Abraham Accords

The Israeli–Palestinian peace process was advanced with the Oslo Accords in 1993 and 1995 but later collapsed with the start of the Second Intifada and the ending of committed peace broker Bill Clinton's term as US president. Israel increased settlement construction in the West Bank and withdrew from Gaza in 2005. After Hamas came to power in Gaza in the 2006 election,{{cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Ishan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/24/gaza-election-hamas-2006-palestine-israel/ |title=The election that led to Hamas taking over Gaza |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 24, 2023 |access-date=February 3, 2024}} Israel began to tighten the Gaza blockade, with Egypt's assistance from 2008 onward.{{cite web |last=Pressman |first=Jeremy |url=https://jeremy-pressman.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1324/2015/05/arab-israeli-history-3.0.pdf|title=A Brief History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict |work=University of Connecticut |date=June 1, 2016 |access-date=February 3, 2024}} A rapprochement between Israel and Sunni Arab states took place in the 2010s due to their shared fear of Shiite Iran and its nuclear program. By 2017, unofficial cooperation with Saudi Arabia had been ongoing for at least 5 years, with intelligence services from both countries assisting each other and officials regularly sharing intelligence.{{Cite news |last=Salama |first=Vivian |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/mideast/open-secret-saudi-arabia-israel-get-cozy-n821136 |title='An open secret': Saudi Arabia and Israel get cozy |work=NBC News |date=November 15, 2017 |access-date=February 3, 2024 }} By 2016,

summits and conferences between high-ranking Israeli—Palestinian and Israeli—Arab politicians and direct contacts between their security and intelligence services had not only become routine but were openly discussed in major Arab media.{{cite web |last=Pollock |first=David |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-normal-todays-arab-debate-over-ties-israel |title=The New Normal: Today's Arab Debate Over Ties With Israel |work=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy |date=August 25, 2016 |access-date=February 3, 2024}}

In 2018, the Omani foreign minister visited Jerusalem, and Netanyahu, accompanied by his national security advisor and the head of Mossad, visited Oman in October "to advance the peace process in the Middle East as well as several matters of joint interest regarding the achievement of peace and stability in the Middle East", according to a joint statement.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1N01VI/ |title=Israeli PM Netanyahu makes rare visit to Oman |work=Reuters |date=October 26, 2018 |access-date=February 2, 2024}} Also in October 2018, the Israeli sports minister attended the 2018 Judo Grand Slam Abu Dhabi. Two Israeli judokas won gold medals, and Israel's national anthem was played during the award ceremonies, a first at Gulf state sporting events.{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-wins-second-judo-gold-in-abu-dhabi/ |title=Israel wins second judo gold in Abu Dhabi, 'Hatikva' plays again |work=The Times of Israel |date=October 29, 2018 |access-date=February 2, 2024}} In August 2019, Israel's foreign minister announced military cooperation with the Emirates amidst rising tensions with Iran.{{cite web |last=Egozi |first=Arie |date=August 16, 2019 |title=Israel Meets with UAE, Declares It's Joining Persian Gulf Coalition |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/israel-meets-with-uae-declares-its-joining-persian-gulf-coalition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821224918/https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/israel-meets-with-uae-declares-its-joining-persian-gulf-coalition/ |archive-date=August 21, 2019 |access-date=August 20, 2020 |website=Breaking Defense}}

The February 2019 Warsaw Conference was proposed by the US with the intent to build up a coalition against Iran. Due to West European states opposing withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal and resumption of economic sanctions against Iran, host Poland played down the anti-Iranian aspects of the two-day conference, and the closing Polish-US statement did not mention Iran.{{cite web|last1=Czulda|first1=Robert|title=The Warsaw Summit: Not So 'Anti-Iranian' but Still a Success|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/the-warsaw-summit-not-so-anti-iranian-but-still-a-success/|work=Atlantic Council|access-date=March 3, 2021|date=February 12, 2019}}{{cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Santora |first2=Marc |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/13/world/middleeast/warsaw-summit-pompeo.html |title=Anti-Iran Message Seeps Into Trump Forum Billed as Focusing on Mideast Security |work=The New York Times |date=February 13, 2019 |access-date=February 2, 2024}} Among the representatives of the 70 nations in attendance were a number of Arab officials, creating the first situation since the Madrid Peace Conference in 1991 where an Israeli leader and senior Arab officials were all in attendance at the same international conference focused on the Middle East. The Madrid Conference at the time set the stage for the Oslo Accords. Among those with whom Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu met was the Omani Foreign Minister Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah—whose country he had visited in October 2018. Two days after Netanyahu's visit at the time, bin Alawi suggested while at a conference in Bahrain that it was time for Israel to be treated like the other states in the Middle East, and the officials of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia did not disagree.{{cite news|last1=Raphael|first1=Ahren|title=In Warsaw, Pence hails sight of Netanyahu 'breaking bread' with Arab leaders|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/at-warsaw-conference-pence-hails-netanyahu-breaking-bread-with-arab-leaders/|access-date=March 3, 2021|work=The Times of Israel|date=February 14, 2019}}

In January 2020, Trump announced the Trump peace plan for the Middle East in a joint press conference with Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The plan provided for a unified Jerusalem as Israel's capital and Israeli sovereignty over the Jordan Valley and the principal Jewish settlements in the West Bank, amounting to annexation of roughly 30% of the territory. The Palestinians would get some desert areas near the Egyptian border, limited sovereignty, and a non-contiguous state with numerous Israeli enclaves.{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/trump-reveals-israeli-palestinian-peace-plan/a-52179629 |title=Trump reveals Israeli-Palestinian peace plan |work=Deutsche Welle |date=January 28, 2020 |access-date=February 5, 2024}}{{cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/28/israel-palestinian-peace-plan-trump-reaction |title=All that's missing from Trump's 'overly good' Middle East plan is Palestinians |work=The Guardian |date=January 28, 2024}}{{cite news |last=Estrin |first=Daniel |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/878305307/netanyahu-plans-to-annex-parts-of-the-west-bank-many-israeli-settlers-want-it-al |title=Netanyahu Plans To Annex Parts Of The West Bank. Many Israeli Settlers Want It All |work=NPR |date=June 18, 2020 |access-date=February 7, 2024}} The New York Times wrote that "[r]ather than viewing it as a serious blueprint for peace, analysts called it a political document by a president in the middle of an impeachment trial working in tandem with Mr. Netanyahu, a prime minister under criminal indictment who is about to face his third election in a year".{{cite news |last1=Crowley |first1=Michael |last2=Halbfinger |first2=David M. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/world/middleeast/peace-plan.html |title=Trump Releases Mideast Peace Plan That Strongly Favors Israel |work=The New York Times |date=February 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207185405/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/world/middleeast/peace-plan.html |archive-date=February 7, 2020 |access-date=February 5, 2024}}

File:AccordAbrahamMap-01.svg}}{{Legend|#0055d4|Israel}}{{Legend|#aa0000|United Arab Emirates}}]]

{{Main|Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement|Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement}}

When Netanyahu took office in May 2020, he hinted that his cabinet would begin discussing annexation of parts of the West Bank, as envisioned in the Trump peace plan, in July.{{cite news |last=Holmes |first=Oliver |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/17/netanyahu-takes-office-in-deal-that-could-see-west-bank-annexation |title=Netanyahu takes office in deal that could see West Bank annexation |work=The Guardian |date=May 17, 2020 |access-date=February 7, 2024}}{{cite news |last=Holmes |first=Oliver |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/09/what-would-israel-annexing-the-west-bank-mean |title=What would Israel annexing the West Bank mean? |work=The Guardian |date=June 9, 2020 |access-date=February 7, 2024}} On June 12, 2020, Emirati ambassador to the US Yousef Al Otaiba authored an op-ed addressed to the Israeli public that was published on the front page of Yedioth Ahronoth. He warned that Israel's planned annexation of West Bank territory would put a stop to any normalization of relations with the Emirates and other Arab states.{{cite news |last=Ahren |first=Raphael |title=In first-ever op-ed for Israeli paper, UAE diplomat warns against annexation |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-ever-op-ed-for-israeli-paper-uae-diplomat-warns-against-annexation/ |access-date=October 28, 2020 |work=The Times of Israel |date=June 12, 2020}}{{cite news |last=Al Otaiba |first=Yousef |title=Annexation will be a serious setback for better relations with the Arab world |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/H1Gu1ceTL |work=YNetNews |date=June 12, 2020 |access-date=January 30, 2024}}

At the end of June, Al Otaiba told Trump's son-in-law and senior adviser, Jared Kushner, and his assistant, Avi Berkowitz, that the Emirates "would agree to normalization with Israel in return for an Israeli announcement that West Bank annexation was off the table". The White House also had reservations about annexation, which Berkowitz had discussed with Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu over three days of meetings in June 2020. Berkowitz then told Netanyahu of Al Otaiba's offer of the UAE alternative to annexation. On July 2, 2020, Al Otaiba met with Berkowitz to further discuss the plan.{{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Sam Zieve |date=September 30, 2020 |title=UAE's Al Otaiba goes behind the scenes of the Abraham Accords |work=Jewish Insider |publisher=The Jewish Insider |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2020/09/uae-ambassador-al-otaiba-details-the-behind-the-scenes-on-the-uae-deal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029213218/https://jewishinsider.com/2020/09/uae-ambassador-al-otaiba-details-the-behind-the-scenes-on-the-uae-deal/ |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |access-date=January 28, 2024}} Along with a mutual opposition to Iran, the concerns detailed by Al Otaiba's op-ed and planning with Kushner and Berkowitz helped bring vested parties to the negotiating table to identify an alternative solution that ultimately resulted in a normalization agreement reached in August 2020. As a result of the deal, annexation was postponed.

Hours after the August 13 announcement of the agreement between Israel and the Emirates, senior Bahraini officials called Kushner and Berkowitz with the message "We want to be next."{{Cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=September 11, 2020 |title=Behind the scenes of the U.S.- brokered Israel-Bahrain agreement |url=https://www.axios.com/behind-scenes-us-brokered-bahrain-israel-deal-44d1a7d3-a93c-4eee-970e-1e354f314cf7.html |access-date=October 28, 2020 |website=Axios }} Over the next 29 days, Kushner and Berkowitz negotiated with and traveled to Bahrain before closing the deal on September 11, 2020, in a call between Trump, Netanyahu, and the king of Bahrain.

Israeli prime minister Netanyahu, Emirati foreign minister Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and Bahraini foreign minister Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani signed the agreements on September 15, 2020, on the Truman Balcony overlooking the South Lawn of the White House. The elaborate ceremony was staged to suggest the grandeur of significant treaties of the past. According to the Washington Post, Trump's political backers saw the staging as a way to bolster Trump's "standing as a statesman".{{cite web |last=Makovsky |first=David |date=September 16, 2020 |title=How the Abraham Accords Look Forward, Not Back |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/how-the-abraham-accords-look-forward-not-back |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002060850/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/how-the-abraham-accords-look-forward-not-back |archive-date=October 2, 2020 |access-date=September 21, 2020 |publisher=Washington Institute}}{{cite web |last1=Riechmann |first1=Deb |last2=Lee |first2=Matthew |last3=Lemire |first3=Jonathan |date=August 13, 2020 |title=Israel signs pacts with 2 Arab states: A 'new' Mideast? |url=https://apnews.com/article/7544b322a254ebea1693e387d83d9d8b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215182856/https://apnews.com/article/7544b322a254ebea1693e387d83d9d8b |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |access-date=September 25, 2020 |work=Associated Press}}{{Cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=August 13, 2020 |title=Behind the scenes: How the Israel-UAE deal came together |url=https://www.axios.com/how-the-israel-uae-recognition-deal-came-together-d0d45b2e-b2c7-4593-b72a-0ef99ec96233.html |access-date=October 28, 2020 |work=Axios}}

On November 2, 2023, in view of the ongoing Gaza war, Bahrain said that it had recalled its ambassador to Israel and that the Israeli ambassador had left Bahrain. Israel said that its relations with Bahrain were stable.{{Cite news |last=Hamad |first=Mohammad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/bahrain-parliament-says-envoy-israel-returned-home-israel-says-ties-stable-2023-11-02/ |title=Bahrain says envoy to Israel returned home, Israel says ties stable |work=Reuters |date=November 2, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2024}}

===Sudan===

{{main|Israel–Sudan normalization agreement}}

On October 23, 2020, Israel and Sudan agreed to normalize ties in an agreement mediated by Trump administration officials.{{Cite news |last=Holland |first=Steve |date=October 23, 2020 |title=Israel, Sudan agree to normalize ties with U.S. help: joint statement |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-sudan-israel-announcement-idUSKBN27827T |access-date=February 1, 2024}} As part of the agreement, the US removed Sudan from its list of state sponsors of terrorism and gave it a {{Currency|1.2 billion|USD|linked=no|passthrough=yes}} loan to help the Sudanese government clear the country's debts to the World Bank.{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-sudan-usa-israel-idUSKBN29C0Q5 |title=Sudan quietly signs Abraham Accords weeks after Israel deal |work=Reuters |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=February 15, 2024}} Sudan agreed to pay US$335 million in compensation to American victims of terror, but denied any wrongdoing.{{cite news|last=Suliman|first=Adela|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/sudan-formally-recognizes-israel-u-s-brokered-deal-n1240839|title=Sudan formally recognizes Israel in U.S.-brokered deal|date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215182858/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/sudan-formally-recognizes-israel-u-s-brokered-deal-n1240839|work=NBC News|archive-date=February 15, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=February 15, 2024}} On January 6, 2021, the government of Sudan signed the "Abraham Accords Declaration" in Khartoum.

On February 2, 2023, Israel and Sudan announced they had finalized an agreement to normalize relations, with the signing to take place after the establishment of a civilian government in Sudan.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/israeli-foreign-minister-heads-delegation-discuss-sudan-normalisation-2023-02-02/ |title=Israel, Sudan announce deal to normalize relations |work=Reuters |date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2024}} Normalization is widely opposed in Sudan, and fighting between rival military factions has delayed the signing.{{cite news |last=Yaari |first=Ehud |author-link=Ehud Yaari |date=April 21, 2023 |title=The Fighting in Sudan Threatens Peace Efforts with Israel |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/fighting-sudan-threatens-peace-efforts-israel |access-date=February 1, 2024 |work=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy}}

{{Main|Israel–Morocco normalization agreement}}

On December 10, 2020, President Trump announced that Israel and the Kingdom of Morocco had agreed to establish full diplomatic relations.{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Matthew |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Israel, Morocco to normalize ties; shifts W Sahara policy |url=https://www.apnews.com/article/donald-trump-africa-israel-north-africa-morocco-4279242f6f688d242bad5c7a64e29caf |access-date=December 12, 2020 |work=Associated Press }} The agreement was negotiated by Trump senior adviser Jared Kushner and Middle East envoy Avi Berkowitz and marked Kushner and Berkowitz's fourth normalization agreement in as many months.{{Cite news |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=December 10, 2020 |title=Morocco to normalize ties with Israel in deal with Trump over Western Sahara |url=https://axios.com/morocco-israel-deal-trump-recognize-western-sahara-a8685253-2b7b-4682-88c9-f3b85bbede68.html |access-date=December 12, 2020 |work=Axios}} As a component of the deal, the United States agreed to recognize Moroccan sovereignty over the Western Sahara.{{Cite news |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Scoop: Fallout between Trump and top GOP senator made Morocco-Israel deal possible |url=https://axios.com/trump-morocco-israel-inhofe-cc6e66a4-cd1b-4c08-9126-0c3e608b38fb.html |access-date=December 12, 2020 |work=Axios}}

File:Abraham Accords Declaration.jpg

The documents related to the Abraham Accords are as follows:

After Trump left office, in February 2021, State Department spokesperson Ned Price said that "the United States will continue to urge other countries to normalize relations with Israel" and that normalization is "not a substitute for Israeli-Palestinian peace... We hope that Israel and other countries in the region join together in a common effort to build bridges and... contribute to tangible progress towards the goal of advancing a negotiated peace between Israelis and Palestinians."{{cite news |last=Samuels |first=Ben |date=February 2, 2021 |title=Israel's Normalization Pacts Not a Substitute for Peace With Palestinians, State Dept. Says |publisher=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-state-dept-israel-normalization-pacts-not-a-substitute-for-peace-with-palestinians-1.9505778 |access-date=April 2, 2021}} Axios reported in March 2021 that the Biden administration supports widening the normalization process to other countries and that it prefers the term "normalization process" to "Abraham Accords".{{cite news |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=March 10, 2021 |title=Israel pushes White House ceremony to seal Sudan normalization deal |publisher=Axios |url=https://axios.com/israel-sudan-normalization-biden-white-house-78f08a6c-1c64-445f-9db6-c04125da2e6b.html |access-date=March 20, 2021}}{{cite news|title=Department Press Briefing – April 1, 2021|url=https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-april-1-2021/|publisher=US State Department News|date=April 1, 2021|access-date=April 2, 2021|quote=Mr Price: Of course I can say the term “Abraham Accords,” Matt. ....But we call them normalization agreements.}} In March 2021, a group of 18 US senators introduced a bill to aid the State Department in developing an appropriate strategy "to strengthen and expand the Abraham Accords and other related normalization agreements with Israel."{{Cite news |last=Nahmias |first=Omri |date=March 28, 2021 |title=Bipartisan senators introduce bill to strengthen, expand Abraham Accords |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/american-politics/bipartisan-senators-introduce-bill-to-strengthen-expand-abraham-accords-663295 |access-date=March 26, 2021}}

The normalization agreements were criticized by citizens of the four Arab states that signed the accords as well as many citizens of other Arab countries, especially because they failed to make progress resolving the Palestinian conflict. The criticism increased in May 2021 after violent protests erupted in Jerusalem, Hamas fired rockets into Israel, and Israel retaliated with airstrikes on Gaza.{{cite news |last=Knipp |first=Kersten |url=https://www.dw.com/en/amid-escalation-israels-arab-allies-walk-a-diplomatic-tightrope/a-57497849 |title=Israel's Arab allies walk a diplomatic tightrope |work=Deutsche Welle |date=May 1, 2021 |access-date=February 3, 2024}}{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/israel-responds-to-hamas-rockets-with-deadly-airstrikes-in-gaza/a-57488996 |title=Israel responds to Hamas rockets with airstrikes in Gaza |work=Deutsche Welle |date=May 1, 2021 |access-date=February 3, 2024}} A Fatah Central Committee member said the Abraham Accords, were "one of the reasons" for the October 7, 2023, attack by Hamas on Israel.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/02/10/trump-israel-gaza-war/ |title=How Trump advanced Arab-Israeli peace but fueled Palestinian rage |author=Isaac Stanley-Becker |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 10, 2024}}

In August 2020, the Emirates for the first time established telephone links to Israel by unblocking direct dialing to Israel's +972 country code.{{Cite news |date=August 16, 2020 |title=Israel and UAE launch direct phone links after historic accord |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53798832 |url-status=live |access-date=August 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905232345/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53798832 |archive-date=September 5, 2020}}

As the war in Gaza was escalating, the Emiratis were beginning to get frustrated with the accords. Many had been afraid to speak publicly due to lack of free speech in the Emirates.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=No need to prove that there is a lack of freedom of speech in Bahrain, but some quotation about people being actively unhappy with the accords who were not able to talk about it.}} However, the Dubai deputy police chief, Dhahi Khalfan said that Israel "proved that its intentions are evil" and that the Gulf leaders must "reconsider the issue of dealing with Israel". However, the Emirati officials didn't express any intentions to cut ties with Israel.{{cite news|title=As Israel's Ties to Arab Countries Fray, a Strained Lifeline Remains |date=March 10, 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/10/world/middleeast/uae-israel-gaza-war.html |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324040318/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/10/world/middleeast/uae-israel-gaza-war.html |archive-date=March 24, 2024 |access-date=April 1, 2024}}

In August 2021, the agreement was cited by Algeria as one of the reasons for unilaterally cutting relations with Morocco.{{cite news |last=Karam |first=Souhail |date=August 25, 2021 |title=Algeria Cuts Diplomatic Ties With Morocco as Tensions Build |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-24/algeria-severs-diplomatic-ties-with-morocco-minister-says |access-date=February 1, 2024}}

In November 2021, the Israeli minister of defense, Benny Gantz, signed a joint security understandings agreement with Moroccan defense minister Abdellatif Loudiyi, the first time that Israel openly signed such an agreement openly with an Arab state. The agreement formalized the defense ties between the two countries, allowing for smoother cooperation between their defense establishments.{{cite news|last1=Ari Gross|first1= Judah |title=In Morocco, Gantz signs Israel's first-ever defense MOU with an Arab country|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-morocco-gantz-signs-israels-first-ever-defense-mou-with-an-arab-country/|access-date=November 24, 2021|work=The Times of Israel |date=November 21, 2021}}

Oman postponed a decision to normalize ties with Israel until after the US presidential election on November 3, 2020.{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201003-sudan-oman-postpone-normalising-ties-with-israel-until-after-us-elections/|title=Sudan, Oman postpone normalising ties with Israel until after US elections|date=October 3, 2020|publisher=Middle East Monitor|access-date=October 24, 2020|archive-date=October 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006141000/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201003-sudan-oman-postpone-normalising-ties-with-israel-until-after-us-elections/|url-status=live}} In February 2021, Foreign Minister Badr al-Busaidi said that Oman would keep their level of "relations and dialogue" with Israel, involving the "appropriate channels of communication", and that Oman was "committed to peace between Israel and the Palestinians based on a two-state solution."{{cite news |last=Barrington |first=Lisa |date=February 11, 2021 |title=Oman content with current Israel relationship, foreign minister says |publisher=Reuters |editor-last=Heinrich |editor-first=Mark |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oman-politics/oman-content-with-current-israel-relationship-foreign-minister-says-idUSKBN2AB1XB |access-date=March 10, 2021}}

In June 2023, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken warned Israel that rising tensions with the Palestinians, including through advancing settlement activity, threatened the expansion of normalization agreements with Arab nations, particularly Saudi Arabia. Speaking alongside Blinken earlier in June, the Saudi Foreign Minister had stated that "without finding a pathway to peace for the Palestinian people ... any normalization will have limited benefits."{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/28/politics/blinken-israel-saudi-normalization/index.html |title=Blinken says US told Israel that violence with Palestinians could jeopardize possible normalization with Saudi Arabia |work=CNN}}

The Abraham Fund was a program established by the US Government that was supposed to raise $3 billion to boost trade and agriculture in the region, facilitate access to clean water and affordable electricity, and "enable strategic infrastructure projects".{{cite web |url=https://www.dfc.gov/media/press-releases/us-israel-uae-announce-establishment-abraham-fund-following-accords-commitment |title=U.S., Israel, UAE Announce Establishment of Abraham Fund Following Accords Commitment |publisher=U.S. International Development Finance Corporation |date=October 20, 2020 |access-date=May 24, 2022}}{{cite news |last=Schneider |first=Tal |title=Trump's $3 billion Abraham Fund may be tapped out before staking a dime |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/trumps-3-billion-abraham-fund-may-be-tapped-out-before-staking-a-dime/ |access-date=February 4, 2024}} The fund was set up as an arm of the newly-formed U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) and to be overseen by the DFC's chief executive officer Adam Boehler,{{cite web |url=https://www.dfc.gov/media/press-releases/us-israel-uae-announce-establishment-abraham-fund-following-accords-commitment |title=U.S., Israel, UAE Announce Establishment of Abraham Fund Following Accords Commitment |work=U.S. International Development Finance Corporation |date=October 20, 2020 |access-date=April 17, 2024}}{{Cite news|last1=Rappeport|first1=Alan|last2=Swanson|first2=Ana|last3=Thrush|first3=Glenn|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/25/business/economy/kodak-loan.html|title=Kodak Loan Debacle Puts a New Agency in the Hot Seat|work=The New York Times|date=October 25, 2020|access-date=April 17, 2024}} who had been Kushner's college roommate.{{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Kate |last2=Kirkpatrick |first2=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/22/business/jared-kushner-steven-mnuchin-gulf-investments.html |title=Kushner's and Mnuchin's Quick Pivots to Business With the Gulf |work=The New York Times |date=May 22, 2022 |access-date=May 24, 2022}} Its first projects were reported to be the upgrading of checkpoints between Israel and Palestinian territories and a gas pipeline to be built between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. Despite numerous visits by Kushner and US secretary of the treasury Steven Mnuchin with rulers in the region in the last months of the Trump presidency, the fund never received any money, and no projects were ever begun. Following the transition to the Biden administration and the resignation of its Trump-appointed manager, the future of the fund was thrown into question.{{cite news |last=Zaken |first=Danny |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-us-freezes-abraham-fund-as-israel-uae-business-ties-falter-1001377257 |title=US freezes Abraham Fund, as Israel—UAE business ties falter |work=Globes |date=July 7, 2021 |access-date=February 4, 2024}}

In November 2021, Israel, the Emirates, and Jordan signed a letter of intent for the sale of 600 MW of electricity to Israel annually, produced by solar farms in Jordan to be built by the UAE government-owned Masdar, while Israel would sell 200 million cubic meters of desalinated water to Jordan each year.{{Cite news |last=Udasin |first=Sharon |date=November 23, 2021 |title=Israel, Jordan, UAE sign pivotal deal to swap solar energy, desalinated water |url=https://thehill.com/policy/equilibrium-sustainability/582750-israel-jordan-uae-sign-pivotal-deal-to-swap-solar-energy/ |access-date=November 21, 2022 |work=The Hill}} A renewed memorandum of understanding was signed in November 2022.{{Cite news |last=Surkes |first=Sue |title=Israel, Jordan, UAE sign new MOU on deal to swap solar energy for desalinated water |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-jordan-uae-sign-new-mou-on-deal-to-swap-solar-energy-for-desalinated-water/ |date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=November 21, 2022 |work=The Times of Israel}} The purchase agreements were scheduled to be signed in November 2023 at the COP28 climate change conference in Dubai but were removed from the agenda because of the Gaza war.{{cite web |last=Bromberg |first=Gidon |url=https://jstribune.com/bromberg-cop28-a-missed-opportunity-for-regional-climate-resilience/ |title=COP28 – A Missed Opportunity for Regional Climate Resilience |work=The Jerusalem Strategic Tribune |date=January 1, 2024 |access-date=February 3, 2024}}

File:Isaac Herzog Presidential Visit to the United Arab Emirates, January 2022 (GPOABG 3702).jpg in Abu Dhabi, January 2022]]

While Israel and the Emirates had long-maintained de facto recognition in areas of business including the diamond trade,{{cite web|url=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3750800,00.html|title=Diamond Trade Binds Israel and the UAE Together|first=Ronen|last=Shnidman|date=November 27, 2018|website=CTECH|access-date=October 21, 2020|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115060538/https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3750800,00.html|url-status=live}} and high tech industries including artificial intelligence{{cite news |last=Heller |first=Aron |date=November 6, 2019 |title=Israeli robotics delegation to Dubai marks warming Gulf ties |publisher=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/037feaa303de42dd8d7a0f40acc33d19 |url-status=live |access-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115060538/https://apnews.com/article/037feaa303de42dd8d7a0f40acc33d19 |archive-date=November 15, 2020}} and defense,{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/uae-based-intelligence-firm-said-recruiting-idf-veterans-from-elite-cyber-unit/|title=UAE-based intelligence firm said recruiting IDF veterans from elite cyber unit|work=The Times of Israel|access-date=October 21, 2020|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115060540/https://www.timesofisrael.com/uae-based-intelligence-firm-said-recruiting-idf-veterans-from-elite-cyber-unit/|url-status=live}} the accord opened the door to a much wider range of economic cooperation, including formal investments. In November 2021, OurCrowd Arabia became the first Israeli venture capital firm to receive a license from the Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM),{{Cite news |last=Scheer |first=Steven |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Israeli venture firm OurCrowd gets license to operate in the UAE |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/israeli-venture-firm-ourcrowd-gets-license-operate-uae-2021-11-22/ |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=December 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122075017/https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/israeli-venture-firm-ourcrowd-gets-license-operate-uae-2021-11-22/ |archive-date=November 22, 2021}} and in November 2022, OurCrowd launched Integrated Data Intelligence Ltd. (IDI), offering artificial intelligence for business, in Abu Dhabi as part of a $60 million joint investment with the Abu Dhabi Investment Office.{{Cite web |last=Lieber |first=Dov |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Israel's OurCrowd to Launch AI Business in U.A.E. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/israels-ourcrowd-to-launch-ai-business-in-u-a-e-11668574940 |access-date=December 28, 2022 |website=Wall Street Journal}} Together with OurCrowd, in November 2022, fintech company Liquidity Group opened an office as part of a $545 million government incentive program.{{Cite news |last=Ben-David |first=Ricky |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Two Israeli companies join $545m innovation program in Abu Dhabi |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/two-israeli-companies-join-545m-innovation-program-in-abu-dhabi/ |access-date=December 28, 2022}}

A host of Israeli and Emirati law enterprises including law firms and healthcare providers announced collaborations.{{cite news|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-israeli-and-uae-friends-and-lawyers-to-open-annual-iba-global-conference-1001347958|title=Israeli, UAE lawyers to open annual IBA Global Conference|newspaper=Globes|date=February 11, 2020 |access-date=February 8, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102133203/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-israeli-and-uae-friends-and-lawyers-to-open-annual-iba-global-conference-1001347958 |archive-date=November 2, 2020 }}{{cite news|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-tel-avivs-asserson-law-offices-teams-with-dubai-firm-araa-1001343021|title=Tel Aviv's Asserson Law Offices teams with Dubai firm Araa|newspaper=Globes|date=September 16, 2020 |access-date=February 8, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918113148/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-tel-avivs-asserson-law-offices-teams-with-dubai-firm-araa-1001343021 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 }}{{cite news |last=Ashkenazi |first=Shani |date=October 26, 2020 |title=Hadassah in talks to set up hospital in Dubai |newspaper=Globes |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-hadassah-in-talks-to-set-up-hospital-in-dubai-1001347115 |url-status=live |access-date=February 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030101945/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-hadassah-in-talks-to-set-up-hospital-in-dubai-1001347115 |archive-date=October 30, 2020}} Lishot, an Israeli water quality testing company was among the first Israeli firms making direct deliveries to Dubai.{{cite news |last=Zaken |first=Dan |date=March 9, 2020 |title=DHL flies first consignments direct from Israel to Dubai |newspaper=Globes |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-dhl-flies-first-consignments-direct-from-israel-to-dubai-1001341501 |url-status=live |access-date=February 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903230205/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-dhl-flies-first-consignments-direct-from-israel-to-dubai-1001341501 |archive-date=September 3, 2020}} A number of kosher restaurants were opened in the Emirates to cater to Jewish visitors.{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/uae-israel-treaty-data-insights-will-be-key-for-sizing-up-deals-1.1603092253357|title=UAE-Israel treaty: Data insights will be key for sizing up deals|work=Gulf News|access-date=October 21, 2020|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115060541/https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/uae-israel-treaty-data-insights-will-be-key-for-sizing-up-deals-1.1603092253357|url-status=live}} Abu Dhabi Investment Office opened its first overseas branch in Israel.{{cite web|url=https://gulfbusiness.com/abu-dhabi-investment-office-to-open-first-international-branch-in-tel-aviv/|title=Abu Dhabi Investment Office to open first international branch in Tel Aviv|first=Varun|last=Godinho|date=September 17, 2020|access-date=October 21, 2020|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115060543/https://gulfbusiness.com/abu-dhabi-investment-office-to-open-first-international-branch-in-tel-aviv/|url-status=live}} Emirati businesses and individuals began acquiring stakes in Israeli assets, such as Beitar Jerusalem football team,{{cite news |last=Zaken |first=Danny |date=July 12, 2020 |title=UAE businessman buys 50% Beitar Jerusalem stake |newspaper=Globes |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-uae-businessman-buys-50-beitar-jerusalem-stake-1001352172 |url-status=live |access-date=February 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207165531/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-uae-businessman-buys-50-beitar-jerusalem-stake-1001352172 |archive-date=December 7, 2020}} Haifa Port Company,{{cite news|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-the-dubai-tycoon-with-ambitions-for-haifa-port-1001361063|title=The Dubai tycoon with ambitions for Haifa Port|newspaper=Globes|date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=February 8, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217132156/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-The-Dubai-tycoon-with-ambitions-for-Haifa-port-1001361063 |archive-date=February 17, 2021 }} and Israir Airlines.{{cite news |last=Raz-Chaimovitz |first=Michal |date=October 13, 2020 |title=Dubai-based NY Koen Group to bid for Israir |newspaper=Globes |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-dubai-based-ny-koen-group-to-bid-for-israir-1001345477 |url-status=live |access-date=February 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016063859/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-dubai-based-ny-koen-group-to-bid-for-israir-1001345477 |archive-date=October 16, 2020}}

According to Israel's Ministry of Defense, the value of Israeli defense exports to countries with which it normalized relations in 2020 reached $791 million.{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-12/israel-s-abraham-accords-2021-defense-exports-hit-791-million|title=Israel's 'Abraham Accords' 2021 Defense Exports Hit $791 Million|first=Daniel|last=Avis|date=April 12, 2011|work=Bloomberg}}

Trump's envoy Jared Kushner, his treasury secretary Steve Mnuchin, and his ambassador to Israel David Friedman, now have ownership stakes in funds receiving billions of dollars of investments directly from the governments of Saudi Arabia, the Emirates, and Qatar, raising complaints about conflicts of interest.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/30/us/politics/jared-kushner-qatar-united-arab-emirates.html |title=Kushner Firm Got Hundreds of Millions From 2 Persian Gulf Nations |author1=Jonathan Swan |author2=Kate Kelly |author3=Maggie Haberman |author4=Mark Mazzetti |date=March 30, 2023 |newspaper=The New York Times}}

On August 14, 2021, the Associated Press reported that a secret oil deal between Israel and the Emirates struck in 2020 as part of the Abraham Accords, has turned the Israeli resort town of Eilat into a waypoint for Emirati oil headed for Western markets. It was expected to endanger the Red Sea reefs, which host some of the greatest coral diversity on the planet. As Jordan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia also share the gulf's waters, an ecological disaster was likely to impact their ecosystems.{{cite web |last=Zion |first=Ilan Ben |date=August 14, 2021 |title=Secretive Israel-UAE oil deal endangers prized Eilat corals |url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-middle-east-business-israel-environment-and-nature-f159e6350d9c8c391db98589fd516002 |accessdate=August 14, 2021 |publisher=Associated Press}}

In mid-December 2020, a delegation from the Emirates and Bahrain visited Israel, the occupied Golan Heights and Jerusalem with the aim of cultural exchange as part of the normalization process. The delegations held a meeting with Israel President Reuven Rivlin.{{cite news |last=Alsaied |first=Najat |date=December 28, 2020 |title=The Sharaka Project brings Israeli-Arab peace to ordinary people -opinion |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://m.jpost.com/opinion/the-sharaka-project-brings-israeli-arab-piece-to-ordinary-people-opinion-653546 |access-date=March 26, 2021}} In January 2021, a collaborative event was organized by Tel Aviv International Salon, Sharaka, and OurCrowd to attain the 'business of peace' between Persian Gulf countries and the state of Israel.{{cite news |last=Frantzman |first=Seth J. |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Medved: How Israel and Gulf economies can do the 'business of peace' |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/medved-how-israel-and-gulf-economies-can-do-the-business-of-peace-654499 |access-date=March 26, 2021}}{{Cite news|title=Live Event: UAE & Israel: The Business of Peace|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/spotlight/live-event-uae-israel-the-business-of-peace/|access-date=March 26, 2021|work=The Times of Israel}}

From March 23–25, 2021, a virtual hackathon event was organized by Israel-is, which gathered participants from the Emirates, Bahrain, and Morocco, as well as Israel.{{cite news|title=Israeli & Emirati entrepreneurs join Abraham Accords virtual Hackathon|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/israeli-and-emirati-entrepreneurs-join-1st-abraham-accords-virtual-hackathon-663271|access-date=March 26, 2021|work=The Jerusalem Post}} Then on March 27, 2021, an event was organized to commemorate International Holocaust Memorial Day, which again saw participation from the Emirates, Bahrain and Morocco, as well as Saudi Arabia.{{cite web |last=Rudee |first=Eliana |date=January 28, 2021 |title=Abraham Accords inspire first Arab-led commemoration of Holocaust |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/01/28/abraham-accords-inspire-first-arab-led-commemoration-of-holocaust/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128144130/https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/01/28/abraham-accords-inspire-first-arab-led-commemoration-of-holocaust/ |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |website=Israel Hayom}}{{cite news|last=Rudee|first=Eliana|date=January 27, 2021|title=In a first, Arab-initiated event commemorates the Holocaust in wake of Abraham Accords|url=https://www.jns.org/in-a-first-arab-initiated-event-commemorates-the-holocaust-in-wake-of-abraham-accords/|access-date=March 26, 2021|publisher=Jewish News Syndicate}}

March 2021 also saw the Israeli and Emirati national rugby teams play their first-ever match, in honor of the Abraham Accords.{{Cite news|title=Israel, UAE rugby teams celebrate Abraham Accords in friendly|url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/sport/1616188913-israel-uae-rugby-teams-celebrate-abraham-accords-in-friendly|access-date=March 26, 2021|publisher=i24News}} In June 2021, influencers from UAE, Bahrain, Morocco, and Egypt visited Magen David Adom, Israel's ambulance service, focused on Magen David Adom's "lifesaving work and its technological expertise". The visit was filmed for "Finding Abraham", a film that was premiered at the UN on the anniversary of the signing of the Abraham Accords in September 2021.{{cite web|url=https://mdauk.org/the-start-of-a-beautiful-friendship/|title=The Start of a Beautiful Friendship|website=mdauk.org|date=July 7, 2021 |access-date=February 8, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208183604/https://mdauk.org/the-start-of-a-beautiful-friendship/ |archive-date=February 8, 2022 }}

Surveys show that in Arab countries that have signed normalization agreements with Israel, the majority of citizens view the Abraham Accords negatively.{{cite news |title=Across the Mideast, a Surge of Support for Palestinians as War Erupts in Gaza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/mideast-palestine-support-gaza.html |work=The New York Times |date=October 9, 2023}}

In November 2022, 76% of Saudi respondents said they had negative views of the Abraham Accords.{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia Offers Its Price to Normalize Relations With Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/09/us/politics/saudi-arabia-israel-united-states.html |work=The New York Times |date=March 11, 2023}} According to the poll conducted by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy between November 14 and December 6, 2023, 96% of Saudi participants believed that Arab nations should cut ties with Israel, and only 16% of Saudis said Hamas should accept a two-state solution.{{cite news |title=Saudis Overwhelmingly Oppose Ties With Israel, Poll Finds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/22/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-poll-israel-gaza-war-hamas.html |work=The New York Times |date=December 22, 2023}}

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