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A-Hmao language

{{Short description|Hmongic language spoken in China}}

{{Infobox language

|name=A-Hmao

|altname=Large Flowery Miao

|nativename={{Lang|hmd|ad Hmaob lul}}, {{Lang|hmd|A-hmaos}}

|states=China

|region=Guizhou, Yunnan

|ethnicity=A-Hmao

|speakers=300,000

|date=1995

|ref=e18

|familycolor=Hmong-Mien

|fam2=Hmongic

|fam3=West Hmongic

|script= Latin, Pollard

|iso3=hmd

|glotto=larg1235

|glottorefname=Diandongbei-Large Flowery Miao

}}

The A-Hmao (or Ahmao) language, also known as Large Flowery Miao ({{zh|大花苗|p=Dà Huā Miáo}}), Hua Miao, or Northeast Yunnan Miao ({{Lang-zh|s=苗语滇东北方言|p=Miáoyǔ Diàndōngběi fāngyán}}), is a Hmongic language spoken in China. It is the language the Pollard script was designed for,{{Cite book |last=Smalley |first=William A. |title=Mother of Writing: The Origin and Development of a Hmong Messianic Script |last2=Vang |first2=Chia Koua |last3=Yang |first3=Gnia Yee |date=1990 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Duffy |first=John |title=Writing from These Roots: Literacy in a Hmong-American Community |date=2007 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |language=en}} and displays extensive tone sandhi.Mortensen, David. 2005. "A-Hmao Echo Reduplication as Evidence for Abstract Phonological Scales". LSA Annual Meeting There is a high degree of literacy in Pollard among the older generation.

The standard written language, both in Pollard and in Latin script, is that of {{Transliteration|zh|Shíménkǎn}} ({{Lang|zh|石门坎}}) village in Weining County.

Classification

The A-Hmao language is a branch of the West Hmongic languages, also known as Chuanqiandian Miao ({{zh|c=川黔滇苗|l=Sichuan–Guizhou–Yunnan Miao}}) and Western Miao, which is a major branch of the Hmongic languages of China and Southeast Asia.

Wang Fushi (1985) grouped the Western Miao languages into eight primary divisions:{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Fushi 王辅世 |title=Miáoyǔ jiǎnzhì |date=1985 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |language=zh |script-title=zh:苗语简志 |trans-title=A Brief History of the Miao Language}}

  1. Chuanqiandian Miao
  2. Northeast Yunnan Miao (A-Hmao language)
  3. Guiyang Miao
  4. Huishui Miao
  5. Mashan Miao
  6. Luobohe Miao
  7. Chong'anjiang Miao
  8. Pingtang Miao

Geographic distribution

The A-Hmao language is spoken in the northeast of Yunnan Province and in the west of Guizhou Province, particularly in Zhaotong, Kunming, Qujing, Chuxiong Yi autonomous prefecture, Weining Yi, Hui, and Miao autonomous county, Hezhang county, Liupanshui, and Ziyun Miao and Buyi autonomous county. There are 300,000 native speakers.{{harvp|Wang|Mao|1995|page=7}} The standard dialect is that of Shimenkan ({{lang|zh|石门坎}}), Weining County ({{lang|zh|威宁县}}).

Phonology

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
rowspan="2" colspan="3" |

! rowspan="2" | Labial

! colspan="3" | Alveolar

! colspan="3" | Retroflex

! rowspan="2" | Palatal

! rowspan="2" | Velar

! rowspan="2" | Uvular

! rowspan="2" | Glottal

{{small|plain}} || {{small|sibilant}} || {{small|lateral}}

! {{small|plain}} || {{small|sibilant}} || {{small|lateral}}

rowspan="6" | Plosive /
Affricate

! rowspan="2" | {{small|plain}}

! {{small|plain}}

| b {{IPAslink|p}}

| d {{IPAslink|t}}

| z {{IPAslink|ts}}

| dl /{{IPA|tl̥}}/

| dr {{IPAslink|ʈ}}

| zh {{IPAslink|ʈʂ}}

|

| j {{IPAslink|tɕ}}

| g {{IPAslink|k}}

| gh {{IPAslink|q}}

| {{IPAslink|ʔ}}

{{small|prenasal}}

| nb {{IPAslink|ᵐp}}

| nd {{IPAslink|ⁿt}}

| nz {{IPAslink|ⁿts}}

| ndl {{IPAslink|ⁿtl̥}}

| ndr {{IPAslink|ᶯʈ}}

| nzh {{IPAslink|ᶯʈʂ}}

|

| nj {{IPAslink|ⁿtɕ}}

| ng {{IPAslink|ᵑk}}

| ngh {{IPAslink|ᶰq}}

|

rowspan="2" | {{small|aspirated}}

! {{small|plain}}

| p {{IPAslink|pʰ}}

| t {{IPAslink|tʰ}}

| c {{IPAslink|tsʰ}}

| tl {{IPAslink|tl̥ʰ}}

| tr {{IPAslink|ʈʰ}}

| ch {{IPAslink|ʈʂʰ}}

|

| q {{IPAslink|tɕʰ}}

| k {{IPAslink|kʰ}}

| kh {{IPAslink|qʰ}}

|

{{small|prenasal}}

| np {{IPAslink|ᵐpʰ}}

| nt {{IPAslink|ⁿtʰ}}

| nc {{IPAslink|ⁿtsʰ}}

| ntl {{IPAslink|ⁿtl̥ʰ}}

| ntr {{IPAslink|ᶯʈʰ}}

| nch {{IPAslink|ᶯʈʂʰ}}

|

| nq {{IPAslink|ⁿtɕʰ}}

| nk {{IPAslink|ᵑkʰ}}

| nkh {{IPAslink|ᶰqʰ}}

|

rowspan="2" | {{small|voiced}}

! {{small|plain}}

| b {{IPAslink|b}}

| d {{IPAslink|d}}

| z {{IPAslink|dz}}

| dl /{{IPA|dl}}/

| dr {{IPAslink|ɖ}}

| zh {{IPAslink|ɖʐ}}

|

| j {{IPAslink|dʑ}}

| g {{IPAslink|ɡ}}

| gh {{IPAslink|ɢ}}

|

{{small|prenasal}}

| nb {{IPAslink|ᵐb}}

| nd {{IPAslink|ⁿd}}

| nz {{IPAslink|ⁿdz}}

| ndl {{IPAslink|ⁿdl}}

| ndr {{IPAslink|ᶯɖ}}

| nzh {{IPAslink|ᶯɖʐ}}

|

| nj {{IPAslink|ⁿdʑ}}

| ng {{IPAslink|ᵑɡ}}

| ngh {{IPAslink|ᶰɢ}}

|

rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Fricative /
Lateral

! {{small|voiceless}}

| f {{IPAslink|f}}

|

| s {{IPAslink|s}}

| hl {{IPAslink|l̥}}

|

| sh {{IPAslink|ʂ}}

| hlr {{IPAslink|ɭ̊}}

| x {{IPAslink|ɕ}}

| hx {{IPAslink|x}}

| (h {{IPAslink|χ}})

| h {{IPAslink|h}}

{{small|voiced}}

| v {{IPAslink|v}}

|

| r {{IPAslink|z}}

| l {{IPAslink|l}}

|

| rh {{IPAslink|ʐ}}

| lr {{IPAslink|ɭ}}

| y {{IPAslink|ʑ}}

| hy {{IPAslink|ɣ}}

|

|

rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Nasal

! {{small|voiced}}

| m {{IPAslink|m}}

| n {{IPAslink|n}}

|

|

| nr {{IPAslink|ɳ}}

|

|

| ni {{IPAslink|n̠ʲ}}

| ngg {{IPAslink|ŋ}}

|

|

{{small|voiceless}}

| hm {{IPAslink|m̥}}

| hn {{IPAslink|n̥}}

|

|

|

|

|

| hni {{IPAslink|n̠̥ʲ}}

| hng {{IPAslink|ŋ̊}}

|

|

colspan="2" | Semivowel

! {{small|voiced}}

| w {{IPAslink|w}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

Moreover, Gerner (2022) treats breathiness as a property of the onset, such as [lʱ] in the word {{lang|hmd|lif}} [lʱi11] 'two', and reports a fricative aspirated lateral [ɬʰ], as in the word [ɬʰi11] 'become'.{{sfn | Gerner | 2022 | p=51}}

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" |Front

! rowspan="2" |Central

! colspan="2" |Back

unrounded

!rounded

!unrounded

!rounded

colspan="2" |Close

|i {{IPAslink|i}}

|yu {{IPAslink|y}}

|

|w {{IPAslink|ɯ}}

|u {{IPAslink|u}}

colspan="2" |Mid

|e {{IPAslink|e}}

|

|e {{IPAslink|ə}}

|

|o {{IPAslink|o}}

colspan="2" |Open

|

|

|

|a {{IPAslink|ɑ}}

|

rowspan="2" |Diphthong

!{{Small|rising}}

|ai {{IPA|/ai̯/}}

|eu {{IPA|/œy̯/}}

|

|ang {{IPA|/ɑɯ̯/}}

|ao {{IPA|/ɑu̯/}}

{{Small|falling}}

|ie {{IPA|/i̯e/}}

|

|

|iw {{IPA|/i̯ɯ/}}

ia {{IPA|/i̯ɑ/}}

|iu {{IPA|/i̯u/}}

io {{IPA|/i̯o/}}

colspan="2" |Triphthong

|iai {{IPA|/i̯ai̯/}}

|

|

|iang {{IPA|/i̯ɑɯ̯/}}

|iao {{IPA|/i̯ɑu̯/}}

= Tones =

class="wikitable"

!Tone

!Symbol

!Value

1

|b

|˥˧ 54

2

|x

|˧˥ 35

3

|d

|˥ 55

4

|l

|˩ 11

5

|t

|˨ 33

6

|s

|˧˩ 31

7

|k

|˩ 11

8

|f

|˧˩ 31

On the basis of the eight tones of A-Hmao, in the eastern region, the fourth, sixth, and eighth tones are broken up partially or entirely into two categories. At most, there can be up to eleven tones. Essentially, nouns and quantifiers are part of the first category, and they are higher in pitch. Other word classes are part of the second category, and they are lower in pitch.

The A-Hmao language displays extensive tone sandhi. Similar to other branches of the West Hmongic languages, the tone sandhi happens on the second syllable when the first syllable of a disyllable word is level tone (first and second tone).{{harvp|Liu|1993}}

Grammar

{{multiple issues|section=yes|

{{Irrelevant|date=November 2024}}

{{Disputed-section|date=November 2024}}

}}

= Morphology and vocabulary =

The morphology of the three branches of the Hmong language is basically the same. The following examples are from Central Miao.{{harvp|Li|2002|page=44–50}} A-Hmao is similar to Hmong, which is an isolating language in which most morphemes are monosyllables. As a result, verbs are not overtly inflected. Tense, aspect, mood, person, number, gender, and case are indicated lexically.{{Cite book |last=Strecker |first=David |title=White Hmong Grammar |last2=Vang |first2=Lopao |date=1986 |language=en}}

Single-morpheme word

  1. Monosyllable single-morpheme word. (single-morpheme words are mostly monosyllable in Hmong language)
  2. : Example:
  3. :: {{transl|hmd|naxi}} 'human being'
  4. :: {{transl|hmd|xed}} 'tiger'
  5. :: {{transl|hmd|et}} 'tree'
  6. :: {{transl|hmd|wil}} 'I'
  7. :: {{transl|hmd|mongx}} 'you'
  8. :: {{transl|hmd|nenx}} 'he'
  9. :: {{transl|hmd|hsangb}} 'thousand'
  10. :: {{transl|hmd|wangs}} 'ten thousand'
  11. :: {{transl|hmd|bat}} 'hundred'
  12. :: {{transl|hmd|lol}} 'come'
  13. :: {{transl|hmd|mongl}} go; 'leave'
  14. Multisyllable single-morpheme word. (There is a small number of multisyllable single-morpheme words in the Hmong language. Mostly, they are disyllabic, and there are very few with three or more syllables.)
  15. Alliterative. Example:
  16. : {{transl|hmd|gangt git}} 'hurry up; quickly'
  17. : {{transl|hmd|qut qat}} 'itchy'
  18. : {{transl|hmd|hcud hxangd}} 'nausea'
  19. Vowel rhyme. Example:
  20. : Same tone:
  21. :: {{transl|hmd|bal nial}} 'girl'
  22. :: {{transl|hmd|box jox}} 'run'
  23. :: {{transl|hmd|bux lux}} 'boiling'
  24. :: {{transl|hmd|daib ghaib}} 'star'
  25. :: {{transl|hmd|dent ent}} 'cloud'
  26. :: {{transl|hmd|vongs nongs}} 'dirty'
  27. : Different tones:
  28. :: {{transl|hmd|hsab ngas}} 'clean'
  29. :: {{transl|hmd|hsangd dangl}} 'in case'
  30. :: {{transl|hmd|kak liax}} 'magpie'
  31. Non-alliterative and vowel rhyme. Example:
  32. :: {{transl|hmd|ak wol}} 'crow'
  33. :: {{transl|hmd|bil hsaid}} 'nearly; almost'
  34. :: {{transl|hmd|ghob yenl}} 'chair'
  35. Reiterative syllable. Example:
  36. :: {{transl|hmd|gid gid}} 'slowly'
  37. :: {{transl|hmd|seix seix}} 'together'
  38. :: {{transl|hmd|nangl nangl}} 'still'
  39. :: {{transl|hmd|xangd xangd}} 'occasionally'

Compound word

  1. Coordinating
  2. Noun morpheme compound with noun morpheme. Example:
  3. : {{transl|hmd|hveb hseid}} 'language'
  4. : {{transl|hmd|haxub khat}} 'relative'
  5. : {{transl|hmd|nangx bit}} 'name'
  6. : {{transl|hmd|niangx hniut}} 'age'
  7. Verb morpheme compound with verb morpheme. Example:
  8. : {{transl|hmd|cub nul}} 'rebuke'
  9. : {{transl|hmd|tid xongt}} 'construct'
  10. : {{transl|hmd|khab job}} 'lesson'
  11. Adjective morpheme compound with adjective morpheme. Example:
  12. : {{transl|hmd|ghongl jangl}} 'bend'
  13. : {{transl|hmd|khed hxat}} 'poverty'
  14. Modifying
  15. Noun morpheme modifying noun morpheme. Example:
  16. : {{transl|hmd|det diangx}} 'candle'
  17. : {{transl|hmd|det diux}} 'key'
  18. : {{transl|hmd|eb mais}} 'tears'
  19. : {{transl|hmd|gad wangx}} 'corn'
  20. Adjective morpheme modifying noun morpheme. Example:
  21. : {{transl|hmd|bad yut}} 'uncle'
  22. : {{transl|hmd|mais lul}} 'aunt'
  23. Dominating
  24. Verb morpheme dominating noun morpheme. Example:
  25. : {{transl|hmd|dlangd wangb}} 'dress up'
  26. : {{transl|hmd|qet ves}} 'rest'
  27. Adjective morpheme dominating noun morpheme. Example:
  28. : {{transl|hmd|dad hvib}} 'patience'
  29. : {{transl|hmd|hvent ves}} 'pleasantly cool'
  30. : {{transl|hmd|mais bil}} 'proficiency'
  31. : {{transl|hmd|mais ves}} 'tired'
  32. Affixes
  33. : Mostly are prefixes, and commonly used prefixes are {{transl|hmd|ghab-, diub-, hangd-, gid-, jib-, daib-, bod-, xuk-}}, and so on. {{Transliteration|hmd|Ghab-}} is the most commonly used.
  34. {{Transliteration|hmd|Ghab-}} means human or animal body and part, plant part and things related to plants, natural objects, things related to buildings, utensils and abstract objectives. Example:
  35. : {{transl|hmd|ghab jid}} 'body'
  36. : {{transl|hmd|ghab naix}} 'ear'
  37. : {{transl|hmd|ghab ghaib}} 'root'
  38. : {{transl|hmd|ghab nex}} 'leaf'
  39. : {{transl|hmd|ghab qangb}} 'living room'
  40. : {{transl|hmd|ghab sot}} 'kicken'{{Verify spelling|date=December 2022}}
  41. : {{transl|hmd|ghab dliux}} 'soul'
  42. : {{transl|hmd|ghabnangs}} 'destiny'
  43. {{transl|hmd|Diub-}} means location. Example:
  44. : {{transl|hmd|diub senx}} 'provincial capital'
  45. : {{transl|hmd|dioub ghaib}} on the street
  46. : {{transl|hmd|diub zaid}} at home
  47. {{Transliteration|hmd|Hangd-/khangd-}} means aspect and direction. Example:
  48. : {{transl|hmd|hangd nongx hangd nangl}} aspect of eating and wearing
  49. : {{transl|hmd|hangd nongd}} 'here'
  50. : {{transl|hmd|hangd momgx}} 'there'
  51. : {{transl|hmd|hangd deis}} 'where'
  52. {{Transliteration|hmd|Gid-}} means aspect and direction. Example:
  53. : {{transl|hmd|gid waix}} 'above'
  54. : {{transl|hmd|gid dab}} 'below'
  55. : {{transl|hmd|gid gux}} 'outside'
  56. : {{transl|hmd|gid niangs}} 'inside'
  57. {{Transliteration|hmd|Jib-}} means person. Example:
  58. : {{transl|hmd|jib daib}} 'child'
  59. : {{transl|hmd|jib hlangb}} 'grandchild'
  60. : {{transl|hmd|jib bad}} 'man'
  61. {{Transliteration|hmd|Daib-}} means person and some kinship terminology. Example:
  62. : {{transl|hmd|daib pik}} 'girl'
  63. : {{transl|hmd|daib jangs}} 'man, boy, husband'
  64. : {{transl|hmd|daib nenl}} 'uncle'
  65. {{Transliteration|hmd|Bod-}} means round object. Example:
  66. : {{transl|hmd|bod vib}} 'stone'
  67. : {{transl|hmd|bod ghof jus}} 'knee'
  68. : {{transl|hmd|bod liul}} 'fist'
  69. {{Transliteration|hmd|Xuk-}} means uncertain quantity.
  70. : {{transl|hmd|xuk laix}} 'a handful of'

== Classifier inflections ==

One unusual feature of A-Hmao morphology is the existence of inflecting classifiers, i.e., classifiers that change form.

= Syntax =

As with other Hmongic languages,{{harvp|Li|2002|page=50}} the basic word order of A-Hmao is SVO.{{sfn | Gerner | 2019 | p=101-102}} Within the noun phrase, possessors precede possessed nouns, while relative clauses precede the nouns they modify.{{sfn | Gerner | 2019 | p=102}} Noun phrases have the form as (possessive) + (quantifier) + (classifier) + noun + (adjective) + (demonstrative).{{Cite journal |last=Ratliff |first=Martha |date=1997 |title=Hmong–Mien Demonstratives and Pattern Persistence |url=http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/27:317-328.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Mon-Khmer Studies |volume=27 |pages=317–328 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227111629/http://www.sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/27%3A317-328.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-27 |access-date=2021-08-11}} Question formation in Ahmao does not involve word order change: question words generally remain in situ, rather than appear in sentence-initial position, and pseudo-clefting is also generally used in questions.{{sfn | Chang | 2010 | p=106}}

== Overview ==

A-Hmao exhibits the grammatical patterns as in the table below.{{sfn | Gerner | 2019 | p=102}}{{sfn | Gerner | 2022 | p=65}}

class="wikitable"

|+ Grammatical Relations by Element Order in A-Hmao

Relation TypeFirst ElementSecond Element
PossessivePossessor NounPossessed Noun
Restrictive adjectivalAdjectiveNoun
Non-restrictive adjectivalNounAdjective
NominalizationRelative clauseNoun
AdpositionalPrepositionNoun phrase
PredicationalPredicateArguments
PredicationalAdjunctPredicate
NegationNegative particleVerb
TAMVerbAuxiliary
SubordinationComplementizerEmbedded clause

== Question formation ==

Questions are typically formed with the wh- question word in situ, i.e., it appears where the corresponding noun would in the sentence, rather than appear sentence-initially:{{sfn | Chang | 2010 | p=106}}

{{interlinear|lang=hmd|indent=2|glossing3=yes

|ʦɑ⁵⁵ndɑɯ³³ ɑ²¹n̥ɑɯ²¹ ntʂɿ⁵³ qɑ²¹ndy²²

|TsaDaw yesterday met who

|'Who did TsaDaw meet yesterday?'}}

Writing system

The A-Hmao have no indigenous writing system. In the beginning of the 20th century, missionary Samuel Pollard invented the Pollard script, which was based on the decorative symbols on their clothing. Before the introduction of the Pollard script, the A-Hmao people recorded their history through their ancient songs and weaving the history of their memories on their clothes. Those images formed a history of the A-Hmao.{{Cite web |last=Hu |first=Qirui 胡其瑞 |title=Xiě zài yīfú shàng de lìshǐ – Dàhuā Miáozú fúshì lǐ de gùshì |script-title=zh:写在衣服上的历史—大花苗族服饰里的故事 |url=http://ndaip.sinica.edu.tw/content.jsp?option_id=2441&index_info_id=7744 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125836/http://ndaip.sinica.edu.tw/content.jsp?option_id=2441&index_info_id=7744 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2015-11-28 |website=Zhongyang yan jiu yuan shuwei diancang ziyuan wang |language=zh}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Sources

  • {{Cite book |last=Chang |first=Melody Ya-Yin |date=2010 |chapter=“Sluicing” in Hmong (A-Hmao) |title=Proceedings of the 22nd North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-22) & the 18th International Conference on Chinese Linguistics (IACL-18). Vol 2. |editor-last1=Clemens |editor-first1=L.E. |editor-last2=Liu |editor-first2=C.-M. L. |pages=102-116 |publisher=Harvard University |location=Cambridge, MA}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Gerner |first=Matthias |date=2019 |title=Highlights from three Language Families in Southwest China |location=Duisburg, Germany |publisher=Research Foundation Language and Religion}}
  • {{cite book |last=Gerner |first=Matthias |date=2022 |chapter=Typologically rare properties of Miao languages |title=The Routledge Handbook of Asian Linguistics |editor-last1=Shei |editor-first1=Chris |editor-last2=Li |editor-first2=Saihong |pages=47–71 |location=London |publisher=Routledge}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Li |first=Jinping 李锦平 |title=Miáozú yǔyán yǔ wénhuà |date=2002 |publisher=Guìzhou minzu xueyuan xueshu |script-title=zh:苗族语言与文化 |trans-title=Miao Language and Culture}}
  • {{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Yuanchao 刘援朝 |date=1993 |title=Wēiníng Miáoyǔ gǔ diào zhí gòunǐ |script-title=zh:威宁苗语古调值构拟 |journal=Zhōngyāng mínzú xuéyuàn xuébào |language=zh |volume=1993 |issue=3 |pages=85–91 |doi=10.15970/j.cnki.1005-8575.1993.03.019 |script-journal=zh:中央民族学院学报}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Fushi 王辅世 |title=Miáo-Yáoyǔ gǔyīn gòunǐ |last2=Mao |first2=Zongwu 毛宗武 |date=1995 |publisher=Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe |language=zh |script-title=zh:苗瑶语古音构拟}}

Further reading

  • {{Cite book |last=Ji |first=Hongli 季红丽 |date=2021 |title=Dianbei Miaoyu yanjiu 滇北苗语研究 |location=Beijing |publisher=Chinese Social Sciences Press |oclc=1294549562}}
  • {{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Hongli 季红丽 |date=2018 |title=Diānběi Dàhuā Miáo Miáoyǔ gàikuàng |script-title=zh:滇北大花苗苗语概况 |trans-title=A Sketch Grammar of Dianbei Ahmao |url=https://oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFDLAST2018&filename=MZYW201805010&v=sQ8x43MjUqDTs6pZr3J%25mmd2B0nOc4VzZcEA7lfiNJiVlGxG4Q1qbRIcjXKtHwUS2ZYUj |url-status=live |journal=Mínzú yǔwén |volume=2018 |issue=5 |pages=86–97 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811171840/https://oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFDLAST2018&filename=MZYW201805010&v=sQ8x43MjUqDTs6pZr3J%25mmd2B0nOc4VzZcEA7lfiNJiVlGxG4Q1qbRIcjXKtHwUS2ZYUj |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |script-journal=zh:民族语文}} [Big Flowery Miao 大花苗 of Sapushan 洒普山, Wulong Village 乌龙村, Shishan Town 狮山镇, Wuding County, Yunnan]

External links

  • [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\hmo\hmo&first=0 A-Hmao (Diandongbei) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]
  • 283-word wordlists in Wuding Jiyi A-Hmao 花苗 dialect, elicited in Standard Mandarin, archived with Kaipuleohone. ([https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/33439?mode=full KG2-003], [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/33455 KG2-019])

{{Hmong-Mien languages}}

{{Languages of China}}

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Category:West Hmongic languages

Category:Languages of Yunnan