Song (Instrumental)

1. 99 Problems
2. Dirt Off Your Shoulder

1. 99 Problems
2. Dirt Off Your Shoulder
3. 99 Problems (Video)
4. Dirt Off Your Shoulder (Video)

A-Side

1. 99 Problems
2. 99 Problems (Clean)

B-Side

1. Dirt Off Your Shoulder
2. Dirt Off Your Shoulder (Clean)

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{{reflist|30em}}

• [http://www.mvdbase.com/video.php?id=31571 Entry] on [http://www.mvdbase.com/ mvdbase.com]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060304201445/http://www.markromanek.com/video/22.html Page on Mark Romanek's official site]. Includes screenshot gallery, treatment, credits and production stills.
• {{YouTube|WwoM5fLITfk|Music video for "99 Problems"}}

{{Jay-Z songs}}

{{Navboxes

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{{Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance}}

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Category:2004 songs

Category:2004 singles

Category:Jay-Z songs

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Category:Rap rock songs

Category:Def Jam Recordings singles

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